Information searching habits of Internet users: A users’ study of Banaras Hindu
University
Mohd Nazima and Sanjiv Sarafb
a
Asstt. Librarian, Banaras Hindu University, Vraranasi-221005, E-mail: naazim@email.com
b
Dy. Librarian, Banaras Hindu University, Vraranasi-221005, E-mail:
gyanshrisanjiv@rediffmail.com
The study reports the results of a survey conducted at Banaras Hindu University (BHU) to determine the
extent to which Internet users are aware and make use of the Internet. Efforts are on to find the information
searching habits of Internet users. Data were collected using a questionnaire and follow-up interviews with
the Internet users of three institutes and six faculties. Results show that all respondents are using Internet
because of quality information they got through the Internet. Majority of respondents use Internet for research
work because the university library has provided access to a large number of databases and online journals.
Fifty percent of respondents search information through the search engines, whereas thirty-five percent prefer
to go through the specific website/URL. Google and Altavista are more widely used search engines compared
to others due to their wide coverage and user-friendly interface. About seventy percent of respondents prefer
to take print out before making use of Internet material as compared to those who prefer online or CD.
Thirty-five percent of respondents believe that Internet is most useful because they find good information all
the time. It has also been observed that slow speed, high Internet charges, lack of training and lack of
organized information are some of the factors that affect the use of Internet. Present recommendations to
improve the use of Internet, including a well planned Internet literacy program and preparation of subject
gateways.
Introduction
For hundreds of years printed information sources have been used either by users purchasing them, or
by using them through libraries. The situation began to alter about four decades ago with the
introduction of computers in information handling, and there has been a dramatic change over the
past few years. ‘Recent developments in information and communication technologies, especially the
Internet and the web, have brought significant changes in the ways we generate, store, access and
make use of information’1. The Internet, a collection of interlinked computer networks or a network
of networks, play a key role in the access of information resources to support learning and teaching in
academic atmosphere. ‘Use of Internet to support learning and teaching is growing exponentially, as
more as educational organizations are recognizing the potential that it offer’ 2. Over the years sources
of information and other opportunities available via the Internet are increasing exponentially and
various programs have been developed to help users find their way about. This is because of the
steady increase in Internet use for education and research. Also, with the development of more
sophisticated searching tools, it has become easier to obtain information from Internet.
In addition to providing access to readily available information, the Internet also enables individual
users to reach other people and institutions all over the world, and exchange or obtain information.
Anyone who has access to the Internet can make use of this network to search for information or to
communicate via electronic mail (e-mail), mailing list server, news groups, chat boxes, Wide Area
Information Server (WAIS), and the World Wide Web.
The Internet has some incredible electronic libraries ready for users. On a small screen of the personal
computer this digital world of the library is available for users. This library in terms of digital format
consists of various electronic resources, such as electronic books, electronic journals, and electronic
reports. ‘A new class of digitized documents has been added to the electronic resources category,
1
comprising those documents either originally published in print or other formats converted into the
digital format’3. Now most of the popular newspapers and magazines have their e-versions providing
full text of news items and feature articles. As a result, it has become difficult to decide about the
quality and authenticity of such information available in digital form. In addition, a user or
information searcher needs to have basic skills in finding relevant information in the Internet's ocean
of information. ‘Web search services are now a major source of information for a growing number of
people. We need to know more about the information searching habits by users to improve the
effectiveness of their information retrieval’4.
Banaras Hindu University (BHU), established in 1916 by Pt. Madanmohan Malviya, is one of the
most prestigious central universities of India. The university is situated in the district Varanasi
(Kashi) of Uttar Pradesh, with an area of 1300 acres. Another campus of the university is coming up
at Barkacha in Mirzapur district, covering an area of 2700 acres. The university consists of fourteen
faculties, one Women’s College, three Institutes viz., Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of
Medical Sciences and Institute of Technology and one hundred twenty four independent departments
with the unique distinction of having them all in the same walled campus5.
At present BHU, with more than 15000 students 1700 teaching staff, and 8000 non-teaching staff
offers educational services in diverse disciplines of sciences, humanities, social sciences, commerce,
law, education, visual arts, performing arts, sanskrit, management, medicine, engineering &
technology, agriculture, library & information science, journalism and a large number of Indian and
foreign languages6.
