Chapter 13
States of Matter
Liquids and Solids
Changes of State
Objectives
• Liquid (13.2)
– How the atoms are arranged
– Basic properties
• Solids (13.3)
– How the atoms are arranged
– Basic properties
• Changes of State (13.4)
– What does equilibrium mean?
– Le Chatelier’s Principle (We will talk more in another unit)
– The six basic phase changes
– Be able to describe the parts of a heating and cooling curve
– Understand a phase diagram
The Four States of Matter
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Plasma
The Fifth Phase of Matter
Bose-Einstein
Condensate
A Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) is a state of matter
of a dilute gas of bosons cooled to temperatures very
near absolute zero (0 K or −273.15 °C). This state of
matter was first predicted, generally, in papers by
Satyendra Nath Bose and Albert Einstein in 1924–25.
The Fifth Phase of Matter
1925 - Einstein extended Bose’s work and proved mathematically that cooling
bosonic atoms to a very low temperature would cause them to fall (or
"condense") into the lowest accessible quantum state, resulting in a new form
of matter.
1938 - Fritz London proposed BEC as a mechanism for superfluidity in liquid
helium and superconductivity.
1995 - The first BEC was produced by Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman at the
University of Colorado at Boulder NIST–JILA lab, using a gas of rubidium atoms
cooled to 170 nanokelvin (nK) (1.7×10−7 K). For their achievements Cornell,
Wieman, and Wolfgang Ketterle at MIT received the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physics.
2010 - The first photon BEC was observed.
Dec. 2012 – Hydroxyl group (OH-) cooled to near-zero. Opens the door to
possible BECs of dipolar radicals (anions).
What is a Bose-Einstein Condensate?
What determines which state of
matter you are in?
Particle arrangement
Energy of the particles
Distance between particles
STATES OF MATTER
SOLIDS
•Particles of solids are
tightly packed, vibrating
about a fixed position.
•Solids have a definite
shape and a definite
volume.
STATES OF MATTER
LIQUID
 Particles of liquids are
tightly packed, but are
far enough apart to
slide over one another.
 Liquids have an
indefinite shape and a
definite volume.
STATES OF MATTER
GAS
 Particles of gases
are very far apart
and move freely.
 Gases have an
indefinite shape
and an indefinite
volume.
Compression of Gases, Liquids and Solids
– Gases are compressible fluids. Their molecules
are widely separated.
– Liquids are relatively incompressible fluids.
Their molecules are more tightly packed.
– Solids are nearly incompressible and rigid.
Their molecules or ions are in close contact
and do not move.
Properties of Liquids
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Relative High Density
Relative Incompressibility
Ability to diffuse
Surface Tension
Viscosity
Capillary Action
Vaporization (Evaporation and Boiling)
Freezing
Properties of Solids
•
•
•
•
•
High Density
High Incompressibility
Definite Melting Point
Low Rate Of Diffusion
Amorphous versus Crystalline
Homework
• Homework #60 13.2 Section Review WS
• Homework #61 13.3 Section Review WS