THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO
The Economics of Sports
Economics 28100
Spring Quarter 2015
Fridays, 9:30 a.m. – 12:20 p.m.
Saieh Hall 203
Allen R. Sanderson
425 Saieh Hall
Office Ph: 773-702-9459
arsx@uchicago.edu
http://home.uchicago.edu/~arsx/
Course Description:
This is a course in microeconomics, applying traditional product and factor market theory and analysis to
contemporary economic issues in professional and college athletics (with some macroeconomic applications also
thrown in). Those include: the sports business; market structures and outcomes; the market for franchises; barriers to
entry, rival leagues, contraction and expansion; cooperative, competitive, and collusive behavior among participants;
player productivity and compensation; discrimination; public policy, including antitrust and other legislation,
subsidies for new facilities, institutional rules, tax policies, licensing and contracts; the media; ticket scalping,
dynamic pricing, and brokers. In light of recent activities, challenges, and contributions, special time will be
allocated to: labor-management negotiations in the four professional leagues, franchise movements, activity and
controversy surrounding public financing of sports facilities, concern over competitive balance, the use of
performance-enhancing substances, gambling, scandals, sports analytics, college athletics, and the economic impact
of mega events such as the Olympic Games and World Cup.
Required Texts (for Purchase):
Bauer & Zimbalist, The Sabermetric Revolution (Penn Press, 2014)
Berri, Schmidt & Brook, The Wages of Wins (Stanford, 2007)
Fort and Winfree, 15 Sports Myths (Stanford, 2013)
Moskowitz & Wertheim, Scorecasting (Crown, 2011)
Zimbalist, Circus Maximus (Brookings Institution Press, 2015)
Other Required Reading(s):
Articles from Professional/Academic Journals in Economics
Handouts (distributed in class)
Written Assignments:
To pass the course, each student is required to write and submit two papers. The first should be an op-ed
style, 1000 +/- 100 words, and individually authored on a topic assigned by the instructor. It is due no later than
9:30 a.m. on May 1st – no extensions, no exceptions, no excuses. Two hard copies, not electronic. The second
should be 8-10 pages in length (double-spaced, typed, 2000-2500 words), not including tables, computer
results/printouts, footnotes and/or bibliography. The choice of topic is left to the individual student(s), though it must
be approved by the instructor and course assistant, and the paper must contain some original empirical work. In
most/all instances, this second writing assignment will be a joint project with one or two other students/authors. A
100-word proposal for approval is due April 24; it will be returned on May 1st. This second paper is due no later
than noon on June 1st.
Copies of some “Grade A” joint course papers from recent years are available from the course assistant.
1
Examination:
There is no midterm exam. There will be a written, in-class (no notes or books) final examination. The
format will be a mix of short answer, problem, graphing, interpretation, and essay questions. It is scheduled for May
29, during our regular class time slot. [Because grades for graduation seniors – who will constitute a large
portion of the enrollment – are due by June 5th at 3 p.m., everyone will take the same final exam – and “early.”)
Copies of Economics 281 examinations from 2002 through Spring 2013 are available on Chalk.
Course Assistant & Complementary Assignments:
Nolan Pope, a 4th year PhD student in the Department of Economics, will work with us as a course assistant
(nolanpope2@gmail.com). In addition to holding regular scheduled office hours throughout the quarter, Nolan will
hold a series of "research and writing workshops" during weeks 3, 4, and 5 to provide students with the appropriate
analytical quantitative and econometrics theory and practical techniques for the successful completion of the paper,
in addition to computer lab sessions on basic STATA operations and commands. Attendance of these sessions is
highly recommended.
Nolan's office hours will be Wednesdays from noon to 2 p.m. in Stuart Cafeteria.
Grading: Subject to change, contingent upon enrollment
The final course grade will be determined on the basis of regular attendance, productive classroom
participation, the two papers, and performance on the final examination. The approximate weights are:
Attendance & Participation*
Written “Op-Ed” Piece
Jointly-Authored Research Paper
Final Examination
Note:
= 10%
= 10%
= 30%
= 50%
For students in the College, this course must be taken for a letter grade;
P/F is not an available option.
[*A second absence from any class session will result in an automatic F for the course.]
Office Hours:
Tuesdays 11 a.m. to noon, Thursdays 11 a.m. to noon and 3-4 p.m.; other times by appointment.
Our administrative assistant is Julie Wong; her office is SHFE106; her phone is 773-834-6672;
and juliew@uchicago.edu is her e-mail address.
