DOCUMENT 1 - President Andrew Jackson’s Message to Congress, 1830
Directions: Read and mark-up the following excerpt from President Andrew
Jackson's message to Congress in 1830. After each paragraph write the main idea he
is expressing.
Background: The following excerpt is taken from Jackson’s second annual message to
Congress, a few months after the passage of the Indian Removal Act of 1830.
Speech
Part A: “The consequences of a speedy removal of the Indians will be important to the
United States, to individual States, and to the Indians themselves. The financial
advantages which it promises to the Government are just one of the advantages. It puts an
end to all possible danger of collision between the authorities of the national and state
governments on account of the Indians.”
Main Idea:
Part B: “ It will relieve the whole state of Mississippi and the western part of Alabama of
Indian occupancy, and enable those states to advance rapidly in population, wealth, and
power. It will separate the Indians from immediate contact with settlements of whites;
free them from the power of the states; enable them to pursue happiness in their own way
and under their own rude institutions; will retard the progress of decay, which is
lessening their numbers, and perhaps cause them gradually, under the protection of the
government and through the influence of good counsels, to cast off their savage habits
and become an interesting, civilized, and Christian community.”
Main Idea:
DOCUMENT 2 - Samuel’s Memory
Background: This is an excerpt from the diary of a Cherokee boy named Samuel.
“We walked for many days. I don't know how long it has been since we left our
home, but the mountains are behind us. Each day, we start walking a little later. They
bury the dead in shallow graves, because the ground is frozen. As we walk past white
towns, the whites come out to watch us pass. No words are spoken to them. No words are
said to us. They made us leave our homes. They made us walk to this new place we are
heading in the middle of winter. I do not like these people.”
Main Idea:Here the speaker tells is experience of how they were kicked out of their
land in the cold weather where so many lives were losted and how they walked
through the houses of the American’s and they kept looking at them and altering no
words to them they just watched them pass by.
“My mother is coughing now. She looks worn Her hands and face are burning.
hot. My aunts and uncles try to take care of me, so she can get better. I don't want to
leave her alone. I just want to sit with her. I want her to stroke my hair, like she used to
do.”
Main Idea:
“When I went to sleep last night, my mother was hot and coughing worse than
usual. When I woke up, she was cold. I tried to wake her up, but she lay there. The soft
warmth she once was, she is no more. I kept touching her, as hot tears stream down my
face. She couldn't leave me. She wouldn't leave me.”
Main Idea:
“We bury her in a shallow grave by the road. The soldiers make us continue
walking. My uncle talks to me, trying to comfort me. I walk in loneliness. I know what it
is to hate. I hate those white soldiers who took us from our home. I hate the soldiers who
make us keep walking through the snow and ice toward this new home that none of us
ever wanted. I hate the people who killed my father and mother. None of them care about
me or my people. All they ever saw was the color of our skin. All I see is the color of
theirs and I hate them.
Main Idea:
DOCUMENT 3- John G. Burnett’s Story of the Removal of the Cherokees
Background: This is an oral history of US Army Private John G. Burnett, who served in
the US Army during the Cherokee Indian Removal in 1838-39.
I was born in Tennessee, December the 11th, 1810. I grew into manhood fishing
in Beaver Creek and roaming through the forest hunting the deer and the wild boar and
the timber wolf. Often spending weeks at a time in the solitary wilderness with no
companions but my rifle, hunting knife, and a small hatchet that I carried in my belt. On
these long hunting trips I met and became acquainted with many of the Cherokee Indians,
hunting with them by day and sleeping around their campfires by night. I learned to speak
their language, and they taught me the arts of trailing and building traps and snares. The
removal of Cherokee Indians from their life long homes in the year 1838 found me a
young man in the prime of life and a Private soldier in the American Army.
Main Idea:
Being acquainted with many of the Indians and able to fluently speak their
language, I was sent as an interpreter into the Smoky Mountain Country, and witness the
execution of the most brutal order in the History of America. I saw the helpless
Cherokees arrested and dragged from their homes, and driven at the bayonet point into
the stockades. And in the chill of a drizzling rain on an October morning I saw them
loaded like cattle or sheep into six hundred and forty-five wagons and started toward the
west.
Main Idea:
One can never forget the sadness of that morning. Chief John Ross led in prayer
and when the bugle sounded and the wagons started rolling many of the children rose to
their feet and waved their little hands good-by to their mountain home, knowing they
were leaving it forever. Many of these helpless people did not have blankets and many of
them had been driven from home barefooted. On the morning of November the 17th we
encountered a terrific sleet and snowstorm with freezing temperatures and from that day
until we reached the end of the journey on March the 26th, 1839, the sufferings of the
Cherokees were awful. The trail of the exiles was a trail of death. They had to sleep in the
wagons and on the ground without fire. And I have known as many as twenty-two of
them to die in one night.
Main Idea:
DOCUMENT 4- Supreme Court Justice John Marshall’s Decision in
Worcester v. Georgia
Background: When the state of Georgia began forcibly removing Cherokees from
their lands, the tribe appealed to the Supreme Court, asking it to enforce its treaty
rights. In the 1832 case of Worcester v. Georgia the Court ruled in the Cherokees’
favor, deciding that the tribe constituted a sovereign nation. President Jackson
refused to enforce the verdict, arguing that the Cherokees were not an independent
nation but were merely inhabitants of the state of Georgia. The following excerpt is
taken from the Court’s majority opinion, authored by Chief Justice John Marshall.
Decision
“From the commencement of our government, congress has passed acts to regulate
trade and intercourse with the Indians; which treat them as nations, respect their
rights, and manifest a firm purpose to afford that protection which treaties
stipulate.”
Main Idea:
“All these acts, and especially that of 1802, which is still in force, consider the
several Indian nations as distinct political communities, having territorial
boundaries, within which their authority is exclusive, and having a right to all the
lands within those boundaries, which is not only acknowledged, but guarantied by
the United States. “
Main Idea:
“The Cherokee nation, then, is a distinct community, occupying its own territory,
with boundaries accurately described, in which the laws of Georgia can have no
force, and which the citizens of Georgia have no right to enter.”
Main Idea: