THE HUMAN WORLD
Why Does It Matter?
• A __________ of the human world---population, _______, political & ________ systems & resources will
help you understand events in the world around you
WORLD POPULATION (Section 1)
• The characteristics & _____________ of human ___________ affect physical & human systems
• Population _________ & ______________ influence where people live & how they change the natural
_______________
Population Growth
• Just over _______ billion (7,035,079,454) people live on Earth at the __________ time & they inhabit
nearly ________ of the planets _________
• Global population is ____________ so ____________ that by the year 2050 the world is expected to reach
a minimum of ______ billion & a maximum of ______ billion people (____________)
• _____ growth was not always the case as from year 1000 to 1800 the worlds population increased ______
• Then between 1800 & 1950 the __________ of people on Earth ____________
• WHY YOU ASK?-----_______________ from ____________ (natures own way of regulating population)
• Plague of ________ (Typhoid Fever)
• _________ Plague (smallpox)
• Plague of __________ from 541 to 750, was the first _________ outbreak of the (bubonic plague)
• 1350 (_______ Death/Plague Pandemic) killed 30-60% of Europe’s population (Chinese _______ flea)
• 1492 (___________ Exchange) killed another ______ million people (smallpox, yellow fever, mumps)
• Third ____________, started in _______ in the middle of the 19th century, spreading plague to all
inhabited continents and killing ______ million people in _________ alone
• During this pandemic, the _____ saw its first outbreak: the ____________ plague of 1900–
1904
• More recent---__________, Influenza & ______/HIV
• WHAT HAS HAPPENED?
• _________ death rates are due to more abundant & reliable _______ supplies, improved _________
care, access to __________ & technology & better _________ conditions
• ***Technology such as ___________ & _________ & the application of medicine have circumvented
nature own __________ capacity (K) & keeps people alive who would otherwise die due the lack of
natural ___________ etc…
• The carrying capacity of a biological species in an environment is the ____________ population size
of the species that the environment can __________ indefinitely, given the _______, habitat, water
& other necessities _____________ in the environment (the environment's ______________ load)
• The key point here is that the _________ population keeps _________ & will continue to grow unless
there is a conscious effort by us to _________ its growth, or _______ imposes some kind of control
(like the recent ____________ in China, or the cyclones & __________in South & Southeast Asia)
• ***Basically More _________ are being born than ________ dying which is leading to Overpopulation
The Demographic Transition
• “_____________” is the study of __________ in which they use statistics to learn about population growth
• The “Demographic Transition Model” uses “____________” (# of births per year for every 1,000 people) &
“_____________ rates” (# of deaths per year for every 1,000 people) to show _________ in the population
_____________ of a country or a region
• Today most of the world’s _______________ & _____________ developed countries have experienced the
transition from _______ birthrates & death rates to ________ birthrates & death rates
• This is called “_________ population growth” in which the birthrate & death rate are _________
•
• When this occurs, a country’s _____________ does not ________
Although birthrates have ___________ significantly in many countries in Asia, Africa & Latin America over
the past 40 years, they are still _____________ than in the _______________ world
• ___________ in these regions are traditionally ________ because of cultural beliefs about marriage,
family & the value of ____________ (need many children to help _________ the land)
• A __________ number of birth & a ________ number of deaths will greatly __________ the
population growth in these regions
• As a result “_________ time” or the number of years it takes a population to _________ in ______
sometimes takes as little as ______ years in some parts of Asia, Africa & Latin America (______
years should be the __________)
Challenges Of Growth
• Limited Resources
• The more __________ on the planet, the more __________ are required to _________ the
increased population
• From ________ to clean __________ to mineral resources, as the population rises these resources
are depleted & become more __________
• The ___________ impact to people on earth becomes greater/higher with increased population
growth especially for __________ populations who live without the _________ resources, such as
clean water, food & ____________ care, necessary to sustain life as well as providing for a higher
___________ of life
• The economic _____________ of population growth limits __________, causing poorer people to live
at a much _____________ standard of living then people living in __________ nations
• Impact To the Planet
• As more __________ dioxide is produced by the __________ of civilization, the impact on the
____________ is beginning to be seen with global temperatures on the _______
• __________ that once helped to create _________ are being stripped away every day
• These trees also help to _________ the soil in many areas, so the consequence of removing them is an
increase in surface _________ runoff & an increase in the occurrence of __________, even in areas
where there was previously no flooding
• Impact To Animal Life
• As the ___________ population increases, the population of animal life __________
• The cause of this decrease is fairly obvious----As more ________ occupy the earth, they need more
__________ (living) & more resources, including ___________ that are taken from areas that
sustain a multitude of species
• Animal _________ are impacted by _________, oil wells & ________ cutting & the production of
timber through tree ________ on large swaths of land
• As these incursions continue & increase, animals already on the ___________ species list creep closer
to _____________ & those not already listed on it move closer to becoming ____________
Negative Population Growth
• “NPG” does not occur very often but it is when the annual death rate __________ the annual _________
• There are ________ reasons to why “NPG” may occur
• Birth Rate Effects
• For a population to remain at the __________ level, each couple having children must _________
themselves; that is, have _________ healthy children
• This factor is sometimes measured by the Total _________ Rate, which is defined as the number of
_________ the average ___________ will have over her __________ (TFR average is _____)
• There are a number of __________ why TFR may dip below 2
• A major factor is the availability of birth ________ medicines as well, societal ___________ (women
in the __________), financial pressures or government disincentives (as exist in some countries)
may motivate people to _________ the size of their ___________
•
•
•
Immigration & Emigration
• The population __________ of a specific geographical area, such as a country, also depends on the net
balance between ________ of people (immigration) & ___________ (emigration)
• Although this obviously does not change the overall ____________ population, it can change the
population ___________ a given region
• ________ of immigration & emigration ______, depending on circumstances such as perceived
economic opportunities (Vietnam War, __________ & ________, Holocaust)
Mortality Increases
• Mortality ___________ obviously _________ the level of a population, especially if mortality occurs
before a person reaches __________ & has __________ of her own but the most common & most
severe are normally ________, famine & ________ as well as new or emerging diseases
• HIV/AIDS, for example, which emerged in the latter part of the 20th century, caused over
one ________ deaths in sub-Saharan Africa in _______
Examples Of Negative Population Growth
• At present, several countries exhibit __________ overall population growth
• These include __________ (-0.28% & ____________ (-0.38%)
• A number of eastern _________ countries also appear on this list, such as Estonia, _____________
& ___________, with growth rates in the vicinity of -0.7%
• By contrast, the ____________ has a growth rate of around _____
Population Distribution
• World population distribution is _______ & is influenced by _________ & the Earth’s _________ geography
• “Population _____________” is the pattern of _____________ development in the world
 Some areas are ________ populated than others b/c of __________ features or ___________
(high mountain peaks, barren ________ & frozen tundra make human _________ difficult)
 Most people live where there is _______ soil, available _______ & a climate without harsh extremes
 _________ & __________ are the most densely populated (Asia---60% of the worlds people)
Population Density
• Geographers determine how _________ a country or region is by measuring “Population __________”---The
# of people living in a _________ mile of land
• To ___________ the population density, the total # of _________ of an area is taken & _______ by the
total # of square ________ in the area
• This is an _________, it does not mean that exactly that many people in each square mile as it __________
widely from country to country
Population Movement
• As the Earth’s population is moving in great numbers, people are _______ from city to city or from city to
__________ while others are migrating from _________ villages to cities
• The resulting growth of ________ populations brought about by such migration & the changes that come with
this increase are called “___________”---The population growth of a city & the changes that come along w/ it
• The ________ cause of urbanization is the desire of rural people to find _______ & a better
______ in more prosperous urban areas (about _________ of the worlds population live in cities)
• Migrations - people migrate to avoid ________, famine, & _________ & when they migrate they bring their
____________ w/ them to the new place
GLOBAL CULTURES (Section 2)
• The spatial interaction of _________ can spread new _________, establish __________ relationships,
cause _________ & build political partnerships
• Geographers study “_______”---the way of life for a group of people who share similar beliefs & _________
•
A particular culture can be understood by looking at language, __________, daily _______, history,
________ & the economy
Language
• Language is a _________ element in a culture’s ____________