2
Weekly Reading, Lecture/Discussion, and Assignment Schedule:
Week
Days/Dates
Lecture/Discussion Topics and Readings
1
April 3
Introduction to the Course and to the Economics of Sports
a) Overview and Assignments
b) Measurement, Modeling and Quantification in Sports
c) Review: Microeconomic Theory and Applications
d) The Economic Nature of Sports Leagues & Their Governance
e) The History: Rules, Institutions, Structure and Organization
f) The Economics of Monopolies and Cartels
Bauer & Zimbalist (2014), Chapters 1 & 2
Moskowitz & Wertheim, Scorecasting, all
Berri, Schmidt & Brook, Chapter 1 (2007)
Zimbalist, Circling The Bases, Chapter 1
Quirk & Fort (2009), Chapter 1
Sanderson & Rasinski, “No Place Like Home?” Oeconomica
Quirk & Fort (1997), Chapter 1
Rosentraub (1997), Chapters 1 and 2
Scully (1995), Part One; Scully (1989), Chapters 1-4.
Staudohar & Mangan, Introduction & Chapter 1
Szymanski, “The Economic Design of Sporting Contests,”
JEL, Vol XLI, No. 4 (December 2003)
Zimbalist (1992), Preface, Introduction and Chapters 1 & 2
Neale, “The Peculiar Economics of Professional Team Sports,”
QJE, Vol. 78 (February 1964).
2
April 10
The Economics of College Athletics
a) Historical Overview; the NCAA as a Cartel
b) Economic Issues on Campus, including Title IX / Gender Equity
c) The Case for Paying College Athletes
Fort & Winfree, Chapters 1-7
Sanderson & Siegfried, JEP Winter 2015
Zimbalist, Circling The Bases, Chapters 2, 3 & 4
Zimbalist, The Bottom Line, Part V
Kern, Chapter 4
Andre & James, Rethinking College Athletics
Byers, Unsportsmanlike Conduct
Fleisher, Goff, & Tollison, The N.C.A.A.
Koch, “Intercollegiate Athletics: An Economic Explanation,”
SS Quarterly, Vol. 64, 1983.
Sperber, College Sports Inc.; Onward to Victory; Beer and Circuses
Thelin, Games Colleges Play
Goff & Tollison, Sportometrics, Part V
De Brock et al, “The Economics of Persistence,” JHR, Summer 1996
Zimbalist, Unpaid Professionals
Shulman & Bowen, The Game of Life
Bowen & Levin, Reclaiming the Game
3
Weekly Reading, Lecture/Discussion, and Assignment Schedule:
Week
Days/Dates
Lecture/Discussion Topics and Readings
3
April 17
Professional Sports Markets
a) Aspects of Demand and Supply
b) Pricing, Revenues, Costs, & Profits
c) PSLs, Luxury Suites, Season Tickets and Scalping/Touting
d) Structures, Incentives, Competition, Cooperation and Balance
e) Drugs, Alcohol and Gambling; “Natural Competition”
Fort & Winfree, Chapters 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15
Berri, Schmidt & Brook, Chapter 2-5 (2007)
Zimbalist, Chapters 1-4 (2004); Zimbalist, The Bottom Line, Part II
Zimbalist, Circling The Bases, Chapter 8
Kern, Chapters 1 and 5
Quirt & Fort (1997), Chapters 2 and 7
Noll & Zimbalist, Sports, Jobs & Taxes, Chapter 1
Scully (1989), Chapters 5, 6, and 7
Staudohar & Mangan, Chapter 9 and 10
Zimbalist (1992), Chapters 2 and 5 and pages 101-104, 140-146
El Hodiri & Quirk, “An Economic Model of a Professional Sports
League,” JPE (March/April 1971), 1302-1319
Fort & Quirk, “Cross-subsidization, Incentives, and Outcomes,”
JEL, Vol. XXX111, (September 1995), pp. 1265-1299.
