BUSS 213
Multimedia in Organisations
Lecture 13
Computers as Media
Subject Review/Exam Preparation
Clarke, R. J (2001) L213-06:
1
Notices (1)
Assignment 2
 If you wish to query the mark that you have
received for any Assignment please see me
at your earliest convenience
 Make sure you have received an
Assignment feed back sheet for BUSS213
Assignment 2
 If you have any concerns about your marks
then see me today at 2:30
Clarke, R. J (2001) L213-06:
2
Notices (2)
Assignment 3
 Assignment 3 is due today by the close of
business- remember to include all
necessary media when submitting your
assignment
 Because of the submission date for this
assignment is is absolutely crucial that
you check your marks with me prior to
walking into your exams
 they will be posted from the start of the
examination period
Clarke, R. J (2001) L213-06:
3
Notices (3)
Exam Preparation & Lecture Notes
 the Textbook is an integral part of your
preparation for the examination in this subject- if
you are keen to start preparing for the
examination- them by all means start there
 I plan to have all lecture notes for this subject on
the web by this coming Monday- the start of
Study Week …
 … that process has started already- the subject
website now has Lectures 9-13 inclusive
 this process has already started- I will also still
continue to forward printouts to Closed Return
Clarke, R. J (2001) L213-06:
4
Agenda (1)
 Media, Mediation and computers
 Subject Review and Examination
Preparation
Clarke, R. J (2001) L213-06:
5
Agenda (2)
 in the first lecture we said that the major
reason new forms of media can be created
is that traditional digital media can be
transformed from data to processes
 we will see that ‘new’ media (or digital
media) involves adding computation to
existing forms of media by adding:
 Selection- on event do this
 Repetition- repeat this until that
 to a specific State for static media or Sequence
for Time-ordered media
Clarke, R. J (2001) L213-06:
6
Agenda (3)
Transforming Traditional into New Media
 transforming traditional media into new
digital media can occur to even the most
basic of media types- for example the use
of computation to transform text into
dimensional typography
 we will illustrate that sequence, selection
and repetition can work to create entirely
new kinds of media (we consider Time
Slice Imagery and QuickTime Virtual
Reality)
Clarke, R. J (2001) L213-06:
7
Agenda (4)
Creating New Media
 there are many forms of new digital media
which are currently being created- many simply
await an application for which they are suited
 this was in fact the case for Time Slice Imaging when
it was first described in a Scientific American
magazine
 if we can understand and define media we may
be able to create entirely new kinds of passive
and interactive experience for users!
 we can demonstrate how this is possible by
proposing a variation on Time Slice Imagery which
we will call Space Time Imaging (STI)
Clarke, R. J (2001) L213-06:
8
Computers as Media
 this entire course has been about organisational
multimedia- what this might mean, how can it be
analysed, designed and built, how can it be used,
for whom and why
 we have reluctantly abandoned the established
theory provided to us from education which thinks of the development and use of software in
psychological terms why because organisations are
social
 it works out that you cannot bridge these two worlds- so
I pick the social as I cannot look inside someone's head!
Clarke, R. J (2001) L213-06:
9
Computers as Media
 We cannot rely on established information
systems theory because it is inappropriate
as well
 It has in most cases already been based on
psychological based theories (Card &
Moran et)- so we are left with this
frightening and challenging path
 develop something new- make it socialand make it relevant to organisations
 one paradigm which might be useful is to
consider the computer as media
Clarke, R. J (2001) L213-06:
10
Computers as Media
 there are probably three uses of the term
media (Williams 1988)
1. an old sense of intervening or intermediate
agency
 depends on particular philosophical ideas where there
had to be a substance intermediate between a sense or
a thought or its operation or expression
 this idea of medium has been dispensed with so that
language for example is seen as primary practice for
writing (print)
Clarke, R. J (2001) L213-06:
11
Computers as Media
2. a technical sense which distinguishes
between print, sound vision as media
 is seen as its own particular kind of thing,
but is in practice compatible with a social
sense of media in which the practices and
institutions are seen as agencies for quite
other than their primary purposes
3. an industrial sense- newspapers or
broadcast services seen as medium
for something else like advertising
Clarke, R. J (2001) L213-06:
12
Subject Review
Clarke, R. J (2001) L213-06:
13
Subject Review
 We have covered a wide range of topics
and in some cases these topics have been
covered in considerable depth reflecting
our interests in development
 Broadly speaking, I have also taken the
view that traditional theoretical
approaches to multimedia- especially in
the form of psychologically motivated HCI
theory- are inappropriate for organisations
at best- flawed at worst
Clarke, R. J (2001) L213-06:
14
Subject Review
 I have also been personally inspired by
related research work in Scandinavia
especially in Denmark and Sweden which
is very different to the typical
presentations of the field coming from
North America
 the former emphasises the way in which
multimedia is media and concerns itself
while the latter emphasises the
technology
Clarke, R. J (2001) L213-06:
15
Subject Review
 this subject was designed with the following
structure
 Constituent Types of Media (Lectures 3-6)
 Text & Related Technologies
 Images, Graphics, Animation
 Temporal Media- Sound and Video
 Creating New Media
 Designing Interfaces and Modelling Applications
(Lectures 7 & 8)
 Interaction, Interactivity and Organisational Use
(Lectures 9 & 10)
 Delivery Approaches, Production & Evolution
(Lectures 11 & L12)
Clarke, R. J (2001) L213-06:
16
Subject Review
Your review of material for the
examination should be motivated by
this curriculum design
Which means you need to consider
the following parts
Clarke, R. J (2001) L213-06:
17
Examination Preparation
Clarke, R. J (2001) L213-06:
18
Examination Preparation
Format
 Time Allowed: Two (2) Hours + 15 Minutes Reading
 Number of Questions:
 Part I: 40 Multiple Choice Questions- One (1) Mark each
 Part 2: 7 Short Answer Questions- Five (5) marks each
 Directions to Candidates:
All questions should be attempted. In the case of
multiple choice questions, candidates should select the
most correct option. This exam contributes 50% towards
your final mark.
