Big Idea 6: Earth Structures
Grade 5
Mary Tweedy, Curriculum Support Specialist
Dr. Millard Lightburn, Elementary Science Supervisor
Department of Mathematics and Science
Part One:
Grade 5 Essential Lab # 8
Physical Properties of Minerals
Part Two:
Identification of the Three Types of Rocks:
Sedimentary, Igneous, Metamorphic
Part Three:
Grade 5 Essential Lab # 9
Weathering and Erosion
::
Part Four:
Earth’s Resources
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Part 1: Physical Properties of Minerals
Benchmark
SC.4.E.6.2 - Identify the physical properties of
common earth-forming minerals, including hardness,
color, luster, cleavage, and streak color, and
recognize the role of minerals in the formation of
rocks.
• Identify physical properties (hardness, streak
color, cleavage, and luster) of common minerals,
such as quartz, feldspar, calcite, mica, pyrite, talc,
and graphite.
• Describe and/or explain the role of minerals in
the formation of rocks.
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Minerals and You
Every solid material made from nature that’s
neither plant or animal--not a living thing is a
mineral or made from minerals. Minerals
touch our lives in hundreds of ways each day.
Life as we know it would not exist without
them.
What are some minerals that touch your lives?
What are minerals? (Discovery)
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What are the Five Characteristics
That Minerals Share?
To help you remember try this mnemonic device:
N
I
C
- Naturally Occurring – Not made by humans
- Inorganic – Was never alive
- Crystalline (crystals) – The atoms form a
pattern and repeat themselves in all directions.
S
- Solid
Diner -Definite Chemical Composition – Example:
Salt aka halite has a chemical composition
of NaCl throughout
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Is it a Mineral or a Non-Mineral?
Salt
Aluminum foil
Copper penny
Twig
String
Quartz
Feldspar
coal
ice
water vapor
ceramic tile
soil
granite
shell
List of Minerals
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What is a Mineral?
http://library.thinkquest.org/J002289/index.html
A mineral is a Natural, Inorganic (nonliving), Crystalline (crystal pattern),
Solid with a Definite chemical structure.
A Mineral is a material that has its own set of properties:
(Discovery)
How are minerals identified? (free BrainPop)
http://glencoe.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0078778026/164213/00044674.html
•
•
color
luster
streak color
breakage: cleavage
Minerals by Name
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or
hardness
fracture
Mineral Stations
Station # 1: Streak
Station # 2: Luster (metallic or non-metallic)
Station # 3: Breakage – Fracture vs. Cleavage
Station # 4: Color
Station # 5: Hardness
Station # 6: Who am I?
Write station responses in your notebook.
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Mineral Identification Chart
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Essential Lab # 8 Benchmarks
SC.4.E.6.2 Identify the physical properties of common earth-forming
minerals, including hardness, color, luster, cleavage, and streak color,
and recognize the role of minerals in the formation of rocks
SC.4.N.1.1 Raise questions about the natural world, use appropriate
reference materials that support understanding to obtain information
(identifying the source), conduct both individual and team
investigations through systematic investigations, and generate
appropriate explanations based on those explorations.
SC.4.N.1.2 Compare the observations made by different groups using
multiple tools and seek reasons to explain the differences across groups.
SC.4.N.1.6 Keep records that describe observations made, carefully
distinguishing actual observations from ideas and inferences about the
observations.
LACC.5.SL.1.1. Engage effectively in a range of collaborative
discussions (one-on-one, in groups, and teacher-led) with diverse
partners on grade 5 topics and texts, building on others’ ideas and
expressing their own clearly.
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Essential Lab # 8
Physical Properties of Minerals
Mineral Detective
• Essential Question:
How are minerals identified?
• Materials:
Mineral specimens
penny (1982 or older)
paperclip (steel blade)
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hand lens
streak plate
magnet
Procedures
1. Read the Mystery Mineral Worksheet. Look carefully at each
property and its descriptions at the top of worksheet.
2. Choose a mineral to observe and record its identification # on
the worksheet.
3. Observe and perform the physical property tests and record
the results.
4. Repeat for each different mystery mineral.
5. Share and discuss mineral property observations within your
group.
6. Use the Mineral Identification to compare observation results
with the Mineral Identification Key to determine the real
identity of the minerals.
7. Record each mineral’s identity in column one.
8. Share mineral identification results with your group and the
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whole class.