Whitney, “Bidding Till Bankrupt,” Economic Inquiry, Vol. XXX1,
January 1993, 100-115
Goff & Tollison, Sportometrics, Parts III, IV, and VII
Courty, “Some Economics of Ticket Resale,” JEP, Spring 2003
Taylor & Trogdon, “Losing to Win: Tournament Incentives in the
NBA,” Journal of Labor Economics, Jan 2002
Sanderson, “The Many Dimensions of Competitive Balance,” JSE,
2002, 3(2), pp. 204-28
Sanderson & Siegfried, “Thinking About Competitive Balance”, JSE
Nov 2003 & Comments by Fort, Humphreys, and Kahane
4
April 24
The Market for Sports Franchises
a) The Market for Franchises and Franchise Finances
b) Entry, Expansion, and Rivals
Bauer & Zimbalist, Chapters 3-7 + Appendices
Zimbalist, The Bottom Line, Part I
Quirk & Fort (1997), Chapters 2, 8 & 9; Q & F (2009), Chapters 5 & 6
Scully (1995), Part Three
Zimbalist (1992), Chapters 3 and 6
Whitford, Playing Hardball
Rosentraub (1997), Chapter 3
Noll, “The Economics of Baseball Contraction,” JSE, Nov. 2003
Carlton, Frankel & Landes, “The Control of Externalities in Sports
Leagues,” JPE, v. 112, no. 1, pt 2, 2004
4
Weekly Reading, Lecture/Discussion, and Assignment Schedule:
Week
Days/Dates
Lecture/Discussion Topics and Readings
5
May 1
The Input Side: Sports Labor Markets
a) Historical Overview
b) The Reserve Clause and other Institutions
c) Labor Unions and Bargaining Power
d) Players' Contemporary Labor Markets
e) Pay and Performance; Incentives
f) The Supply of Talent, and Training
g) Coaches/Managers, Agents, Referees/Umpires
Fort & Winfree, Chapters 10 & 14
Zimbalist, Circling The Bases Chapter 5
Zimbalist, Chapter 5 (2004); Zimbalist, The Bottom Line, Part IV
Kern, Chapter 5
Hausman & Leonard, “Superstars in the National Basketball
Association,” Journal of Labor Economics, 15(4), 1997.
Quirk & Fort (1997), Chapters 5 & 6; Q & F (2009), Chapters 3 & 4
Rosen & Sanderson, “Labor Markets in Professional Sports,”
Economic Journal, February, 2001
Sanderson & Siegfried, “The Implications of Athlete Freedom to
Contract: Lessons from North America,” Economic Affairs,
September 1997.
Sanderson & Siegfried, “Simon Rottenberg and Baseball, Then and
Now.” JPE, 2006.
Kahn, “The Sports Business as a Labor Market Laboratory,” JEP,
Summer 2000.
Scully (1995), Part Two; Scully (1989), Chapters 8 & 10
Staudohar & Mangan, Chapters 3, 5, 6, 11, & 12
Zimbalist (1992), Chapters 1 & 4, Appendices A and B
Rottenberg, “The Baseball Players’ Labor Market,” JPE, June 1956, 242258
Rosen, “The Economics of Superstars,” AER, December 1981
Hadley et al, “Performance Evaluation of NFL Teams,” MDE, 2000.
Goff & Tollison, Sportometrics, Part VII
Marquette Sports Law Journal, Volume 9, Spring 1999
Zimbalist, “Labor Relations in Major League Baseball,” JSE, Nov 2003
X
Rain Delay
Game Theory
Moskowitz & Wertheim, Scorecasting, all
Berri, Schmidt & Brook, Chapers 6-10 (2007)
Bauer & Zimbalist, Chapters 3-7 + Appendices
Dixit & Nalebuff, The Art of Strategy
Chiappori, Levitt & Groseclose, “Penalty Kicks in Soccer,” AER,
September 2002, 1138-1151
Duggan & Levitt, “Winning Isn’t Everything,” AER, Dec. 2002
Romer, “It’s 4th Down,” (JPE)
Palacios-Huerta, Beautiful Game Theory
5
Weekly Reading, Lecture/Discussion, and Assignment Schedule:
Week
Days/Dates
Lecture/Discussion Topics and Readings
6
May 8
Discrimination in Sports
a) The Economics of Discrimination
b) Racial Discrimination: Compensation, Position, Revenues
c) Sex Discrimination, including Gender Equity
d) Other Dimensions
Kern, Chapter 6
Scully (1995), Part Four
Scully (1989), Chapter 9
Staudohar & Mangan, Chapter 4
Gwartney & Haworth, “Employer Costs and Discrimination: The Case of
Baseball,” JPE (1974), 873-881
McCormick & Tollison, “Why do Black Basketball Players
Work More For Less Money?” (mimeo)
Gabriel, Johnson & Stanton, “An Examination of Customer Racial
Discrimination in the Market for Baseball Memorabilia,” The
Journal of Business, 68(2), April 1995.
Kahn, “Discrimination in Professional Sports,” Industrial and Labor
Relations Review, April, 1991.
Szymanski, “A Market Test for Discrimination,” JPE (2000), 590-603.
