Managing Health and Safety
Lecture 2
Plan
1 Occupational Safety and Health in Russian Federation
2 Labour Legislation
3 International Management Systems
4 Risk Assessment
5 Collective Protective Equipment
6 Personal Protective Equipment
Occupational Safety and Health
in Russian Federation
• Employers have a responsibility to protect workers against
safety and health hazards at work.
• Workers have the right to know about potential hazards and
to refuse work that they believe is dangerous. Workers also
have a responsibility to work safely with hazardous
materials.
• A national OSH program in consultation with the most
representative organizations of employers and workers is
required by law. The Government of the Russian Federation
and authorized federal executive power bodies must adopt
federal target programs on improving occupational safety
and health conditions and ensure its enforcement
Labour Legislation
• The legal basis for safety and health is provided by
the Constitution of the Russian Federation as well as
by labour laws and other normative legal acts.
• The current Constitution of the Russian Federation
(CRF) came into force on 12 December 1993.
Labour Rights in the Constitution
• Article 37 of the CRF enumerates basic labour rights,
including
• free choice of type of activity and profession,
• prohibition of forced labour,
• working conditions which meet safety and hygiene
requirements,
• minimum wage established by federal law,
• protection against unemployment,
• right to individual and collective labour disputes,
• right to strike,
• guaranteed statutory duration of work time,
• days off and holidays,
• and paid annual vacation.
Labour legislation consists of
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the Labour Code,
other federal laws and laws of the RF subjects on labour,
decrees of the President of Russia,
regulations of the Government of Russia and of federal
executive authority bodies,
• regulations of the executive power bodies of the RF
subjects,
• regulations of local self-government bodies, which
contain labour law norms,
• collective agreements and local normative legal acts
containing labour law norms.
Legislative enactments :
• Federal Act of the Russian Federation on Safe Handling of
Pesticides and Agrochemicals, No. 109-FZ of July 19, 1997.
• Federal Act of the Russian Federation on Radiation Safety of
Population, No. 3-FZ of January 9, 1996.
• Federal Act of the Russian Federation on Prevention of
Spread in the Russian Federation of the Disease Caused by
the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV Infection), No. 38FZ of March 30, 1995.
• Federal Act of the Russian Federation on Fire Safety, No. 69FZ of December 21, 1994.
• The Code on Administrative Offences (December 30, 2001)
and the Penal Code of Russia (January 1, 1997) provide for
adequate penalties for violations of the laws and regulations
concerning occupational safety and health.
Labour Code
• The Labour Code of the Russian Federation (December 30,
2001) is the main law of Russia on OSH.
• The aims of the Labour Code are to establish state
guarantees of labour rights and freedoms of citizens, to
create favourable working conditions, and to protect the
rights and interests of workers and employers. According to
the Labour Code one of the basic principles of legal
regulation of labour relations is to ensure the right of every
worker to fair working conditions, including the working
conditions which meet the requirements of occupational
safety and health.
Major labour law issues
• fundamentals of labour legislation (purposes of labour
legislation; non-discrimination; prohibition of forced labour);
• the respective competencies in labour law making of the
Russia and of its constituents;
• labour relations, including employee’s and employer’s basic
rights and responsibilities;
• conditions of work, including work time; rest time;
• labour discipline;
• health and safety;
• women’s labour, including maternity protection;
• youth (under 18 years of age) labour;
• seasonal work, home work, domestic work,
• etc.
Hours of work
• The normal duration of the work time may not
exceed 40 hours per week.
• The normal working hours shall be reduced by:
– 16 hours per week for workers under sixteen years of age;
– 5 hours per week for workers qualified as invalids of
categories I and II;
– 4 hours per week for workers from sixteen to eighteen
years of age;
– 4 and more hours per week for workers who work under
hazardous, unhealthy or dangerous conditions.
Minimum age and protection of young
workers
• Work of persons under 18 years of age in hazardous or
dangerous conditions, in the underground, as well as at jobs
that harm their moral development and health (gambling
business, night clubs, in production cycles, transportation
and sale of alcoholic beverages, tobacco goods, narcotic
and toxic compounds) is prohibited.
• It is prohibited for minors to carry or move workloads in
excess of the limits set for them.
• It is prohibited to send workers under eighteen years of age
on business trips, to engage them in overtime work, night
work, work on weekends and during holidays.
Other sources of labour law
• The President of the RF issues decrees and executive orders.
• Another important source of labour law in the RF is decrees
and orders issued by the Government of the RF on the basis
of and pursuant to the CRF, federal laws and normative
decrees of the President of the RF.
• A further source of labour law in the RF is normative
documents issued by the Ministry of Labour and Social
Development with a view to implementing labour legislation
in force in the RF.
• A number of other federal executive bodies are also
empowered to issue normative acts within the powers given
to them by federal legislation, decrees and orders of the
President or of the Government of the RF.