Using Physical Properties to Identify the Mystery Minerals
Sample #
#____
________
(identity)
#____
________
(identity)
#____
_________
(identity)
#____
_________
(identity)
#____
______
(identity)
#____
________
Color
Streak
Luster
Hardness
Other
Color of mineral
when it’s scratched
across streak plate
Glassy-shines like
glass
Dull-earthy/chalky
Metallic-looks like
metal
Waxy/pearly-has a
muted shine
Mohs Scale
Scratched by
1 Fingernail-easily
2 Fingernail
3 Penny-easily
4 Penny
5 Steel (paperclip)
6 glass
7-10 Will scratch
Glass/steel
Magnetic
Texture
Smell
Shape
Flakes into sheets
Mineral Identification Keys:
Some Common Minerals and Their Properties Key
Name
Graphite
Mica
Halite
Galena
Calcite
Magnetite
Pyrite
Feldspar
Quartz
Color
Black
Colorless
Colorless
Gray
Colorless
Black
Golden
Various
Various
Dark green
Hornblende
to black
Streak
Black
White
White
Gray
White
Black
Black
White
White
Luster Hardness
Metallic
1
Pearly
2.5-3
Glassy
2.5
Metallic
2.5-3
Glassy
3
Dull
5.5-6.5
Metallic
6-6.5
Glassy
6-6.5
Glassy
7
Gray Glassy
5.5
Other Properties
Crystals are rare.
Flakes into sheets
Salty taste
Crystal Cubes
Crystalline
Magnetic
Looks like gold
Two cleavages
Round fracture
Splintery appearance
Additional Mineral Identification Keys:
•Grade 5 Scott Foresman p. 284
•http://www.pitt.edu/~cejones/GeoImages/1Minerals.html
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Group Discussion
Beginning with the shortest person in your
group, take turns going around the table in
a clockwise direction sharing the identity of
one of the minerals identified.
• Do you all agree on its identity? How do your
observations (evidence) compare with the others in
the group?
• Continue until all minerals have been shared.
Then answer the following:
• Which was your easiest mineral to identify? Why?
Your hardest? Why? Share within your group.
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Evaluate
1. Name and explain three of the mineral properties
you observed?
2. Why do you think color may not be the best way
to identify minerals?
3. How did the hand lens help with observing
properties of the minerals?
4. What was the most difficult mineral to identify?
Why?
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Minerals Review
1. Rocks are made of _____, which are
natural, nonliving solid crystals.
2. The way a mineral’s surface reflects
light is called its __________.
3. The way a mineral can tend to break
along lines or smooth surfaces when
hit sharply is its ___________.
4. _________ is the color of a
mineral when it is powdered. It
is often different from the color of
the whole mineral.
5. The measure of the mineral’s
resistance to scratching is its _______.
A. Cleavage
B. Hardness
C. Luster
D. Minerals
E. Streak Color
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Sample FCAT 2.0 Question SC.4.E.6.2
1. Eddy is trying to identify a mineral by
observing its luster. This means that he is
doing which of the following?
A. observing the way the mineral reflects light
B. scratching the mineral with other objects or
minerals
C. examining the color the mineral makes when
rubbed across porcelain
D. feeling the mineral to determine if it is rough,
smooth, greasy, or glassy
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Sample FCAT 2.0 Question SC.4.E.6.2
2.Tanya is trying to identify an unknown mineral.
To identify the mineral, Tanya breaks it and
observes the planes and patterns formed along
the break.
Which property of minerals is Tanya testing?
A. cleavage
B. hardness
C. luster
D. texture
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Sample FCAT 2.0 Question
SC.4.E.6.2
3. Samantha is identifying different minerals
she found on vacation. Which property of
the minerals will Samantha be LEAST able
to determine by using only her eyes?
A.
B.
C.
D.
color
hardness
luster
texture
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Extension
Gizmo Activity:
• Mineral Identification
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Part Two: Identification of the Three Types of Rocks:
Sedimentary, Igneous, Metamorphic
SC.4.E.6.1 Identify the three categories of rocks: igneous, (formed from
molten rock); sedimentary (pieces of other rocks and fossilized
organisms); and metamorphic (formed from heat and pressure. (assessed
as SC.4.E.6.2.
Content Limits and Clarifications
•Students will identify the three categories of rocks and how they were formed.
•Items will not assess the rock cycle.
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Part 2: Identification of the Three Types of Rocks
Essential Question:
What are Rocks?
Rocks …
•Solid earth material
•Make up the crust of the Earth
•Mixture of one or more minerals
•Range in size from giant mountains to grains of sand
•Can be smooth or rough, shiny or dull, one color or many
colors
More about Rocks from Discovery
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Essential Question:
What are the Three main types of rocks?
