Overview of Space-Based Component of
WMO Integrated Global Observing System
(WIGOS)
--Critical Analysis & Potential Gaps, Vision in 2040 and way
forward
Dr Wenjian Zhang
Director, Observing and Information Systems Department &
WMO Space Programme
World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
WMO: Dr Zhang
WMO OMM
WMO Vision on Observations
• The WMO Vision on Ovservations
provides high-level goals to guide the
evolution of the WMO Global Observing
Systems in the coming decades. Goals are
challenging but achievable.
• Chinese Proverb: One who fails to see far
ahead will face worries close at hand
© Dr W. ZHANG, WMO/OBS
WMO OMM
WMO Observation Vision based on the Rolling
Review of Requirements (RRR) Process
12 application areas
Requirements
Requirements
Requirements
Critical
reviewGaps
Observing capabilities
(space & surface)-database
r W. ZHANG, WMO/OBS
Long-term
vision of
WIGOS
Statements of
Statements of
Statements of
guidance
Statements of
guidance
guidance
guidance
Implementation Plan
for Evolution
Recommendations
Members’ surface
and space
observation
programmes
WMO OMM
Current WMO Vision on Observations
• The Global Observing System Vision in 2015 was
adopted in 2002
– The Implementation Plan for Evolution of Space and
Surface-based Sub-Systems of the GOS (EGOS-IP)
was approved in 2005
• The Global Observing System Vision in 2025 was
adopted in 2009
– The Implementation Plan for Evolution of Global
Observing Systems (EGOS-IP) was approved in 2012
(120 pages with 115 actions)
© Dr W. ZHANG, WMO/OBS
World Meteorological Organization
WMO OMM
Working together in weather, climate and water
Space agencies’ plans:
will they meet the WMO Vision in 2025?
Comparison with space agencies’ plans
– for technologies important for
operational meteorology
– Potential Critical Gaps and Way forward
WMO
www.wmo.int
GOS Vision 2025 – space component (1)
WMO OMM
• Operational geostationary satellites
• – at least 6 – each with:
•
Infra-red/visible multi-spectral imager
•
Infra-red hyper-spectral sounder
• Lightning imager
• Operational polar-orbiting satellites
• - in 3 orbital planes – each with:
•
•
•
Infra-red/visible multi-spectral imager
Microwave sounder
Infra-red hyper-spectral sounder
© Dr W. ZHANG, WMO/OBS
GOS Vision 2025 – space component (2)
WMO OMM
• Additional operational missions in appropriate
orbits:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Microwave imagers
Scatterometers
Radio occultation constellation
Altimeter constellation
Infra-red dual-view imager – sea surface temperature
Advanced visible/NIR imagers – ocean colour, vegetation
Visible/infra-red imager constellation – land-surface
Precipitation radars
Broad-band visible/IR radiometers – radiation budget
Atmospheric composition monitoring instruments
Synthetic aperture radar
© Dr W. ZHANG, WMO/OBS
Operational GEO satellites in 2025 (1)
WMO OMM
satellite series
Vis/IR imager
Hyperspectral
IR sounder
Lighting
imager
MSG
SEVIRI (12 ch)
no
no
MTG
FCI (16 ch)
IRS
LI
GOES-R
ABI (16 ch)
no
GLM
Himawari
AHI (16 ch)
no
no
FY-4
AGRI (14 ch)
GIIRS
LMI
INSAT-3DS
IMAGER (6 ch)
no (low-res
SOUNDER)
no
no
no
GEO-KOMSAT-2 AMI (16 ch)
Electro-M
© Dr W. ZHANG, WMO/OBS
MSU-GSM (20 ch) IRFS-GS
LM
Operational GEO satellites in 2025 (3)
WMO OMM
Vis/IR imager
Hyperspectral
IR sounder
Lighting imager
E.Pacific
YES
no
YES
W.Atlantic
YES
no
YES
E.Atlantic
YES
YES
YES
Indian Ocean
YES
YES
YES
W.Pacific
YES
Partly
no
© Dr W. ZHANG, WMO/OBS
Short Summary for Vision 2025
WMO OMM
• Space agencies’ plans provide a good response to
the “WMO GOS Vision for 2025”
• With some key gaps for operational meteorology
–GEO Hyperspectral IR sounder, lightning mapper
--Doppler Wind Lider, GPS/RO, Composition, Hurricance intensity….
• more gaps for climate monitoring and other applications
• Way Forward -- 4.2.2.39 Congress acknowledged that EC66 had requested CBS to take the lead in developing a
Vision for WIGOS in 2040, which will include a “Vision
for the WIGOS component observing systems in 2040”
for its submission to Cg-18 in 2019.
© Dr W. ZHANG, WMO/OBS
World Meteorological Organization
WMO OMM
Working together in weather, climate and water
WMO Observation Vision in 2040 -drivers
WMO workshop on WIGOS-Space Vision 2040
Dialogue between users and providers
– Geneva (Oct. 18-20, 2015)
1. Anticipated Meteorology Services Needs in 2040
2. Anticipated available Technology in 2040
WMO
www.wmo.int
WMO OMM
15th AMS Presidential Forum: Will Weather Change Forever—
Anticipating Meteorology in 2040 (Jan. 2015)
References from Dr. Kathryn Sullivan (NOAA Administrator)
• The planet will be warmer, leading to more extreme weather
and water events, and more intense extremes.
• Observations will still fuel environmental forecasting.
• The planet’s population will have increased from today’s 7
billion to just nearly 9 billion – an increase of 28%.
• Resource margins will be stretched even thinner and strains
even greater on water, food, energy and ecosystems.
•
•
The water-food-energy nexus will be a critical issue of
the times in 2040 !
WMO NMHSs will morph from the weather business into an
environmental intelligence enterprise !!
WMO: Dr Zhang
Main drivers for the 2040 Vision
• Evolving and emerging user requirements
– Applications like climate (GFCS,GCOS, WCRP), atmospheric
composition (e.g. air quality), cryosphere, hydrology, space weather,
are more mature and should be better addressed
– Future monitoring & modelling requires increased resolution (spatial,
temporal, spectral..)
• Anticipated dvances in technology enabling new capabilities
– Sensor technology, Orbital concepts
– Satellite programme concepts (small satellites, constellations, R&D)
• Changes in the providers’ community
– More space faring nations – Vision promote more cooperation models
– Need to frame public/private initiatives without putting the core system
at risk13
ET-SAT / WIGOS Space 2040, Nov 2015
Vision 2040 will under the WIGOS framework
to meet all WMO Programmes observing requirements
WMO INTEGRATED GLOBAL
OBSERVING SYSTEM
The whole is more than the
sum of the parts—Aristotle
WIGOS-Space needs to meet
weather, climate, water and related
environmental services requirements
WMO: Dr Zhang
© Dr W. ZHANG, WMO/OBS
Trends in Satellite System Capabilities
• More satellite providers, OP+RD missions, allowing a wider
range of orbits than current traditional GEO/Polar orbiting
– HEO-GEO-MEO-LEO (inclined or sun-sync) and lower platforms
– Interoperability rather than similarity
– Small satellites (e.g. nanosatellites), formation flying
• The hyperspectral sensors
– will cover full spectrum – from traditional VIS/TIR/MW to full (UV
& far IR, low MW); providing a wealth of information;
– higher sensitivity, higher spatial, temporal, and/or spectral
resolution.
• Combinations of active & passive instruments (SAR,
LIDAR, Cloud/Rain Radars, scatterometry, etc)
© Dr W. ZHANG, WMO/OBS
Approach to developing a new vision (1)
• Rather than prescribing every component, try to strike a balance:
– Specific enough to provide clear guidance on system to be
achieved (including which constellations are needed for each
application area)
– Open to opportunities and encouraging initiatives
• Vision addresses specifically the space segment because of
long-lead decisions needed by space programmes
• Some generic consideration however needed on :
– how it will be supplemented by the surface-based component:
– and on the associated ground segment
16
Approach to developing a new vision (2)
• Vision consists of 4 tiers for national/international
contributions, all with data freely, accessible in timely manner
with metadata, sensor characteristics, etc.
– Tier 1: backbone component, specified orbital
configuration and measurement approach
• Basis for Members’ commitments, should respond to the vital data
needs
• Similar to the current CGMS baseline with addition of newly
mature capabilities
– Tier 2: backbone component, keeping open the orbital
configuration and measurement approach, leaving room
for further system optimization
• Basis for open contributions of WMO Members, responding to
17
target
data goals,
Approach to developing a new vision (2)
• Vision consists of 4 tiers for national/international
contributions, all with data freely, accessible in timely manner
with metadata, sensor characteristics, etc.