Accident investigations
• The term "accident" can be defined as an unplanned
event that interrupts the completion of an activity,
and that may (or may not) include injury or property
damage.
• Reasons to investigate a workplace accident include:
– to find out the cause of accidents and to prevent similar
accidents in the future;
– to fulfill any legal requirements;
– to determine the cost of an accident;
– to determine compliance with applicable safety
regulations;
– to process workers' compensation claims.
Members of the investigating team
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supervisor;
employees with knowledge of the work;
safety officer;
health and safety committee;
union representative;
employees with experience in investigations;
"outside" expert;
representative from local government.
The immediate supervisor can not be on the team (LC RF)
Employer's Duties in the Case of an Accident
• immediately arrange for first aid to be provided to the victim,
and if necessary for the victim to be carried to a medical
organization;
• take expedient measures for preventing the development of
the accident or other extraordinary situation and the effects
of harmful factors on other persons;
• keep things of the site just as they were at the time of the
accident until the beginning of investigation, unless this poses
a threat to the life and health of other persons or would lead
to some extraordinary circumstances, or if they cannot be
kept in place, shall record the situation as it was;
• immediately inform the bodies and organizations specified in
the Labour Code about the accident, and also relatives of the
victim in the event of a grave accident or an accident resulting
in death.
The steps of the accident investigation
process
• Report the accident occurrence to a designated person
within the organization;
• Provide first aid and medical care to injured person(s)
and prevent further injuries or damage;
• Investigate the accident;
• Identify the causes;
• Report the findings;
• Develop a plan for corrective action;
• Implement the plan;
• Evaluate the effectiveness of the corrective action;
• Make changes for continuous improvement.
International Management Systems
• International Labor Organization (ILO)
• The ILO is a United Nations agency dealing with labour issues,
particularly international labour standards, social protection,
and work opportunities for all.
• The ILO was established as an agency at 1919.
• The ILO has 186 member states (2015).
• The main aims of the ILO are to promote rights at work,
encourage decent employment opportunities, enhance social
protection and strengthen dialogue on work-related issues.
• In 2001, the ILO published ILO-OSH 2001, also titled
"Guidelines a on occupational safety and health management
systems" to assist organizations with introducing OSH
management systems.
International Management Systems
• OHSAS 18001, Occupational Health and Safety Management
Systems–Requirements (officially BS OHSAS 18001) is an
internationally applied British Standard for occupational
health and safety management systems.
• A standard is a published document that contains a technical
specification or other precise criteria designed to be used
consistently as a rule, guideline, or definition.
• British Standards Institution (BSI) is a multinational business
services provider whose principal activity is the production of
standards and the supply of standards-related services.
• BSI Group was founded as the Engineering Standards
Committee in London in 1901.
• BSI Group now operates internationally in 172 countries.
International Management Systems
• United Kingdom:
– The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 (HSWA 1974) is an
Act of the Parliament of the UK that defines the fundamental
structure and authority for the encouragement, regulation and
enforcement of workplace health, safety and welfare within the
UK.
• United States:
– The Occupational Safety and Health Act 1970. The act created the
three agencies that administer it: the Occupational Safety and
Health Administration (OSHA), National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health, and the Occupational Safety and Health Review
Commission.
– OSHA develops safety standards in the Code of Federal Regulation
and enforces those safety standards through compliance
inspections conducted by Compliance Officers; enforcement
resources are focussed on high-hazard industries.
International Management Systems
• Sweden:
– Occupational safety and health is regulated by the Work
Environment Act that is the government agency responsible for
issues relating to the working environment. The agency should
work to disseminate information and furnish advice on OSH, has
a mandate to carry out inspections, and a right to issue
stipulations and injunctions to any non-compliant employer.
• India:
– The Labour Ministry formulates national policies on
occupational safety and health in factories and docks with
advice and assistance from Directorate General of Factory
Advice Service and Labour Institutes (DGFASLI), and enforces its
Policies through inspectorates of factories and inspectorates of
dock safety. The DGFASLI provides technical support in
formulating rules, conducting occupational safety surveys and
also for conducting occupational safety training programs
Risk assessment
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Identify the hazards.
Identify all affected by the hazard and how.
Evaluate the risk.
Identify and prioritize appropriate control
measures.
Hazard is something that has the
potential to cause harm
Risk is a combination of two factors:
likelihood and severity
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Collective protective equipment are used for simultaneously defense of
all workers on production area
COLLECTIVE PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
MACHINERY GUARDS
Rule to remember:
• Any machine part, function, or process which may cause
injury must be safeguarded.
• When the operation of a machine or accidental contact
with it can injure the operator or others in the vicinity,
the hazards must be either controlled or eliminated.
Requirements for Safeguards (OSHA)
• Prevent contact - prevent worker’s body or clothing
from contacting hazardous moving parts.