1. Sedimentary Rock
1.
Igneous Rock
3.
Metamorphic Rock
Rock Type Photographs and more: http://geology.com/rocks/
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Sedimentary Rocks
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
See
Form when layers of rock particles get pressed together at or
near Earth's surface
https://www.pearsonsuccessnet.com/snpapp/login/login.jsp
Nickname = “Layered” rocks
May contain fossils
Common near bodies of water or where water existed in the
past
Characteristics:
Layers
Loosely compacted
Distinct particles Dull
Light Colored
Light weight
http://geology.com/rocks/sedimentary-rocks.shtml for photographs and more.
Igneous Rocks
•
•
•
•
•
Form when magma (hot liquid rock) cools and hardens
Cools very fast = glassy with holes
Cools fast = glassy
Cools slow = small crystals
Cools very slow = large crystals
•
Nickname= “Fire formed” rocks:
http://geology.com/rocks/metamorphic-rocks.shtml
2
3
Pumice is a gas-charged igneous rock.
Can you identify some others?
1
4
granite
scoria
obsidian
5
pumice
Metamorphic Rocks
•
•
•
•
Form when underground rocks are changed due to
high pressure
Nickname = “Changed” rocks
Common in mountains
Characteristics:
Thick layers
Blended colors
Tightly compacted
Blurred particles Shiny
See http://geology.com/rocks/metamorphic-rocks.shtml for photographs and more.
Observe and Classify Rocks
Inquiry
Three Main Types
1. Sedimentary Rock
2. Igneous Rock
3. Metamorphic Rock
Scientist Profile: Volcano Scientist
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How Rocks Formed Song
(Sing to the tune of “Row, Row, Row Your Boat”)
Adapted from
Utah Elem. CORE
Academy 2006
Sedimentary rock
Has been formed in layers
Often found near water sources
With fossils from decayers
Then there’s igneous rock
Here since Earth was born
Molten lava, cooled and hardened
That’s how it formed
These two types of rocks,
Can also be transformed
With pressure, heat, and chemicals
Metamorphic they’ll become
http://geology.com/rocks/
How do rocks form?
• Igneous rocks form when magma cools
underground or lava from volcanic eruptions
cools on Earth’s surface.
• Sedimentary rocks form when bits of different
rocks pile up. Over a long time, the rock bits
are buried and squeezed together to form
sedimentary rocks.
• Metamorphic rocks form when igneous or
sedimentary rocks are changed by heat and
pressure.
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What’s the Rock: Reference Sheet
1. Igneous: Form when magma cools and hardens.
•
•
•
•
Cools very fast = glassy with holes
Cools fast = glassy
Cools slow = small crystals
Cools very slow = large crystals
2. Sedimentary:Form when layers of rock particles
•
get pressed together
Loosely compacted layers
Light Colored
Distinct particles
Dull
3. Metamorphic:Form when underground rocks are
•
•
changed due to high pressure
Thick layers
Tightly compacted
Blended colors
Blurred particles
Shiny
(Adapted from Utah Elem. CORE Academy 2006)
Sample FCAT 2.0 Question
1. Eddy is examining two igneous rocks. He
observes that one rock is light-colored and one is
dark-colored. Both rocks have very large crystals
and are very coarse.
How can two rocks made by the same process be
so different in color?
A. They contain different minerals.
B. They were made at different times.
C. They were worn down at different rates.
D. They cooled at different rates.
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Sample FCAT 2.0 Question
1. What type rock is formed when grains of
sand and other sediments that have eroded
from mountains and have been washed down
to sea are pressed and cemented together?
A. Igneous
B. Metamorphic
C. Oceanic
D. Sedimentary
Discovery Education
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Sample FCAT 2.0 Question
• Dr. Gonzalez is searching for recentlyformed igneous rocks for her collection.
Where would this type of rock most likely be
found?
A. in a deep cavern
B. on a sandy beach
C. near a volcano
D. at the mouth of a river
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Sample FCAT 2.0 Question
Metamorphic rocks are formed under great
pressure or temperature. Which geologic process
would make a metamorphic rock?
A.the sliding of a valley glacier
B.the deposition of sand by wind
C.the movement of Earth's crust
D.the removal of surface rock by water
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Sample FCAT 2.0 Question
While hiking in the Everglades, Melissa finds
the fossil of clam in a rock. In which type of
rock would you most likely find a fossil?
A. Igneous
B. Metamorphic
C. Oceanic
D. Sedimentary
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Part Three: Weathering and Erosion
SC.4.E.6.4 Describe the basic differences
between physical weathering (breaking down
of rock by wind, water, ice, temperature
change, and plants) and erosion (movement of
rock by gravity, wind, water, and ice).
• Students will identify and/or describe the
processes of physical weathering and erosion.
• Students will compare and contrast the agents of
and/or processes of physical weathering and
erosion.
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What role does flowing water have in all
of the different sizes of rocks in streams?
Hypothesis: __________________________
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What role does flowing water have in all of
the different sizes of rocks in streams?
Data
Table
Before Shaking the Jar
(Control)
Number of rocks _____
After Shaking the Jar
(Test)
Number of rocks ______
Rock measures ____ cm
Rock measures ____ cm
Water looks…
Water looks…
PhysicalWeathering
http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/parks/project/index.html
1.
3.
2.
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4.
Erosion
•
Erosion is the movement of sediments from one place to
another. Water is the primary agent of erosion, though
wind and glacier ice also contribute .
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Essential Lab # 9 Benchmarks
•
•
•
•
•
•
SC.4.E.6.4 Describe the basic differences between physical weathering
(breaking down of rock by wind, water, ice, temperature change, and
plants) and erosion (movement of rock by gravity, wind, water, and ice).
SC.4.N.1.1 Rise questions about the natural world, use appropriate
reference materials that support understanding to obtain information
(identifying the source), conduct both individual and team investigations
through free exploration and systematic investigations, and generate
appropriate explanations based on those explorations.
SC.4.N.1.2 Compare the observations made by different groups using
multiple tools and seek reasons to explain the differences across groups.
SC.4.N.1.5 Compare the methods and results of investigations done by
other classmates.
SC.4.N.1.6 Keep records that describe observations made, carefully
distinguishing actual observations from ideas and inferences about the
observations.
SC.4.N.1.7 Recognize and explain that scientists base their explanations
on evidence.
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ESSENTIAL LAB # 9:
WEATHERING AND EROSION
1. How do you think the Grand Canyon was formed?
2. Why do you think it has gotten deeper and wider over time?
3. How long do you think it took for the Grand Canyon to form?
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Weathering and Erosion Stations
Station # 1: What happens when it rains on a
sandy soil plain?
Station # 2: How does water erode a sandy
mountain with no grass?
Station #3: How does grass affect water
erosion on a mountain?
Station # 4: How does flowing water wear
down and move rocks?
Station # 5: How can wind cause changes in
rocks?
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Lab Station Follow Up Questions:
1. What is weathering?
2. In which part(s) of the stations did you
observe weathering?
3. What is erosion?
4. In which part(s) of the stations did you
observe erosion?
5. Comparing results from stations 2 and 3, what
is a way to keep erosion from happening?
6. What is the most interesting discovery you
made from these station activities?
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FCAT 2.0 Question
1) The agents of erosion include all except
_____________.
A) rock and rock fragments under the influence
of gravity
B) currents such as wind, water, or ice flow
C) the breaking down of rock through
processes where no movement is involved
D) poor land uses such as deforestation and
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FCAT 2.0 Question
2. What occurs when gravity pulls loose
material down to the bottom of a slope in a
sudden motion?
A) tsunami
B) flood
C) landslide
D) earthquake
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FCAT 2.0 Question
3. Weathering can be caused by
___________________.
A) canyons, caves, and landslides
B) rain, wind, and plant roots
C) rivers, mountains, and currents
D) tides, mice, and glaciers
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FCAT 2.0 Question
4. How did weathering and erosion form the
Grand Canyon?
A) Flooding caused landslides many years ago,
and the canyon was formed very quickly.
B) A great earthquake caused the a giant crack in
the earth, and the canyon was formed.
C) Many volcanoes in that area erupted, and the
lava caused the rocks to melt away.
D) Rain, wind, and the river cut into the rock and
soil, removed it, and slowly formed the
canyon.
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Part Four: Earth’s Resources
Benchmarks
SC.4.E.6.3 Recognize that humans need
resources found on Earth and that these are
either renewable or nonrenewable.
SC.4.E.6.6 Identify resources available in
Florida (water, phosphate, oil, limestone,
silicon, wind, and solar energy).
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Earth’s Resources
What are some of Earth’s natural resources?
Water
Plants
Sun
Air
Wind
Minerals
rocks
Land
Soil
Oil
Coal
Animals
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What resources are found in Florida ?