– Tier 3: Operational pathfinders and technology and
science demonstrators
• Responding to R&D needs
– Tier 4: Other operators (e.g. academic, commercial)
exploiting technical/ business /programmatic opportunities
are likely to provide additional data
• WMO should recommend standards, best practices, guiding
principles to maximize the chance that these additional data
sources contribute to the community
• Implemented through dedicated missions or hosted payload
18
opportunities
WMO OMM
Global risk along the costal Megacities
Nations need to protect Lives and Property !!!!
© Dr W. ZHANG, WMO/OBS
WMO OMM
WMO Strategic Priority 2-The
Climate Services with five focuses
Agriculture
Water
Energy
Health
© Dr W. ZHANG, WMO/OBS
Disaster Risk
Reduction
One big target – Real time monitoring Hurricane intensity!
• Can we anticipate by
2040 GEO or fleet LEO
Microwave instruments
to hourly monitoring the
TC intensity & internal
structure, in addition to
VIS/IR Imagers? !
© Dr W. ZHANG, WMO/OBS
21
One more target - An Architecture for Climate Monitoring
from Space-2040
Climate Record Creation
Sensing
Applications
Decision-Making
Create and
Maintain
Short/Medium
Term Climate Data
Records
The «climate view» of the Vision
should match the Architecture
for Climate Monitoring from Space
(CEOS-CGMS-WMO) and identify :
• Sensing capabilities responding to
GCOS IP, WCRP Grand Challenges and GFCS requirements
• with performances (e.g. stability) required to monitor climate
• Gap analysis and planning coordination for continuity
• Consistency and traceability through reference standards and
inter-calibration procedures
• Generation of FCDRs and preservation of original data
© Dr W. ZHANG, WMO/OBS
Observations
A2
Operational
Climate Monitoring
Interim Climate
Data Records
Earth Environment
I1
Sense Earth
Environment
A1
Create and
Maintain Longterm Climate Data
Records
A4
Climate Data
Records
Long-term Climate
Variability &
Climate Change
Analysis
A3
A7
Create and Maintain
Higher-Level Climate
Information (e.g. CDR
analysis or modelbased reanalysis)
A8
Climate Information
Records
Reports
Decision-Making
(including
adaptation &
mitigation policy
and planning)
A5
Decisions
O1
Realization of the Vision needs greatly
enhanced International cooperations
•
•
•
•
•
•
Need data sharing: full, free and open
Reinforces need for international coordination:various ways
Multi-agency coordination mechanisms (CGMS & CEOS)
International partnerships (joint missions, hosted payloads)
Inter-governmental satellite operators-EUMETSAT, etc
Other models facilitating more WMO Members engagements
– Regional space programme ( Africa, S. America)
– Private company with governmental stakeholders
– Other business models….
© Dr W. ZHANG, WMO/OBS
Next steps
• Difficulty to anticipate the user needs & Technical progress 25
years ahead, document requirements is No.1-user driven!
• Space agencies need to better understand the user needs –
Users need to aware of future capabilities
• The following consultations are considered and expect inputs:
– The Consultative Meeting on High-level Policy on Satellite
Matters January 2016.
– CGMS-44 in June 2016 (then CGMS 45/46 )
– The CBS Session November of 2016, as «work in progress», then
open consultation (SG’s letter to all TCs and Space Agencies)
– Technical Commissions & RA Sessions during this financial period
– EC session 2016-2018, target for Cg-18 (2019) final approval
© Dr W. ZHANG, WMO/OBS
Points to be discussed at ICG-WIGOS 5
1. Key Requirements: Request all TCs to identify & document
anticipated observing requirements in 2040 (weather, climate,
water, Ocean and related environment areas), for WMO to better
communicate with Space agencies.
2. Consultation with each TC:Comments on and contribute to the
consultation process with your TCs (ETs). Will communicate the
latest development at your TC session if invited.
3. Lead Component Vision: Responsible TCs (CBS/CIMO-weather,
JCOMM-Marine/ocean, CHy-Hydrological, CAS-composition,
CCl/GFCS/GCOS/WCRP -climate, GCW-SG) kindly arrange
activities for leading “Vision for the WIGOS component observing
systems in 2040” development, as part of Vision package
4. ICG-WIGOS discussions: The roadmap to develop the surfacebased Vision in 2040, coupling with Space-Based components.
25
ET-SAT / WIGOS Space 2040, Nov 2015
Thank you for your attention!
Your feedback is welcome
wzhang@wmo.int
© Dr
W. ZHANG,
WMO/OBS
WMO Dr Wenjian
ZHANG,
AOMSUC-6,
Tokyo, Japan
WMO OMM
Acknowledgements
– WMO Strategic Plan 2016-2019, Synthesis Report of the UN
SG on the post-2015 sustainable development agenda
– NASA Earth Science Vision 2030, ESA & other space agency
reports, EUMETSAT Strategy, etc
– Dr. Kathryn Sullivan: AMS 2015 Annual Meeting Presidential
Forum Keynote: Anticipating Meteorology in 2040
– ET-SAT-9 (12-14 Nov. 2014) Final Report (Chair: Jack Kaye
(NASA), ) with participation of major space anegcies
– Outcome of WIGOS Space Vision 2040 workshop (John
Eyre: GOS Vision 2025, etc)
© Dr W. ZHANG, WMO/OBS
BACKUP
28
ET-SAT / WIGOS Space 2040, Nov 2015
Tier 1. Backbone system - with specified orbital
configuration and measurement approaches (1/2)
• Geostationary ring providing frequent multispectral VIS/IR imagery
– with IR hyperspectral sounder, lightning mapper, UV/VIS/NIR sounder
• LEO sun-sync. core constellation in 3 orbit planes (am/pm/earlymorning)
– with hyperspectral IR sounder, VIS/IR imager including Day/Night band
– with MW imager, MW sounder, Scatterometer
• LEO sun-sync. at 3 additional ECT for improved robustness and improved time
sampling particularly for monitoring precipitation
• Wide-swath radar altimeter, and high-altitude, inclined, high-precision orbit altimeter,
• IR dual-angle view imager (for SST)
• MW imagery at 6.7 GHz (for all-weather SST)
• Low-frequency MW (for soil moisture and ocean salinity )
• MW cross-track upper stratospheric and mesospheric temperature sounder
• UV/VIS/NIR sounder , nadir and limb (for atmospheric composition, incl H2O)
29
ET-SAT / WIGOS Space 2040, Nov 2015
Tier 1. Backbone system - with specified orbital
configuration and measurement approaches (2/2)
• Precipitation and cloud radars, and MW sounder and imager on inclined orbits
• Absolutely calibrated broadband radiometer, and TSI and SSI radiometer
• GNSS radio-occultation (basic constellation) for temperature, humidity and electron
density
• Narrow-band or hyperspectral imagery (ocean colour, vegetation)
• High-resolution multispectral VIS/IR imagers (land use, vegetation, flood, landslide
monitoring)
• SAR imagery (sea state, sea ice, ice sheets, soil moisture, floods)
• Gravimetry mission (ground water, oceanography)
• Solar wind in situ plasma and energetic particles, magnetic field, at L1
• Solar coronagraph and radio-spectrograph, at L1
• In situ plasma, energetic particles at GEO and LEO, and magnetic field at GEO
• On-orbit measurement reference standards for VIS/NIR, IR, MW absolute calibration
30
ET-SAT / WIGOS Space 2040, Nov 2015
Tier 2. Backbone system – Open measurement
approaches (flexibility to optimize the implementation) 1/2
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Surface wind and sea state, e.g. by GNSS reflectometry missions, passive MW, SAR
Stratosphere/mesosphere monitoring by UV–VIS–NIR–IR-MW limb sounders
Wind and aerosol profiling by lidar (Doppler and dual/triple-frequency backscatter)
Atmospheric moisture profiling by lidar (DIAL)
Sea-ice thickness by lidar (in addition to radars mentioned in Tier 1)
Cloud phase detection, e.g. by sub-mm imagery
Carbon Dioxide and Methane by NIR imagery
Aerosol and radiation budget by multi-angle, multi-polarization radiometers
High-resolution land or ocean observation (multi-polarization SAR, hyperspectral VIS)
High temporal frequency MW sounding (GEO or LEO constellation)
31
ET-SAT / WIGOS Space 2040, Nov 2015
Tier 2. Backbone system – Open measurement
approaches (flexibility to optimize the implementation) 2/2
• Surface pressure by NIR spectrometry
• HEO VIS/IR mission for continuous polar coverage (Arctic & Antarctica)
• Solar magnetograph , solar EUV/X-ray imager, and EUV/X-ray irradiance, both on the
Earth-Sun line (e.g. L1, GEO) and off the Earth-Sun line (e.g. L5, L4)
• Solar wind in situ plasma and energetic particles and magnetic field off the Earth-Sun
line (e.g. L5)
• Solar coronagraph and heliospheric imager off the Earth-Sun line (e.g. L4, L5)
• Magnetospheric energetic particles (e.g. GEO, HEO, MEO, LEO)
32
ET-SAT / WIGOS Space 2040, Nov 2015
Tier 3. Operational pathfinders and
technology and science demonstrators
• RO constellation for enhanced atmospheric/ionospheric soundings
– Including additional frequencies optimized for atmospheric sounding
Radar and Lidar for vegetation
Hyperspectral MW sensors
Solar coronal magnetic field imager, solar wind beyond L1
Ionosphere/thermosphere spectral imager (e.g. GEO, HEO, MEO, LEO)
Ionospheric electron and major ion density,
Thermospheric neutral density and constituents
Process study missions (content and duration TBD depending on process cycles)
Use of nanosatellites for demonstration or science missions, and for contigency
planning as gap fillers (notwithstanding their possible use in Tier 2.)
• Use of orbiting platforms (like the International Space Station) for demonstration or
science missions
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
33
ET-SAT / WIGOS Space 2040, Nov 2015
Tier 4. Other contributions from WMO
Members and third parties
•
•
•
•
•
Governmental or academic EO projects
Private sector initiatives
Often using individual or constellations of small satellites (cubesats, nanosats)
Exploiting technical or market opportunities
Augmenting the backbone
• WMO would not pretend to coordinate these contributions, but
• WMO should recommend standards and best practices that the operators may
consider to comply with, to facilitate data uptake and to maximize the chances that
the data are interoperable with the backbone system
34
ET-SAT / WIGOS Space 2040, Nov 2015
Input for policy discussion on commercial
providers: threat/opportunity (1/2)
• The issue is not whether industry should be involved but how: what
should be the best respective roles/responsibilities ?
– Contractor (classical case), or implementing agent of a governmental agency ?
– Public/private partnership ? The public agency as the exclusive customer ?
– Independent companies, with public and private users as potential customers ?
• «Commercial» satellite programmes, through business reactivity, can
be an opportunity to enhance the observing system, but also entail
major risks which need to be addressed, such as:
•
•
•
•
35
Limitations to data exchange with respect to WMO practices
Loss of transparency/traceability of data generation process
More difficult global coordination of long-term plans addressing the Vision
Short-term attractiveness of commercial initiatives could undermine the
decision process and funding of essential long-term national programmes
ET-SAT / WIGOS Space 2040, Nov 2015
Input for policy discussion on commercial
providers: threat/opportunity (2/2)
• Continued need of governmental commitments by WMO members
– implemented by government-designated entities,
– guaranteeing global optimization, international data exchange, interoperability
• With reference to WMO Resolution 40 (Cg-XII):
– Members shall ensure provision of «essential data» freely, which entails full
governmental control on a WMO-coordinated «backbone» system
– Commercial programmes could enhance the system with «additional data»
– Private/public partnership may include both aspects: a freely accessible
«essential» service specified by the public authority, and an «additional»
service marketed by the company
• Although not co-ordinating commercial initiatives, the WMO Vision
can influence their provision of observations in setting priority goals,
data quality and interoperability standards
36
ET-SAT / WIGOS Space 2040, Nov 2015
Approach to developing a new vision (1)
• Promote complementary 4-tier space segment for
national/international contributions, all with data freely,
accessible in timely manner with metadata, sensor
characteristics, etc.