• Through language people communicate __________ & experiences & pass on cultural values & __________
• People speak a “________” (local form of a language that differs from the main form) & linguists organize
languages into “language __________” (large groups of languages having _________ roots)
Religion
• Religious __________ vary significantly around the _______ & struggles over religious differences can be a
source of _________
• In many cultures religion enables people to find a sense of _________ while ___________ aspects of daily
life from the practice of ___________ values to the ____________ of holidays & festivals
• A set of beliefs shared by a people group & the _________ used to express those beliefs that are often
_________ through migration, ____________ work, _________, & war
• ____________ Religions - varieties of religions that are specific to one _________ group
• Tend to believe that ___________ are one w/_________& that natural features are __________ & to
be worshipped
Social Groups
• A social system develops to help the members of a culture _________ together to meet _______ needs
• Most cultures are made up of social _________ (groups of people __________ according to ancestry, wealth
or __________)
• Cultures may include people who belong to __________ “ethnic groups” (people who share a common language,
history, __________ of origin or a ___________ of these elements)
Government & Economy
• Governments of the world share certain ___________ such as maintaining _________ within the country,
providing _________ from outside dangers or providing ___________ to the people who live there
• Governments are organized by levels of _________ (national, ________, local) & by the type of authority
(single ruler, a small group of leaders or a body of _________ & their representatives)
• Geographers look at ____________ activities to study how a culture uses its natural __________ to meet
human __________
Culture Regions
• Geographers _________ the Earth into “_________ Regions” with each including countries that have certain
traits in ___________ such as similar economic systems, forms of _________ & social groups
• Their histories, ___________ & art forms may share _________ influences also
Cultural Change
• __________ factors (new _________, lifestyles & _________) create change within cultures
• Change can also come through spatial interaction such as __________, migration & _______
• The process of ____________ new knowledge from one place to another is called “cultural __________”
Agricultural Revolution
• Cultural Diffusion has been a major factor in cultural __________ since the earliest humans (_________)
who had no fixed __________ & moved from place to place in search of _________ & water
The Neolithic Revolution (10,000-4,000 B.C.)
 The ___________ Revolution followed the end of the last ________ age around 10,000 B.C. & was a
significant change in ____________ patterns that occurred in the “New _________ Age”


The biggest change was the shift from _________ animals & ___________ plants for sustenance to
producing food by _____________ agriculture (An ____________ Revolution)
 ___________ of grains & ______________ provided a __________ supply of food
 __________ of animals such as goats, cattle, pigs, & sheep added a steady source of ________ & milk
 Fibers such as _________ was used for clothing
 Growing crops & taming food-producing animals created a new __________ between humans & ________
The growing of __________ on a regular basis gave rise to more permanent ___________ (Neolithic farming
villages or ____________)
Consequences of the Neolithic Revolution
 Once people __________ in villages or towns they built _________ for protection & other structures for
the _________ of goods
 As an organized ___________ they stored food & accumulated _________ goods
 They engaged in far greater __________ than nomadic peoples did
 People began to ___________ in certain crafts & a division of ____________ developed
 ___________ making, weaving, ___________ from flax plants & the making of stone _________
 Changed the relationship between _________ & ___________
 Men were responsible for working ____________ & herding ________ that often took them from home
 Women cared for the __________, weaved clothes, made __________ & performed job duties that
allowed them to stay in ________ place
 Between 4,000 & 3,000 B.C. significant ___________ developments began to transform the Neolithic towns
 The invention of ____________ enabled __________ to be kept
 The use of _________ marked a new level of human control over the environment & its _____________
 Metal-bearing rocks (________ was the 1st) could be ___________ to liquefy metals to be poured in
molds to make ___________ & tools
 After 4,000 B.B. craftspeople in western Asia discovered that a combination of __________ & _______
produced _____________ which was a much harder & _____________ metal
 Fixed ____________, domesticated ___________, regular farming, a division of _________, & men holding
power are all part of the human story as today we still _________ on the growing & storing of food
Emergence Of Civilization
 Early human beings formed _________ groups that developed a simple _________ that enabled them to
___________
 As human societies grew & developed, a new form human ___________ called “___________” began to form