The university has its own telecommunication setup, a press, a most modern network system, a
computer center, and a university library system with a central library at apex; three institute libraries,
eight faculty libraries, and twenty-five departmental libraries7.
The Internet facility is available for teachers, research scholars and students in the central library,
computer centre and some faculties and departments. The present article has focused on the
information searching habits of Internet users at BHU, to find out the status of information searching
nature.
Review of related studies
Many studies have examined the information searching behavior of Internet users. An attempt has
been made to cover number of works that go beyond discussions of the information searching
behavior itself and it applications to closely related topics such as information searching habits and
use of the Internet. A thorough examination of Internet search and use studies reveals that Internet is
being used for teaching, learning and research purposes. A brief review of related studies is given
below in chronological order.
1998
Singh8 presented the results of a study on the use of Internet by the librarians in Malaysia. The
findings revealed that 90% of the respondents used Internet for work related purposes of which most
of the respondents were recent users. Becker9 found from a study on the Internet use that 90% of
the teachers from public and private schools in the U.S. had Internet access. Majority of the
teachers (59%) had Internet access at home. A majority of the teachers (68%) used Internet to
find information resources for preparing their lessons.
2
1999
Voorbij10 examined the use of the Internet amongst students and academicians in the Netherlands.
The study revealed that students and academicians faced many problems while searching general,
factual, ephemeral or very specific information. Bavakutty and Salih 11 conducted a study at Calicut
University, which showed that students, research scholars, and teachers used the Internet primarily for
the purpose of study, research and teaching. Mahajan and Patil12 carried out a study on the purpose of
using Internet by research workers at Pune University. They found that researchers used Internet
primarily for conducting literature search.
2000
Naushad Ali 13conducted a study at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. The study showed that more
than 50% of the study population was satisfied regarding the timings of the Internet service, but were
not satisfied with staff’s cooperation, and reservation facility. Majority of the respondents were not
happy with the number of nodes available. Laite 14 presented the results of a survey on Internet use of
406 graduate and undergraduate students from Shippensburg University. They found that majority of
graduate and undergraduate students used the Internet 1-2 times per week. E-mail was found the most
used Internet service as hundred percent of the graduates and undergraduate students used it.
Chandran 15 conducted a study on use of Internet resources and services in S. V. University,
Tirupathi, which showed that more than 56% of respondents used Internet for accessing information.
They found that Web and e-mail services of Internet were used by a majority of the respondents. A
survey of use of Internet facility at the Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar was conducted by Kaur
16
, which indicated that all respondents used Internet for sending e-mail and 82% for Web. More than
60% of the respondents used Internet for primary information, 38% for secondary and only 15% used
it for consulting OPACs. 75.6% of respondents reported the problem of slow Internet connectivity.
2002
Kalichman et al 17 conducted a survey on the Internet access and use for health information among
people living with HIV-AIDS. They found that majority of people were not aware about the
availability of health information on Internet.
2004
Spink 18 discussed the changes in Web search trends from 1997 to 2003 that explored how people
search the Web. They pointed out some patterns and trends in general Web searching.
2005
Akporido 19 investigated Internet usage patterns in a Nigerian suburban setting - Abraka
Delta State. Findings Revealed the personal characteristics of the respondents, different
aspects of their internet use such as duration of internet usage access time, motivation for
using the Net, search engines employed, internet skills acquisition, frequency of internet use,
evaluation of internet information content, problems encountered while using the internet as
well as way forward. Badu 20 conducted a study to find the extent of awareness and use of the
Internet and its resources by academic staff and postgraduate students of the University of Ghana.
The main findings indicate that both staff and students are fully aware of the Internet and most of its
services. The study established that e-mail is highly used by both staff and students. Both staff and
3
students found the Internet a very useful resource. The main reason for non-use of the Internet is
inadequate training. Both staff and students need appropriate education and training of to ensure
effective use of the Internet in all their academic pursuits. A survey of eighty-one users of a cyber
café owned and run by the Delta State University, Abraka was conducted by Igun 21 to examine the
self reported level of Internet skills. The results showed that 71% of respondents rated their Internet
skills between average and very high. 78.8% acquired their Internet skills either online or through
teaching by colleagues or friends. World Wide Web (WWW) skills were the most sought after
additional skill (73%). Continuing education and self-study were the most preferred ways to acquire
new skills. Asemi22 conducted a survey on the search habits of Internet users at the Medical
University of Isfahan (MUI), to find the search requirements related to the use of the Internet
information. Results showed that all the respondents were using the Internet frequently because all
faculties have provided connection to the Internet. He found that the researchers of MUI were getting
quality information through the Internet. Researchers used the Internet in different ways, such as
accessing to online journals, downloading software or text, chatting, discussion, E-mail services and
for finding related references.
2006
Mahajan23 conducted a study on Internet use by researchers in Punjab University, Chandigarh, which
analyzed the convergence of information and communication technologies as embodied by the
Internet which has transformed the present day society into a knowledge society. It was stated that the
Internet is considered to be the most valuable among other computer technologies available to the
society.
Objectives of study
BHU subscribes to Internet based e-resources, which are accessible through central library, computer
centre and some faculties/institutes. The rapid growth of Internet in the BHU has necessitated a need
of users’ study about the quality of search requirements; searching habits and problems related
Internet services. The objectives of the study are the following:
:
1 To find out the availability of the Internet services in BHU;
2 to find out the extent of use of the Internet and its resources;
3 to evaluate the search strategies of the Internet users;
4 to find out the importance of electronic information sources over printed sources;
5 to judge the users’ satisfaction with regard to Internet and its resources;
6 to identify the problems faced by the Internet users; and
7 to make recommendation to improve upon the use of the Internet and its services where
necessary.
Scope and research methodology
The study was limited to post graduate students and research scholars of the three institutes six out the
fourteen faculties on the campus of the university as follows:
1
2
3
4
5
6
Institute of Agricultural Sciences (IAS)
Institute of Medical Sciences (IMS)
Institute of Technology (IT)
Faculty of Arts (FA)
Faculty of Commerce (FC)
Faculty of Law (FL)
4
7
8
9
Faculty of Management Studies (FMS)
Faculty of Sciences (FS)
Faculty of Social Sciences (FSS)
A questionnaire was designed and distributed to 315 respondents of the above-mentioned institutes
and faculties. The sample of this study was drawn from a random selection. To find out the real users
and non-users of the Internet, a questionnaire was distributed among the selected sample of the
institutes and faculties covered. All the respondents selected as sample were familiar with the
computer and the Internet.
Analyses and results
Response rate
There is high response rate from the questionnaires administered to the students as well as research
scholars. Responses from the Internet users in details are shown in table 1.
Table 1 - Institute/ Faculty-wise response from the Internet users
Institutes/
Faculties
IAS
IMS
IT
FA
FC
FL
FMS
FS
FSS
Total
Q. Given out
Res. Rec.
50
50
50
25
30
30
30
25
25
315
48
47
50
23
28
23
30
24
24
297
Internet access
The users of all the institutes/ faculties under study have access to the Internet through the central
library, computer center and departments. Hence they were asked to indicate the location from which
they like to access the Internet. As shown in Figure1, 132 of respondents (44.44%) access the Internet
through the central library. 95 (31.98%) respondents access it at cyber cafes, 40 (13.46%) respondents
at concerned departments and 30(10.10%) access it through the facility in the computer center.
Figure 1: Internet Access
Central library
132
Cyber cafes
95
Departments
40
Computer centre
30
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Number of Respondents
5
Amount of time spent on the Internet
Questions were included determining the approximate time spent by the Internet users. Results are
summarized in Figure 2. It is clear from the analysis that majority of respondents (61%) access
Internet at least two hours. It may be noted that 60(20.20%) respondents were more sincere for the
Internet access spending a minimum of three hours as compared to those of 16% who use internet for
one or less than one hours. However 9 (3.03%) respondents reported searching Internet more than
three hours to fulfill their information requirements.