 Examination Materials Allowed:
English and Foreign Language translation dictionaries
only
Clarke, R. J (2001) L213-06:
19
Examination Preparation
Approach- Multiple Choice Questions
 Although a substantial amount of the
examination as multiple choice- do not think
they will be easy!
 I have made sure that almost every question
has no stupid options that can be removed as
being too ludicrous to be considered- there are
also 5 options not 4 as is the practice in some
multiple choice examinations
 Answer everything!- but guessing would be
nearly pointless- there is no magic pattern to
the answers!
Clarke, R. J (2001) L213-06:
20
Examination Preparation
Approach- Short Answer Questions
 the short answer questions are meant to be
short (do not exceed more that 1 page)- use
diagrams, use point form
 Advice from an old hand- make sure that you figure
out how long you should spend on each question
 Give yourself only that much time- when the time is
up move to the next question if you have time at the
end go and complete any incomplete answers.
 In this type of multi-section examination when you
are doing different types of responses- timing is
crucial!
 Answer everything!- but don’t waffle!
Clarke, R. J (2001) L213-06:
21
Examination Preparation
Examinable Material
Examinable material:
Material covered in Lectures
Material covered in the Textbook (yes
really- in fact I have been constantly
reminding you to refer back to your
textbook in order to get more basic
information)
Clarke, R. J (2001) L213-06:
22
Examination Preparation
Non-examinable Material
Non-examinable material:
Includes any development related
material (you have done enough of that
already). Specifically what I mean is you
will not need to implement anything
under examination conditions.
Neither are you expected to develop
storyboards
Clarke, R. J (2001) L213-06:
23
Examination Preparation
Subject Review
1. Constituent Types of Media (Lectures 3-6)




Text & Related Technologies
Images, Graphics, Animation
Temporal Media- Sound and Video
Creating New Media
2. Designing Interfaces and Modelling Applications
(Lectures 7 & 8)
3. Interaction, Interactivity and Organisational Use
(Lectures 9 & 10)
4. Delivery Approaches, Production & Evolution
(Lectures 11 & L12)
Clarke, R. J (2001) L213-06:
24
Examination Preparation
Subject Review (1)
Constituent Types of Media
Different types of text, graphics,
animation, sound and video
As well as their definition and
characteristics
Workflows associated with different
types of media
New media
Clarke, R. J (2001) L213-06:
25
Examination Preparation
Subject Review (2)
 Designing Interfaces and Modelling
Applications
 Interface design theory and design
process
 Object-orientation in multimedia
development in general
Clarke, R. J (2001) L213-06:
26
Examination Preparation
Subject Review (3)
Interaction, Interactivity and
Organisational Use
Different types of multimedia systems
relevant to the concerns of this course
Organisationally relevant theories of
user interaction
Communication in organisations and
development
Clarke, R. J (2001) L213-06:
27
Examination Preparation
Subject Review (4)
Delivery Approaches, Production &
Evolution
Conventional, Internet and Hybrid based
modes of delivery
Expect you to understand in detail
different types of production workflows
Development Processes in detail
Clarke, R. J (2001) L213-06:
28
Closing Remarks
 I would like to say that I have been very proud to
develop this course and I am proud of the way
that you as a group have tackled the material and
attempted in many cases to do the best you can
 I hope that you carry away from this course some
useful ideas- I hope that some of you get
employment in this part of Information Systems
 I find this type of information systems work
fascinating- not because it gives immediate
benefits- because it doesn’t- but because it’s a
perfect blend of technology and art
GOOD LUCK and THANKS!
Clarke, R. J (2001) L213-06:
29