– Tier 1: backbone component, specified orbital
configuration and measurement approach
• Basis for Members’ commitments, should respond to the
vital data needs
• Similar to the current CGMS baseline with addition of
newly mature capabilities
© Dr W. ZHANG, WMO/OBS
Approach to developing a new vision (2)
– Tier 2: backbone component, keeping open the orbital
configuration and measurement approach, leaving room for further
system optimization
• Basis for open contributions of WMO Members, responding to target data goals,
– Tier 3: Operational pathfinders and technology and science
demonstrators
• Responding to R&D needs
– Tier 4: Other operators (e.g. academic, commercial) exploiting
technical/ business /programmatic opportunities are likely to provide
additional data
© Dr W. ZHANG, WMO/OBS
Operational polar-orbiting Sates in 2025(1)
WMO OMM
2015
 2025
Early morning
(LECT ~1730)
DMSP F-16,-17,-18,-19
DMSP F20
FY-3E,-3G
Morning
(LECT ~0930)
Metop-A,-B
DMSP-18, FY-3C
Meteor-M N2
NOAA-15,-18,-19
Suomi-NPP
FY-3B
Metop-C Metop-SG
Meteor-M N2-4, -MP N2
Afternoon
(LECT ~1330)
(LECT ~1530)
© Dr W. ZHANG, WMO/OBS
JPSS-1,-2
FY-3F
Meteor-M N2-5, -MP N1
AMS 96- WIGOS Space Vision 2040, New Orleans, USA
Operational polar-orbiting Sates in 2025(2)
WMO OMM
satellite series
Hyperspectral MW sounder
IR sounder
Vis/IR imager
Metop-SG
IASI-NG
MWS
METimage
Metop
IASI
AMSU-A, MHS
AVHRR
JPSS
CrIS
ATMS
VIIRS
FY-3,-3RM
HIRAS
MWTS-2, MWHS-2 MERSI-2
Meteor-3M
IKFS-2
MTVZA-GY
MSU-MR
Meteor-3MP
IKFS-3
MTVZA-GY-MP
MSU-MR-MP
DMSP
no
SSMIS
OLS
© Dr W. ZHANG, WMO/OBS
AMS 96- WIGOS Space Vision 2040, New Orleans, USA
Radio occultation - 2025
WMO OMM
satellite series
instrument
COSMIC-2A,-2B
Tri-G
12 sats
2016-25
 2024+?
Metop-C
WMO EGOS-IP
says:
Metop-SG
GRAS
“ at least 10000 FY-3
occultations
Meteor-M N3
per day”
Meteor-MP
GNOS
 2026
Radiomet
2020-25
ARMA-MP
2021-30
JASON-CS
Tri-G
2020-33
SEOSAR/Paz
ROHPP
2015-20
GRACE-FO
Tri-G
© Dr W. ZHANG, WMO/OBS
RO
2 sats
2 sats
2021
2017-22
AMS 96- WIGOS Space Vision 2040, New Orleans, USA
WMO OMM
1st - Document Application Areas
Requirements – Visionary (future REQ)
1. Global NWP
2. High-resolution NWP
3. Seasonal and Inter-Annual Forecasting (SIAF) + Decadal
4. Nowcasting
5. Aeronautical Meteorology
6. Atmospheric Chemistry
7. Ocean Applications
8. Agricultural Meteorology
9. Hydrology
10. Climate Monitoring (GCOS)
11. Climate Applications
12. Space Weather
Dr W. ZHANG, WMO/OBS
AMS 96- WIGOS Space Vision 2040, New Orleans, USA
WMO OMM
2nd - Comparing “Vision” and Capabilities ToolOSCAR
• OSCAR database (Observing Systems Capability Analysis and Review
Tool)
User requirements: http://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/requirements
Space-based capabilities: http://www.wmosat.info/oscar/spacecapabilities
•
•
•
•
•
programmes
satellites
instruments
capability review – assessment of instruments by type
gap analysis by variable
Gap Analyses (Statements of Guidance, SoGs)
http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/OSY/GOS-RRR.html#SOG
© Dr W. ZHANG, WMO/OBS
AMS 96- WIGOS Space Vision 2040, New Orleans, USA
Backup Slides
© Dr
W. ZHANG,
WMO/OBS
WMO Dr Wenjian
ZHANG,
AOMSUC-6,
Tokyo, Japan
Operational geostationary satellites (1)
WMO OMM
E.Pacific
2015
 2025
GOES-13,-14,-15
GOES-R,-S,-T,-U
MSG: M-8,-9,-10,-11
Electro-M?
MTG/I+S
M-7 INSAT-3C, Kalpana-1
Electro-L N1 INSAT-3D
FY-2D,-2E INSAT-3A
FY-2F,-2G COMS-1
Himawari-6,-7 (MTSAT-1R,-2)
Himawari-8
MSG? INSAT-3DS
Electro-M N1-1,-2
FY-4B,-4C,4D
GEO-KOMSAT-2A,-2B
Himawari-8,-9
Electro-L N4
W.Atlantic
E.Atlantic
Indian
Ocean
W.Pacific
© Dr W. ZHANG, WMO/OBS
AMS 96- WIGOS Space Vision 2040, New Orleans, USA
Radio occultation – 2015
satellites
instrument
COSMIC
IGOR
Metop-A and -B
GRAS
GRACE-A or -B
Blackjack
~2300
occultations
per day
TerraSAR-X
IGOR
Tandem-X
IGOR
(Nov 2015)
FY-3C
GNOS
Oceansat-2
ROSA
Total:
9 receivers
© Dr W. ZHANG, WMO/OBS
Megha-tropiques ROSA
KOMPSAT-5
AOPOD
AMS 96- WIGOS Space Vision 2040, New Orleans, USA
~4 satellites
Low frequency microwave ~1.4 GHz
WMO OMM
Objectives
•
•
•
•
soil moisture
sea surface salinity
sea surface wind (high wind speed)
sea ice thickness (thin ice)
© Dr W. ZHANG, WMO/OBS
satellites
instrument
SMOS
MIRAS
2009-17+
SAC-D
Aquarius
2011-15
SMAP
SMAP
2015-18+
AMS 96- WIGOS Space Vision 2040, New Orleans, USA
Operational polar-orbiting Sates in 2025(3)
WMO OMM
Vis/IR imager
Hyperspectral
IR sounder
MW sounder
Early morning
YES?
YES?
YES?
Morning
YES
YES
YES
Afternoon
YES
YES
YES
© Dr W. ZHANG, WMO/OBS
AMS 96- WIGOS Space Vision 2040, New Orleans, USA
Microwave imagers - 2025
WMO OMM
satellite series
instrument
channels (GHz)
DMSP
SSMIS
19-183, incl.50-60
 2025
GCOM-W
AMSR-2
6.9-89
 2025
GPM-Core, -Braz
GMI
10-183
2021+
HY-2
MWI
6.6-37
 2025
FY-3, FY-3RM
MWRI
10-89
 2028
Metop-SG
MWI
18-183, incl.50-54,118
2022
Metop-SG
ICI
183-664
2022
DWSS
MIS
6.3-183, incl.50-60
??
Meteor-M
MTVZA-GY
10-183, incl.50-60
2025
Meteor-MP
MTVZA-GY-MP 6.9-183, incl.50-60
© Dr W. ZHANG, WMO/OBS
2021-2030
AMS 96- WIGOS Space Vision 2040, New Orleans, USA
Scatterometers - 2025
WMO OMM
satellite series
instrument
Metop
ASCAT
C-band
2024+?
Metop-SG
SCA
C-band
2022
FY-3
WindRad
C+Ku-band
2021+
HY-2
SCAT
Ku-band
 2025
Meteor-M
SCAT
Ku-band
2020-25
ScatSat-1
OSCAT
Ku-band
2016-21
CFOSAT
SCAT
Ku-band
2018-21
OceanSat-3
OSCAT
Ku-band
2018-23
Dr W. ZHANG, WMO/OBS
AMS 96- WIGOS Space Vision 2040, New Orleans, USA
WMO OMM
© Dr W. ZHANG, WMO/OBS
Approach to developing a new vision (3)
This Vision addresses specifically the space segment because of
long-lead decisions needed by space programme
Some generic considerations are however needed on :
• how it will be supplemented by the surface-based
component:
– Ground-based reference measurements
– Measurements that cannot be achieved from space
• and on the associated ground segment
– Importance of investing in applications and user training and uptake
– Preparation for exponential data growth and new paradigms for data
access, including big data analytics, moving aplications to the data
– Improved timeliness, and NRT access to operational and R&D mission
data when relevant
© Dr W. ZHANG, WMO/OBS
Tier 1. Backbone system - with specified orbital
configuration and measurement approaches (1/2)
• Geostationary ring providing frequent multispectral VIS/IR imagery
– with IR hyperspectral, Lightning mapper, UV/VIS/NIR sounder
• LEO sun-sync. core constellation in 3 orbit planes (am/pm/earlymorning)
– hyperspectral IR sounder, VIS/IR imager including Day/Night band
– MW imager, MW sounder, Scatterometer
• LEO sun-sync. at 3 additional ECT for improved robustness and improved time
sampling particularly for monitoring precipitation
• Wide-swath radar altimeter, and high-altitude, inclined, high-precision orbit altimeter,
• IR dual-angle view imager (for SST)
• MW imagery at 6.7 GHz (for all-weather SST)
• Low-frequency MW (for soil moisture and ocean salinity )