Figure 2: Time Spent for the Internet
20.20%
3.03%
16%
00-01 hour
01-02 hour
02-03 hour
03-04 hour
61%
Frequency of Internet use
The survey also queried Internet users on their use of the Internet in daily life routine. The results
show that 119 of respondents (40.06%) are regular users using Internet everyday. 98 (32.99%)
respondents are however, not regular but use Internet at least once a week, whereas 80 (26.93%)
respondents reported having routine use of the Internet by accessing it an average of three times a
week. The results in terms of Internet use in more details are shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3: Routine Use of Internet
32.99%
40.06%
Everyday
2-4 Times a week
26.93%
Once a week
Information searches on the Internet
Information was gathered from the respondents to determine the kind of information they search
through the Internet. As shown in table 2, all the respondents reported searching research information
6
through the Internet. In addition to the research information, 20.53% respondents use Internet for
general kind of information such as travel, tourism weather, etc. and 11.78% respondents search
information on other aspects such as news, songs, pictures and movies. Hence, it can be assumed that
the respondents use the Internet not only for study and research but also for other activities.
Table 2 - Information searches on the Internet
Kind of information
Research information
General (travel, tour, weather, etc)
Other (News, movies songs, etc)
Preference
Number
297
61
35
Preference %
100
20.53
17.78
Purpose of Internet services
Internet users access the Internet to obtain various services for research work, as online journals,
downloads text and software, e-mail, update subject knowledge, chatting, discussion and references.
Respondents were asked to indicate their preferences, which have been analyzed in table 3.
Table 3 - Purpose of Internet use
Purpose
Online journals
E-mail
Update subject knowledge
Download text
Download software
Chatting
Discussion
Reference
Preference No.
222
121
71
95
19
15
39
82
Preference %
74.74
40.74
23.90
31.98
6.39
5.05
13.13
27.60
As shown in the table 3, respondents indicated that Internet services are useful for their research work
as 74.74% used Internet for online journals, 40.74% for E-mail, 23.90% for updating subject
knowledge, 31.98% for download text and 6.39% for download software. It may be noted that
Internet services have also been used for chatting, discussion and references, as indicated by 5.05%,
13.13% and 27.60% respondents respectively.
It is also observed that most of the users under survey use the Internet services for online journals.
Online journals are essential for every researcher to equip with the latest development in their area of
research. E-mail service is essential for every researcher to communicate their ideas or thoughts
among them and they should send digital files to others as attachments. Often while surfing electronic
information, researchers get useful information, which they would like to send their friends.
Search Techniques
With respect to searching the Internet, respondents were asked how they searched information on the
Internet. The results (Figure 4) show that majority of respondents (50%) search information with the
help of search engines, whereas 30% reported taking no help of search engines but search information
through the specific website or URL (Uniform Resource Locator). However, 58 (20%) respondents
reported using both techniques while searching required information through the Internet.
7
Figure 4: Internet Serach Techniques
20%
50%
30%
Search engines
Website/URL
Both
It may be observed from the analysis that search engines are helpful tools for Internet users searching
needed information within a short span of time because of their user friendly interface to all kinds of
users at no cost.
Search engines
Detail about the usage of search engines mostly used by the respondents is given in Figure 5. The
findings reveal that Google and Altavista are the most popular and widely used search engines among
Internet users as 163 (54.88%) and 65 (21.88%) respondents respectively reported using these search
engines. Yahoo, HotBot and Scirus by 15%, 4% and 3.78% respondents follow these respectively.
Figure 5: Use of Search Engines
15%
4%
3.78%
54.88%
21.88%
Google
Altavista
Yahoo
HotBot
Scirus
While analyzing the use of search engines, it has been observed that Google and Altavista are widely
used search engines as compared to others for the following reasons:
1
2
3
4
5
Wide coverage and updated regularly
Fast in access
Provide user friendly interface
Provide links to websites world over
Separate interface for searching images, news, audio, etc.
Quality of Internet information
8
With the availability of huge amounts of information through the Internet, it has become difficult to
decide about the quality and authenticity of such information. To the question on the quality of
information on the Internet, majority of respondents (59.93%) believed that quality information
available on the Internet was good and 71 (23.90%) respondents stated that Internet provides
excellent information. However, 48 (16.16%) respondents were not satisfied as they reported average
quality information available through the Internet.
Problems with the Internet
Though Internet has become the common information source among the academic and research
community but 75% of the users of BHU stated that there are obstacles that come in the way when
they use it. The specific problems faced by users in given in Table 5.