• Be secure - firmly secured to machine and not easily
removed.
• Protect from falling objects - ensure that no objects can
fall into moving parts.
• Create no new hazards for the operator - must not
have shear points, jagged edges or unfinished surfaces.
• Create no interference - must not prevent worker from
performing the job quickly and comfortably.
• Allow safe lubrication - if possible, be able to lubricate
the machine without removing the safeguards.
Where mechanical hazards occur?
• Dangerous moving parts in three basic areas require safeguarding:
• The point of operation: that point where work is performed on
the material, such as cutting, shaping, boring, or forming of stock.
• Power transmission apparatus: all components of the mechanical
system which transmit energy to the part of the machine
performing the work: flywheels, belts, connecting rods, spindles,
chains, cranks, and gears.
• Other moving parts: all parts of the machine which move while
the machine is working. These can include reciprocating, rotating,
and transverse moving parts, feed mechanisms and auxiliary parts
of the machine.
General Classifications of Safeguards
1.
2.
3.
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5.
Guards
Devices
Location or distance
Feeding and Ejection Methods
Miscellaneous Aids
Guards
• Guards are barriers which prevent access to
danger areas. There are four general types of
guards:
– Fixed
– Interlocked
– Adjustable
– Self-adjusting
Fixed Guards
• A fixed guard provides a barrier and is a
permanent part of the machine. It is preferable
to all other types of guards.
Interlocked Guards
• Interlocked guards are designed to
automatically shut off or disengage the
machine if the guard is opened or removed
Adjustable Guards
• Adjustable guards provide a barrier which can
be adjusted to accommodate different
production operations
Self-Adjusting Guards
• Self-adjusting guards provide a barrier which
adjusts according to the size of stock entering
the hazardous area
Devices
– Presence Sensing
• Photoelectrical (optical)
• Radiofrequency (capacitance)
• Electromechanical
– Pullback
– Restraint
– Safety Controls
• Safety trip control
– Pressure-sensitive body bar
– Safety tripod
– Safety tripwire cable
• Two-hand control
• Two-hand trip
– Gates
• Interlocked
• Other
Devices
Presence Sensing
• Stops the machine from
operating when someone or
something enters the sensing
field or when a set amount of
weight is applied
Pullback Devices
• Allows access to the point of
operation when the slide/ram
is up and withdraws hands
when the slide/ram begins to
descend
Devices
Restraint Devices
Safety Trip Controls
• Uses cables or straps attached • provide a quick means for
to the operator’s hands and a
deactivating the machine in an
fixed point so that they cannot
emergency situation
travel beyond a safe point
Location or Distance
• locate the machine or its
dangerous moving parts so they
are not accessible or do not
present a hazard to a worker
during normal operation.
Workers must maintain a safe
distance from the danger area
Feeding and Ejection Methods
– Automatic feed
– Semi-automatic feed
– Automatic ejection
– Semi-automatic ejection
– Robot
Feeding and Ejection Methods
Automatic Feed Systems
Semi-Automatic Feeding Systems
• automatic feeds reduce the
• the operator uses a mechanism
exposure of the operator
to place the piece being
during the work process, and
processed under the ram at
sometimes do not require any
each stroke. The operator does
effort by the operator after the
not need to reach into the
machine is set up and running
danger area, and the danger
area is completely enclosed
Robot Systems
• Robots are used for replacing humans who
were performing unsafe, hazardous, highly
repetitive, and unpleasant tasks
Can create hazards themselves.
Miscellaneous Aids
• While these aids do not give complete protection from machine
hazards, they may provide the operator with an extra margin of
safety
• Shields may be used to provide protection from flying particles,
splashing cutting oils, or coolants
• Awareness barrier does not provide physical protection, but serves
only to remind a person that he is approaching the danger area
Miscellaneous Aids
• Special hand tools may be used to place or
remove stock, particularly from or into the
point of operation of a machine. A typical use
would be for reaching into the danger area of
a press or press brake.
Training
• Training on machine guarding offered by
employers should include the following:
• Information about all potential hazards in your
work area.
• The correct use of workplace machines and their
safeguards.
• Safe operating procedures and work practices.
• Personal protective equipment that may be
required.
• Methods for reporting unsafe conditions.
Personal Protective Equipment
• Personal protective equipment is designed to
protect many parts of the body (i.e., eyes, head,
face, hands, feet, and ears). Includes specialized
clothing or equipment worn by employees for
protection against health and safety hazards
(respirators, gloves, and hearing protectors are
examples).
Personal Protective Equipment
Safety glasses
Face shield
Safety industrial helmet
Safety Shoes
Insulating gloves
Video
• http://www.oshatrain.org/courses/mods/726
m2.html
• http://www.oshatrain.org/courses/mods/726
m1.html