 A “civilization” is a complex _________ in which large numbers of human beings share a variety of common
__________
 “Cultural Hearth” or early centers of civilization whose ________ & __________ spread to surrounding
areas (From Mesopotamia life civilization & “____________” or permanent settlements spread to _________
to Assyria to Persia & on to _________ & the Americas)
Industrial & Information Revolution
 Industrialization - When countries began using ___________ (machines instead of humans)
 Industrial Revolution - People moved to the city to take jobs in __________ (cities grew __________)
 Information Revolution - ___________ make it possible to save & send large amounts of __________ to any
part of the world
POLITICAL & ECONOMIC SYSTEMS (Section 3)
• Political & economic systems provide the _______ & _______ for groups of people to control Earth’s surface
• Today the world includes more than ________ independent countries that vary in size, ___________ might,
natural ______________ & world _____________ with each country being defined by characteristics such
as territory, ___________ & “sovereignty” or freedom from __________ control
•
These elements are brought together under a ____________ that must make & enforce __________ & laws
that are ______________ on all people living within its ___________
Levels Of Government
• The government of each country has unique characteristics that relate to that country’s _____________
development & in order to carry out their _________ must be ____________ or have levels of government
(national/central, provinces/states, cities, towns/villages)
• ___________ System - Gives all the power to national or ________ government (United Kingdom & France)
• Federal - __________ the government powers b/t the __________ & _________ government with each
level of having some powers (United States/Canada/Mexico/Brazil & Australia)
• ___________ - Like a Federal government, it is a _________ of ______________ territories
(Switzerland & European Union)
Types Of Government
• Governments can be classified by asking the question: Who _________ the _______?
• Under this classification all governments belong to one of the ______ major groups (Autocracy---rule by
_______ person, oligarchy---rule by _______ people or democracy---rule by _______ people)
Autocracy
• The _____________ & ____________ belongs to ______ single person (usually inherited or by use of
military or police power)
• One of the most ___________& _________ forms of government
• Monarchy - King or Queen has ________ power over the country in a usually inherited position (Saudi Arabia)
• Totalitarianism/Dictatorship - _______ person rules (usually with fear) the land & seeks to _________ all
aspects of _________ & economic ______ & has usually come to power forcefully (revolution) (Joseph
Stalin’s Soviet Union & Hitler’s Nazi Germany)
Oligarchy
• Any form of government in which a _________ group holds ________
• ________ is usually obtained through ________, military power, social position or any combination of the 3
• __________ - Ruled by the __________ & the __________ of the country (China)
• Both claim that they _______ for the ___________
Democracy
• A government in which ____________ rule with the peoples “_________” or approval
• __________ Democracy - When __________ themselves decide on issues (usually at the local level)
• Representative Democracy – People ________ representatives with the responsibility & power to make
_________ & ________ government (council, legislature, congress, parliament)
• Republic - Voters elect all major ___________ who are supposed to best __________ the people of the
country or are responsible to the people (United States & France)
Economic Systems
• All economic systems must make 3 basic economic decisions
• What & how many __________ & _________ should be produced
• How they should be ___________
• __________ gets the goods & services that are produced
• These decisions are made differently in the _____ major economic systems (traditional, market & command)
Traditional Economy
• ___________ & ___________ determine how the rules for all economic activity
• Individuals are not ________ to make decisions based on what they would ________ to have instead their
behavior is defined by the __________ of their elders & ancestors

An example is that it was tradition for the _________ society in northern Canada that a hunter
________ the food from the hunt with the other families in the __________
Market Economy
• Individuals & private groups make ___________ about what to __________
• People, as ____________, choose what products they will or will not _________ & businesses make more of
what they believe consumers ________
• It is based on “_________________”
 The idea that __________ individuals or groups have the ________ to own property or businesses &
make a _________ with only limited government interference (must pay _______ & product can’t be
___________)
 People are _______ to choose what jobs they will do & for whom they will work called “_____________”
 _____ country in the world has a _______ market economy system
Mixed Economy (type of Market Economy or a Mixed Market Economy)
 The government ___________ & ____________ some of the production, but people still have some freedom