Table 5 - Problems faced by Internet users
Problems
Internet charges are high
Internet access is slow
Lack of training
Irrelevant information
Lack of organized information
Changes in URL
Lack of quality information
Number of respondents
62
133
77
35
58
23
29
%
20.87
44.78
25.92
11.78
19.52
7.74
9.76
Internet Training
Adams and Bonk24 in a study found that the most common obstacle for the Internet users was their
lack of knowledge about what was available and they argued for identifying alternatives to classes for
the delivery of Internet training. Though BHU has not provided any formal training for Internet
search, then 15.4% respondents have stated that they have received training and 82.4% respondents
stated that they have not undergone any training for Internet search. To a further question as to
whether they would like to receive training, 42.4% responded said that they did not want any training
and 57.5% replied in the affirmative.
Conclusion
In this new world of digital networked information the library’s mission to provide access to
information will not fundamentally change but the means by which the mission is achieved has
changed. The prediction of Ghikas9, ‘the twenty-first century library collection will be an
accumulation of information carriers both actual (locally owned) and virtual (electronic accessible)’,
has become reality. The Internet revolution forces libraries and librarians to do something they have
long dreamt of doing but have never been able to do. With the availability of Internet at minimum
cost and efforts, it has become possible to access the entire global networked information. But
researchers in developing countries like India are not in a position even to afford a personal computer
with Internet. Today many users require assistance even to know what information available on
Internet as well as assistance to effectively and economically access it. Library professionals can fill
this role for the users of Internet of the twenty-first century just as they have filled this role for the
users of printed information of the twentieth century.
Findings and suggestions
9
This study evaluated information searching habits of Internet users to find out their search
requirements, level of satisfaction from the Internet resources and problems which discourage the use
of Internet. Following are the major findings of the study:












Central library and cyber cafes are the most frequently used places for accessing the Internet
as reported by 44.44% and 31.98% of respondents respectively.
Majority of respondents (61%) spent at least two hours for the Internet.
40.06% of respondents were found regular users of Internet, whereas 26.93% used Internet
once a week.
All the Internet users used Internet for research work.
A majority of respondents prefer to use Internet for online journals and E-mail.
50% of respondents take help of search engines, 30% go throw the specific website/URL and
20% prefer both the techniques while searching information on Internet.
Google and Altavista were found the most popular and widely used search engines among
Internet users as 54.88% and 21.88% of respondents respectively reported using these search
engines.
69.36% of respondents prefer to take print out before making the use Internet material.
35.09% of respondents think that Internet is the most useful tool because they found good
information most of the time, whereas only 4.5% reported it somewhat useful.
59.93% of respondents believed that good quality information available on Internet, whereas
16.16% were not seen much satisfied as they reported average quality information available
through the Internet.
High Internet charges, slow speed and lack of training are the major problems of Internet
users as reported by 20.87%, 44.78% and 25.92% of respondents respectively.
57.5% of respondents made demand of Internet training for searching quality information.
Based on the users’ suggestions and data analyzed in this study, the following measures are
suggested to maximize the use of internet among internet users in BHU:







The number of computers with Internet connection need to be increased in the central
library and Internet searching must be available free of charge.
The number of online journals and databases in each discipline need to be increased.
Printout facilities should be provided with a nominal charge at the faculties and
computer center.
Librarians may take initiatives to prepare a list of subject websites that are useful for
the researchers.
Links to open access repositories, databases and online journals must be provided on
the library’s web page.
Library professionals on the campus may take initiatives to improve the information
searching skills of Internet users by providing methodical training to gain the quality
in information searching.
The library should introduce Internet literacy program.
Conclusion
In this new world of digital networked information the library’s mission to provide
access to information will not fundamentally change but the means by which the mission is
achieved has changed. The prediction of Ghikas25 as, ‘the twenty-first century library
collection will be an accumulation of information carriers both actual (locally owned) and
10
virtual (electronic accessible)’, has become reality. The Internet revolution forces libraries
and librarians to do something they have long dreamt of doing but have never been able to
do. With the availability of Internet at minimum cost and efforts, it has become possible to
access the entire global networked information. But researchers in developing countries like
India are not in a position even to afford a personal computer with Internet. Today many
users require assistance even to know what information available on Internet as well as
assistance to effectively and economically access it. Library professionals can fill this role for
the users of Internet of the twenty-first century just as they have filled this role for the users
of printed information of the twentieth century.
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