Florida has many natural resources:
Beaches
Oil
Citrus
Pine Forests
Cattle
Phosphate
Water
Limestone
Solar Energy
Reefs
What are some
Renewable Resources?
The sun is a renewable resource.
Energy from the sun is never used up.
Water is a renewable natural resource.
It evaporates from the oceans, precipitates in
the form of rain and snow, and flows through
rivers and streams back to the oceans.
Plants are renewable because plants can
grow more plants. Seeds grow into plants that
bear flowers. These flowers, when fertilized,
produce seeds that grow into new plants.
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What are Florida’s Renewable Resources?
Renewable
Resources
Why are renewable resources
important to us?
• Renewable resources can be recreated,
although some, like trees, may take more
time to renew than we can wait.
• Nonrenewable resources can be used up.
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What are Nonrenewable Resources?
They are resources that formed over millions of years.
They can not be made again in our children or our grandchildren’s
lifetimes.
There is a limited supply of these resources and people are using them
faster than they can be replaced.
What are some examples?
fossil fuels:
•natural gas
•crude oil
•coal
Minerals:
•aluminum
•silver
•iron
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What are Florida’s Nonrenewable
Resources?
Nonrenewable
1. What are they used for?
2. Are any of them sources of energy?
Limestone is a nonrenewable Florida Resource
Things that are made from Limestone:
• building and landscape materials
• materials used in road construction
• cement manufacturing
*Bonus questions:
What type of rock is limestone?
Limestone is a sedimentary rock.
How do sedimentary rocks form?
What are examples of renewable and
nonrenewable resources?
•
Some renewable resources include:
sunlight, water, wind, soil, and trees
• Some nonrenewable resources include:
coal, oil, and natural gas
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Virtual Lab: WOW, Windmills!
Variables (Things that can change.):
____________
_____________ _____________
Variable I will change (Test/Independent/Manipulated):
___________________
Testable question (Problem Statement):
______________________________________________
This is a fair test because________________________
_____________________________________________
Hypothesis:
______________________________________________
Procedures:
Virtual Lab: WOW, Windmills!
Data
:
Test Number
Number
of Blades
Shape
of Blades
Pitch (angle)
of Blades
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Average Number
of Spins in 1 Min.
What are the differences between renewable and
nonrenewable resources?
• Nonrenewable resources are resources that
cannot be replaced in a short amount of time.
• Unlike renewable resources, it is possible for
humans to use up all of the nonrenewable
resources in the world.
• A renewable resource is a resource that humans
are not likely to run out of.
• Wind is a renewable resource because the wind
will always continue to blow on Earth.
• Trees are a renewable resource because they can
be planted and grown in a short amount of time.
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Saving Resources
The world doesn’t have an endless supply of
natural resources. We have to make our natural
resources last longer. The wise use and protection
of natural resources is called conservation.
Reduce
Recycle
Reuse
Energy Conservation
What can we do?
• We can use resources wisely.
• We can reduce, reuse, an recycle.
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FCAT Review
1. Earth will eventually run out of certain kinds
of energy resources. These are called
nonrenewable energy resources. Which answer
lists ONLY nonrenewable energy resources?
A.
B.
C.
D.
solar, geothermal, and hydroelectric
natural gas, wind, and water
gasoline, solar, and nuclear
coal, oil, and natural gas
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FCAT Review
2. In Florida, limestone mining produces over 153 million
tons of products a year, including concrete, asphalt, and
cement.
Which of the following best describes how limestone
mining should be handled in Florida?
A.It should be restricted, because some people have a
toxic reaction to limestone products.
B.It should be restricted, because there is only a limited
amount of limestone available.
C.It does not need to be restricted, because new deposits
of limestone can be discovered and used.
D.It does not need to be restricted, because limestone can
be easily replaced as sediment is compacted.
FCAT Review
3. It is important to develop renewable energy sources
like solar, wind, and hydroelectric power.
What is the advantage of using these resources, instead of
using fossil fuels?
A.
B.
C.
D.
They make more energy than fossil fuels.
They are cheaper to maintain than fossil fuels.
They cannot be depleted or used up, like fossil fuels.
They do not depend on weather conditions, like fossil
fuels.
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Show What You Know
3- List 3 nonrenewable resources
2- List 2 renewable resources
1- Write 1 idea for conserving
resources
Big Idea 6: Vocabulary Review Game
http://quizlet.com/21273436/gr-5-big-idea-6-earth-structures-review-flash-cards/
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