about ____________ & products they sell
 The main point is for the government to keep the market ________ & ________ from people who are trying
to take _____________ of other people (United States)
Command Economy (Communism or Socialism)
• The government _________ & __________ the means of production, land, _________, capital (machinery,
factories) & business managers & also ____________ the distribution of goods
• They believe that the economic ___________ making benefits all of ____________ not just a few people
• Goods are made by the _____________ & are distributed ____________ to people, instead of single
businesses __________ them
• _____________ Economy
 Requires ________ government control in which ________ decide how much to produce, what to
produce, & how to distribute products
 Customers choices are ___________ & the economy usually ___________ (Soviet Union)
• _____________ Economy
 Allows a _________ range of ________ enterprise & has 3 main goals (China)
 __________ distribution of wealth & economic opportunity
 Society controls __________ through government
 __________ ownership of services & factories is essential
RESOUCRES, TRADE & THE ENVIRONMENT (Section 4)
• Although people are ____________ on the world’s __________ resources for survival, certain economic
activities can _____________ human’s future access to these resources
• __________ provides all the elements necessary to sustain _________ but they must be used sparingly
Natural Resources
• Items on Earth that are _______ made by people but can be _______ by people for ________ or ________
• ____________ Resources
 Replenished _________ - can _________ be used up (Wind, Sun, Water)
• ____________ Resources
 Can not be replaced or ____________ (Fossil Fuels)
 Must be _____________ to last for future generations (Oil, coal, Natural Gas)
• _________ use of natural resources have encouraged people to replace their dependence on ________ fuels
with the use of renewable _________ sources (Hydroelectricity & Nuclear Power)
Economic Development
• Most natural resources are not _________ distributed throughout the __________
• This ________ distribution affects the global __________ & as a result some countries specialize in the
economic _____________ best suited to their resources
• ________ Economic Activities - taking & using _______ resources from Earth EX: farming, fishing, mining
• ___________ Economic Activities - Use ________ materials to produce something new & more valuable EX:
Manufacturing cars, electric power
• ______________ Economic Activities - Activities that provide ___________ to people EX: doctors,
teachers, bankers
• ___________ Economic Activities - Processing & ________ info EX: Researchers & government employees
• ________________ – The ____________ of industrialization determines how __________ a country is
• ___________ Countries - Most people work in ___________, service, or information industries (_________
Life in the U.S.)
• ___________ Industrialized Countries – Have moved from primarily ____________ to primarily
__________________ & industrial activities (Mexico & Malaysia)
• ____________ Countries – Countries working toward ___________ manufacturing & _____________ but
most still rely on ____________ to feed their families & as a result most people remain _________ (Africa
& Latin America)
World Trade
• When countries _________ produce as much or make a certain ___________ they must __________ it
from other countries
• _______ of Trade - Barriers created by __________ so that their government may benefit from trade
• Tariffs - _______ imposed on imported goods., used to influence people to buy their own countries ________
• Quota - # ___________ on the amount of a certain product that can be __________
• Embargo - Forbidding ___________ w/ certain countries at all, usually imposed b/c of ______ or ill feelings
• Free Trade - ____________ of trade barriers so that countries may trade __________ (U.S. & Canada)
People & The Environment
• In recent decades, economic activities have drastically affected the ___________
• A _________ environmental challenge today is “____________” or the release of __________ or toxic
elements into the air, _________ & land
Water & Land Pollution
• The release of unclean or toxic elements into the ____________ or ____________
• ___________ Pollution
 Water generally __________ itself, but pollution has ___________ this down
 __________ spills, hazardous _________, fertilizers & pesticides from __________ can seep
into groundwater & cause harm as can animal ________ & untreated sewage as well
Air Pollution
• Main source comes from __________ fossil fuels by ____________ & ___________ which release
poisonous gases that are harmful to humans
• _________ Rain - When chemicals from _________ pollution combine w/precipitation it eats away at
building _____________, kills __________, & plants
Ecosystem
• People are ___________ the ecosystem by building communities & ___________ the environment
• Everything in the ecosystem is _________ on one another to survive (predator & prey or food ________)
• The decisions we make ___________ will effect our Earth ___________ & as people are becoming more
aware of how their actions affect this ___________ balance of life, they are starting to ____________
resources more wisely