William
Shakespeare’s
The Tragedy of
Romeo and Juliet
Introduction and
Background
William Shakespeare
 Shakespeare
was born in
1564 and died in 1616.
 He grew up in a town called
Stratf0rd-on-Avon and later moved to
London to become an actor and
playwright.
The Plays
 Shakespeare’s plays
include comedies,
histories—and tragedies such as Romeo
and Juliet.
 Some of his other famous plays include
Julius Caesar, Hamlet, Macbeth, Othello,
and A Midsummer Night’s Dream.
 In addition, Shakespeare wrote love
poems called sonnets.
Will the real Shakespeare
please stand up?
 Some
scholars
 However, nobody
have suggested
in Shakespeare’s
Shakespeare, who
day thought to
had little formal
question his
education, could
authorship.
not have written
Apparently, he
such powerful and was just a genius!
creative plays.
Elizabethan Theater
Shakespeare’s time period was during the
reign of Queen Elizabeth I. Literature was
used and taught very often in London
because they thought it was important for
them to write. They began to value writing
and theater.
 Elizabethan theaters were makeshift, dirty,
and loud, but nevertheless they attracted
audiences as large as 3,000 from all social
classes.

Elizabethan Theater
Since Ancient Greece, theater had gained
popularity and now was a common event
and form of entertainment.
 Theater was still extremely political. It
addressed “hot” topics that the country was
facing.
 Being an actor was not a highly regarded
profession; actors were looked down upon in
society. Actors were looked down upon by
the church because they used profanity,
heresy, or politics.

The Globe
Shakespeare’s
plays were
performed in a
theater called
the Globe—
sometimes
called “The
Wooden ‘O’”
because of its
circular shape.
Theaters had no
lighting, so
performances took
place during the
day.
 There were few
special effects or
props; Shakespeare
used detailed verbal
description to paint
a picture of his
scenes.

The reconstructed
stage of the Globe
Context
time period in
which Shakespeare
lived—Elizabethan  Elizabethans believed
England, named for the earth was flat.
the queen—
influenced the
content of his plays
as well as the way in
which they were
performed.
 The
Marriage
 In
Shakespeare’s day, marriages were
generally contracts set up by the
parents.
 When Juliet’s parents arrange a
marriage for her, it seems strange to us;
Shakespeare’s audience would have
thought it was completely normal.
Vocabulary
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Soliloquy: speech where a character
speaks to him or herself and inadvertently
the audience as a way to reveal thoughts
and feelings
Romeo: But, soft! what light through yonder window breaks?
It is the east, and Juliet is the sun.
Arise, fair sun, and kill the envious moon,
Who is already sick and pale with grief,
That thou her maid art far more fair than she:
Be not her maid, since she is envious;
Her vestal livery is but sick and green
And none but fools do wear it; cast it off. (2.2)
Vocabulary

Aside: remark by a character in a play
intended to be heard by the audience but
not by other characters
Juliet: O Romeo, Romeo! wherefore art thou Romeo?
 Deny thy father and refuse thy name;
 Or, if thou wilt not, be but sworn my love,
 And I'll no longer be a Capulet.
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Romeo: [Aside.] Shall I hear more, or shall I speak at
this? (2.2)
Vocabulary
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Monologue: long speech by a character
Prince: Rebellious subjects, enemies to peace,
Profaners of this neighbour-stained steel,-Will they not hear? What, ho! you men, you beasts,
That quench the fire of your pernicious rage
With purple fountains issuing from your veins,
On pain of torture, from those bloody hands
Throw your mistemper'd weapons to the ground,
And hear the sentence of your moved prince.
Three civil brawls, bred of an airy word,
By thee, old Capulet, and Montague,
Have thrice disturb'd the quiet of our streets,
And made Verona's ancient citizens
Cast by their grave beseeming ornaments,
To wield old partisans, in hands as old,
Canker'd with peace, to part your canker'd hate:
If ever you disturb our streets again,
Your lives shall pay the forfeit of the peace.
For this time, all the rest depart away:
You Capulet; shall go along with me:
And, Montague, come you this afternoon,
To know our further pleasure in this case,
To old Free-town, our common judgment-place.
Once more, on pain of death, all men depart. (1.1)
Vocabulary
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Prologue: an introduction or preface
Chorus: Two households, both alike in dignity,
In fair Verona, where we lay our scene,
From ancient grudge break to new mutiny,
Where civil blood makes civil hands unclean.
From forth the fatal loins of these two foes
A pair of star-cross'd lovers take their life;
Whose misadventured piteous overthrows
Do with their death bury their parents' strife.
The fearful passage of their death-mark'd love,
And the continuance of their parents' rage,
Which, but their children's end, nought could remove,
Is now the two hours' traffic of our stage;
The which if you with patient ears attend,
What here shall miss, our toil shall strive to mend. (1.1)
Vocabulary
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Oxymoron: figure of speech that combines
contradictory terms
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Romeo: Here’s much to do with hate, but more with love
Why, then, O brawling love, O loving hate,
Oh anything of nothing first create
O heavy lightness, serious vanity
Misshapen chaos of well-seeming forms
Feather of lead, bright smoke, cold fire, sick health
Still-waking sleep, that is not what it is!
This love I feel that feel no love in this. (1.1)
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Tragedy
Shakespeare’s tragedies
also follow a pattern
that would have made
sense to his audience.
 Elizabethans believed
that people’s decisions
and mistakes always
had consequences, and
that people sometimes
had to pay a high price
for their mistakes.
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In Shakespeare’s
tragedies, the main
characters make
decisions that upset the
proper order of their
world and so affect
them and everyone
around them. The
situation is resolved
only when others learn
lessons from the main
characters’ deaths.
Why we read…
So why do we still read plays like Romeo and
Juliet? When Shakespeare’s world was so
different from ours, what can we learn from
his plays?
 Well, the plays are not only great, powerful
stories—they also teach lessons about life
that apply to people in all cultures and time
periods, and those lessons can help us when
we come across hard times in our own lives.
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Keep in Mind:
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Don’t be alarmed by
the old-fashioned
language: this is
really a play about
people who are a lot
like us, and the
difficult words, when
you look at them
carefully, express
emotions anyone can
understand.
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And remember, the
play is POETRY: it’s
not supposed to be
written exactly the
way people talk. The
poetry is part of what
makes it beautiful
and powerful—and
worth reading.
Reading the Play
Two things to know:
 Sometimes a
character will give a
 Shakespeare’s plays
long speech all by
were meant to be
herself, revealing her
performed—they were
secret thoughts to the
some of the most
audience: this is
popular entertainment of
called a soliloquy.
their time. So when we
 Sometimes a
read the play, the point
character will just
is to try and imagine it
make a brief comment
happening onstage!
to the audience that
Because of the minimal props and scenery, the other characters
the action in Shakespeare’s plays had
don’t hear; this is
to be conveyed through words and
called an aside.
conversations. A conversation between
characters is called DIALOGUE.
So Who’s Who Here?
First of all, all of the
characters in
Shakespeare’s plays
can have LOTS of
characters. Let’s
try to get them
straight in our
minds…
Romeo and Juliet
are arranged around a
central conflict between
two rival families: the
Montagues and the
Capulets.
The Montagues
Romeo
Lady
Montague
Montague
Romeo’s Dad
Romeo’s mother
Mercutio
Romeo’s
best friend
Benvolio
Romeo’s cousin
The Capulets
juliet
Lady
Capulet
Capulet
Juliet’s
father
Juliet’s
Mother
Tybalt
Nurse
Juliet’s
cousin
Juliet’s
nanny
The Peacemakers:
The Prince of Verona:
Friar Lawrence:
 This ruler tries to
 This religious leader is
mediate between the
respected as a holy man by
feuding families.
both sides, and would like
to see them reconciled.
 He is pretty tired of
all the bloodshed
 As a friar, he’s interested
caused by their
not only in religion, but
“ancient grudge.”
also in medicinal herbs—
which becomes important
later.
And finally…
One other “character”:
The Chorus
The Chorus is not a part of the action, but
a speaker who comes onstage to make
comments on the action. The Chorus is
kind of like a TV announcer in
contemporary life—as far as the characters
know, the chorus doesn’t exist, but he
helps explain things to us.