• MW cross-track upper stratospheric and mesospheric temperature sounder
• UV/VIS/NIR sounder , nadir and limb (for atmospheric composition, incl H2O)
© Dr W. ZHANG, WMO/OBS
Tier 1. Backbone system - with specified orbital
configuration and measurement approaches (2/2)
• Precipitation and cloud radars and MW sounder and imager on inclined orbits
• Absolutely calibrated broadband radiometer and TSI and SSI radiometer
• GNSS radio-occultation (basic constellation) for temperature, humidity and electron
density
• Narrow-band or hyperspectral imagery (ocean colour, vegetation)
• High-resolution multispectral VIS/IR imagers (land use, vegetation, flood monitoring)
• SAR imagery (sea state and sea-ice observations, soil moisture)
• Gravimetry mission (ground water, oceanography)
• Solar wind in situ plasma and energetic particles, magnetic field, at L1
• Solar coronagraph and radio-spectrograph, at L1
• In situ plasma, energetic particles at GEO and LEO, and magnetic field at GEO
• On-orbit measurement reference standards for VIS/NIR, IR, MW absolute calibration
© Dr W. ZHANG, WMO/OBS
Tier 2. Backbone system – Open measurement
approaches (flexibility to optimize the implementation) 1/2
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Surface wind and sea state, e.g. by GNSS reflectometry missions, passive MW, SAR
Stratosphere/mesosphere monitoring by UV–VIS–NIR–IR-MW limb sounders
Wind and aerosol profiling by lidar (Doppler and dual/triple-frequency backscatter)
Atmospheric moisture profiling by lidar (DIAL)
Sea-ice thickness by lidar (in addition to radars mentioned in Tier 1)
Cloud phase detection, e.g. by sub-mm imagery
Carbon Dioxyde and Methane by NIR imagery
Aerosol and radiation budget by multi-angle, multi-polarization radiometers
High-resolution land or ocean observation (multi-polarization SAR, hyperspectral VIS)
High temporal frequency MW sounding (GEO or LEO constellation)
© Dr W. ZHANG, WMO/OBS
Tier 2. Backbone system – Open measurement
approaches (flexibility to optimize the implementation) 2/2
• Surface pressure by NIR spectrometry
• HEO VIS/IR mission for continuous polar coverage (Arctic & Antarctica)
• Solar magnetograph , solar EUV/X-ray imager, and X-ray irradiance, both on the
Earth-Sun line (e.g. L1, GEO) and off the Earth-Sun line (e.g. L5, L4)
• Solar wind in situ plasma and energetic particles and magnetic field off the Earth-Sun
line (e.g. L5)
• Solar coronagraph and heliospheric imager off the Earth-Sun line (e.g. L4, L5)
• Magnetospheric energetic particles (e.g. GEO, HEO, MEO, LEO)
© Dr W. ZHANG, WMO/OBS
How the space observations can help the
Hurricane intensity forecasting ?
•
•
•
It’s well known that tropical cyclones
require warm water to form. Sea
surface temperatures (SSTs) must be
above 26°C throughout a depth of
about 46 metres.
Since SSTs can change rapidly due to
mixing processes and correspond to
only about the top 10 metres, SST by
itself does not provide sufficient
information about the heat content
stored in the upper ocean to
accurately forecast tropical cyclone
intensity.
We get far more reliable data from
altimeters, since sea surface height
anomalies are strongly correlated
with the internal thermal structure of
the ocean.
© Dr W. ZHANG, WMO/OBS
WMO OMM
Then the measurements needs…
© Dr W. ZHANG, WMO/OBS
WMO OMM
Then the measurements needs…
© Dr W. ZHANG, WMO/OBS
Doppler wind lidar
WMO OMM
Objectives
•
•
•
•
wind profiles (line-of-sight)
profiles of cloud and aerosol
aerosol properties
boundary layer height
satellites
instrument
ADM-Aeolus
ALADIN
3D-Winds
3D-Winds lidar 2023-26
© Dr W. ZHANG, WMO/OBS
2017-20
AMS 96- WIGOS Space Vision 2040, New Orleans, USA