ABA
Motivation / Reinforcement
& Punishment
PHCS
Alison Mummert
2012
Goal:
• Recognize how the environment plays a role
in behavior.
• Understand how antecedent and
consequences function to alter frequency of
behavior. (MO, SR+, Punishment)
• Understand how behavioral principles can be
applied to make changes in student’s
behavior.
Behaviorism: Study of observable/measurable
behavior.
Behavioral terms are
observable / measurable
NOT Behavioral terms: He shut down… He had a meltdown… He
was upset…. He felt overwhelmed… I know he can do it!
Observable/Measurable: When told to get the ball. He ran into the
school and threw himself on the floor crying, kicking staff 4
times… He was tapping his pencil and rubbing his head. I
observed him demonstrate the skill.
Behavior
- Observable/Measurable movement of a
person
Analyze bx to determine it’s function.
Escape/Attention/Automatic Reinforcement
Analyze bx we want to increase or
decrease…
Behavior is o________ & m__________
ABC Analysis
A- Antecedent – Anything in the environment before
a particular behavior.
C- Consequence – Anything in the environment after
a particular behavior.
A- _______________- anything in the environment
b_________ the behavior.
B- ______________ - observable/measurable
C- ______________ - anything in the environment
a_____ the behavior.
Operant Analysis
The Operant Analysis
Antecedent
Behavior
Consequence
Student finishes page
Put up flag
Told to score
Push the break
Car stops
See a red light
See a Pepsi can
Reach for a can of soda
Open can
Review…
• Behavior is the o____________ and
m______________ movement of a person.
• Antecedent condition includes anything in the
environment b____________ a behavior.
• Consequence condition includes anything in
the environment a__________ a behavior.
The Operant Analysis
Antecedent
Behavior
Response
(Dimensions:
Motivative Operation
topography; temporal;
magnitude; location)
Stimulus
(Discriminative, Neutral,
Delta)
Prompts
(a procedural use of
discriminative stimuli)
No Response
Consequence
Reinforcement
(Positive and Negative)
(Socially mediated and
automatic)
Punishment
(Socially mediated and
automatic)
Schedules of
Reinforcement
Continuous, variable,
fixed, extinction
What is Motivation?
What Motivates You to Teach?
• Teacher- Extrinsic Motivation: Paycheck, Schedule, Coworkers…
• Teacher- Intrinsic Motivation: The feeling of achievement when a
student grasps a skill. The good feeling knowing you are doing a
good job.
What Motivates Students to work/enjoy learning?
• Students- Extrinsic Motivation: friends, teachers, favorite subject,
100%, recess, value of a good education.
• Students- Intrinsic Motivation: feeling successful when finishing
goals, The sense of achievement when grasped a concept/finished
goals.
• Is Intrinsic Motivation… really inside you??
Motivative Operations
Motivation is an Antecedent that alters the
value of a reinforcer.
Motivation __________ the _________ of reinforcers.
Motivation !
Motivation lies in the Environment
Affected by: Satiation/Deprivation
Ex. Coffee
and Environmental changes Ex. Bring out bag of chips
Motivation affects the value of reinforcers!
Motivation is in the ___________ and is affected by
S___________/D_____________ and other E___________ changes
Analysis
Antecedent
Motivative Operations
Behavior
Response:
Given stickers every day.
Less likely to engage in targeted
Satiation
behavior
Decrease the value of stickers
Stickers have not been
used for awhile.
(Deprivation)
Increase the value of
stickers
New sticker worn on the
Teachers sweater.
(Manipulate environment)
Increase the value of
stickers
More likely to engage in targeted
behavior
More likely to engage in targeted
behavior
Consequence
Reinforcement
Reinforcement: Consequence that increases the
probability of a particular behavior occurring again under
similar circumstances.
Reinforcement does what to behavior?______________
Reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement- Something added Ex. Candy/token/praise
Negative Reinforcement- Something removed Ex. Timeout(demand
removed)
Reinforcement increases a particular behavior.
Anything that increases a particular behavior is R_____________
Something added after a particular bx that causes that bx to increase is
P________ ____________.
Something removed after a particular bx that causes that bx to increase
is N___________ _____________.
Reinforcement: Increases the probability of bx occurring again!
Reinforce behaviors that you want to see increase
The Operant Analysis
Antecedent
Behavior
Consequence
Response:
Reinforcement
MO/ Prompt / SD
Finishes 2 Paces before
first break
MO / Prompt / SD
Raise hand
merit/ sticker / token /
verbal praise
Praise/ token/candy
(Increases the probability
of bx occurring again )
Value of reinforcement The student will engage in
behavior that is associated with a stronger motivative operation. Be sure
to establish motivation!
Effort (needed to respond) The student will engage in
behavior that involves less effort. Make responding easy: use errorless
procedures!
Rate of Reinforcement The student will engage in behavior
that most consistently obtains reinforcement. Reinforce on an appropriate
variable ratio schedule!
Magnitude of Reinforcement The student will engage
in behavior that obtains the greatest degree (quality and/or quantity) of
reinforcement. Provide more reinforcement for better responding!
Immediacy of Reinforcement The student will engage
behavior that produces reinforcement quickly. Reinforce best responding
immediately!
Variable Rate of Reinforcement
-Each student is different (rate of reinforcement needed.)
- Variable Rate is proven to keep behavior the strongest…
Because its unpredictable.
This may be the time I get reinforced… so I’m going to
do a good job! This is why people play the lottery!
If they can predict reinforcement and they know it’s not
going to come… they are not going to give a strong
response.
Punishment
Something added or taken away after a particular
behavior, that decreases the probability of that
behavior occurring again under similar circumstances
in the future.
Consequence that decreases a particular
behavior is-_______________
The Operant Analysis : Function
Antecedent
Behavior
Sitting a desk
coloring a picture
Escape demand
Sitting in church
asks to go to the
bathroom
Escape demand
Teacher working with
other student/ ind.
making noise
Told to sweep floor
Circle Time / made
to sit
Toddler sitting in
church
refuses or I want to
first…please, please…
Attention
Escape Demand
loud noises… hit student
Escape… (Sent to time
out!!!)
cry….
Mand/Escape
(Given candy!!)
You can make the changes
needed to help students succeed!
•PaTTAN Autism Initiative Applied Behavior Analysis Support:
Introduction to Teaching Procedures
http://www.pattan.net/Videos/Browse/Single/?code_name=teachi
ng_procedures_assembly
•PaTTAN Autism Initiative Applied Behavior Analysis
Support: Overview Assembly
http://www.pattan.net/Videos/Browse/Single/?code_name=overv
iew_assembly
www.PaTTAN.net -- Videos