Madden, “Differences in the Success of NFL Coaches by Race,
1990-2002,” JSE, Feb. 2004
Zimbalist, Unpaid Professionals
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May 15
Public Policy and Professional Sports
a) The Economic Role of Government
b) Antitrust Laws and Sports Labor Law
c) Tax Laws, Taxes, and Subsidies
d) Economic Impact Studies and Analyses
e) The Media and Broadcasting
Zimbalist, Circling The Bases Chapter 6
Zimbalist, All (2004)
Zimbalist, The Bottom Line, Part IV & Part VI
Quirk & Fort (1997), Chapters 3 & 5; Q & F (2009), Chapters 2, 7 & 8
Staudohar & Mangan, Chapters 2, 7, 8, and 13
Zimbalist, Baseball and Billions, Chapters 3, 6, 7, and 8
Euchner, Playing the Field
Rosentraub, (1997), Chapters 4, 5, 11 and 12
Papers by Abrams, Roberts & Ross, JSE, Nov. 2003
Porter, “Mega-Sports Events as Municipal Investments”
Zimmerman, “The Baseball Strike and Federal Policy: An Economic
Analysis”
Zipp, “The Economic Impact of the Baseball Strike of 1994,”
Urban Affairs Review, 32(2), November 1996, 157-185.
Scully (1989), Chapter 11
6
Weekly Reading, Lecture/Discussion, and Assignment Schedule:
Week
Days/Dates
Lecture/Discussion Topics and Readings
8
May 22
Stadium/Ballpark/Arena Economics
The Olympics Games, 1896-2024
Zimbalist, Circus Maximus (all)
Zimbalist, Circling The Bases, Chapter 7
Zimbalist, Chapter 6 (2004)
Zimbalist, The Bottom Line, Part III
Kern, Chapters 2 and 3
Noll and Zimbalist, all (especially chapters 1,2, 4 and 15)
Quirk and Fort (1997), Chapter 4
Rosentraub (1997), Chapters 6,7,8,9 and 10
Baim, The Sports Stadium as a Municipal Investment
Porter, “Mega-Sports Events as Municipal Investments”
Baade, “Professional Sports as Catalysts for Metropolitan Economic
Development,” Journal of Urban Affairs, 18(1), 1996.
Baade & Sanderson, “An Analysis of the Political Economy of Bidding
for the Summer Olympic Games: Lessons from Chicago”
Baade & Sanderson, “The Employment Effects of Teams and Sports
Facilities,” in Noll and Zimbalist (Chapter 3)
Baade & Sanderson, “Cities Under Siege,” in Hendricks, Vol. 2
Baade & Sanderson, “Bearing Down in Chicago,” in Noll and
Zimbalist, (Chapter 10)
McHenry, Sanderson & Siegfried, “Pitfalls of Traditional Measures of
Higher Education’s Role in Economic Development”, 2011
Sanderson, “In Defense of Sports Stadiums,” Marquette Sports Law
Journal, Volume 10, Spring 2000
Siegfried & Zimbalist, “The Economics of Sports Facilities and Their
Communities,” Journal of Economic Perspectives, Summer 2000
Rappaport & Wilkenson, “What are the Benefits of Hosting a Major
League Sports Franchise?” Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas
City Economic Review, First Quarter, 2001
Sanderson, “A Home for the Chicago Bears” (unpublished manuscript)
Coates & Humphreys, “Caught Stealing: Debunking the Economic
Case for D.C. Baseball”
Final Examination (in class; 9:30 a.m. – 12:20 p.m.)
9
May 29
Y
NOTE: Joint Research/Course Paper Assignment is Due No Later Than Noon on June 1
Z
Extra Innings
[If We Were on a Semester System]
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
International Aspects and Contemporary Sports Issues
Soccer / Futbol
Auto Racing, Horse Racing, Boxing and Other Sports
The Economics of Women’s Sports
Sports and the World of Entertainment
Minor Leagues
Sports Statistics and Analyses
Sports and Economics in 2040
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Other Resources & References
Sports Economics Texts
Blair, Sports Economics (Cambridge University Press, 2012)
Fort, Sports Economics (Prentice Hall, 3rd edition, 2010)
Leeds & Von Allmen, The Economics of Sports (Addison Wesley Longman, 5th edition, 2013)
Sandy, Sloane & Rosentraub. The Economics of Sport: An International Perspective (MacMillan, 2004)
Other Books of Interest
Abrams, Legal Bases (Temple University Press, 1998)
Andre & James, Rethinking College Athletics (Temple University Press, 1991)
Baim, The Sports Stadium as a Municipal Investment (Greenwood Press, 1994)
Barra, Clearing the Bases (St. Martin’s Press, 2003)
Beilock, Choke (Free Press, 2011)
Berri & Schmidt, Stumbling on Wins (FT Press, 2010)
Bowen & Levin, Reclaiming the Game (Princeton University Press, 2003)
Bradbury, The Baseball Economist (Dutton, 2007); Hot Stove Economics (Springer, 2010)
Burk, Much More Than a Game (UNC Press, 2001)
Byers, Unsportsmanlike Conduct (The University of Michigan Press, 1995)
Cagan & deMause, Field of Schemes (Common Courage Press, 1998)
Clotfelter, Big-Time Sports in American Universities (Cambridge University Press, 2011)
Costas, Fair Ball (Main Street Books, 2000)
Danielson, Home Team (Princeton University Press, 1997)
Delaney & Eckstein, Public Dollars, Private Stadiums (Rutgers University Press, 2003)
Dobson & Goddard, The Economics of Football (Cambridge University Press, 2001)
Easterbrook, The King of Sports (St. Martin’s Press, 2013)
Edge, Red Line Blue Line Bottom Line (New Star Books, 2004)
Euchner, Playing the Field (The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993)
Fleisher, Goff, & Tollison, The N.C.A.A. (The University of Chicago Press, 1992)
Fort & Fizel, (eds)., The Economics of College Sports (Praeger, 2004)
Fort & Fizel, (eds)., International Sports Economics Comparisons (Praeger, 2004)
Gavora, Tilting the Playing Field (Encounter Books, 2002)
Gennaro, Diamond Dollars (Maple Street Press, 2007)
Goddard & Sloane, Handbook on the Economics of Professional Football (Edward Elgar, 2015)
Goff & Tollison, Sportometrics (Texas A&M Press, 1990)
Helyar, Lords of the Realm (Villard Books, 1994)
Hoberman, Darwin's Athletes (Houghton-Mifflin, 1997)
Hogshead-Makar & Zimbalist (eds), Equal Play: Title IX and Social Change (Temple, 2007)
Izenberg, Rozelle (University of Nebraska Press, 2014)
Johnson, Minor League Baseball and Local Economic Development (Univ. of Illinois Press, 1994)
Jones, Sports Law (Prentice Hall, 1999)
Kern (ed), The Economics of Sports (2000)
Kesenne, The Economic Theory of Professional Team Sports (E. Elgar, 2007)
Kuhn, Hardball: The Education of a Baseball Commissioner (McGraw-Hill, 1988)
Kuper & Szymanski, Soccernomics (Nation Books, 2009, 2014))
Lawrence, Unsportsmanlike Conduct (Praeger, 1987)
Leeds & Leeds, eds, Handbook on the Economics of Women in Sports (Edward Elgar, 2015)
Leifer, Making the Majors (Harvard University Press, 1995)
Lewis, Moneyball (W.W. Norton, 2003); The Blind Side (W.W. Norton, 2006)
Lupica, Mad as Hell (Putnam, 1996)
Marburger, (ed), Stee-Rike Four! What’s Wrong with the Business of Baseball? (Praeger, 1997)
8
Miller, A Whole Different Ball Game (Simon & Schuster, 1991)
Morgan, Glory for Sale (Bancroft Press, 1997)
Noll & Zimbalist (eds.), Sports, Jobs and Taxes (Brookings, 1997)
Palacios-Huerta, Beautiful Game Theory (Princeton University Press, 2014)
Preuss, The Economics of Staging the Olympics Elgar, 2004)
Quirk & Fort, Pay Dirt (Princeton University Press, (1997)
Quirk & Fort, Hardball (Princeton University Press, 2009)
Rich, The Economics and Politics of Sports Facilities (Quorum Books, 2000)
Riess, City Games: The Evolution of American Urban Society & the Rise of Sports (U.of Ill. Press, 1989)
Rosentraub, Major League Losers (Basic Books, 1997)
Sack, Counterfeit Amateurs (Pennsylvania Press, 2008)
Sands & Gammons, Coming Apart at the Seams (Macmillan, 1993)
Scully, The Business of Major League Baseball; The Market Structure of Sports (UC Press, 1989, 1995)
Shmanske, Golfonomics (World Scientific, 2004)
Shropshire, The Sports Franchise Game (The University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995)
Shropshire & Davis, The Business of Sports Agents (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003)
Shulman & Bowen, The Game of Life (Princeton University Press, 2000)
Sommers, (ed.), Diamonds Are Forever (The Brookings Institution, 1992)
Sperber, College Sports Inc; Onward to Victory; Beer & Circuses (Henry Holt & Co.,1991, 1998, 2000)
Staudohar & Mangan, (eds.), The Business of Professional Sports (University of Illinois Press, 1991)
Sullivan, The Diamond Revolution (St Martin's Press, 1992); The Diamond in the Bronx (Oxford, 2001)
Surdam, Wins, Losses & Empty Seats (University of Nebraska Press, 2011)
Szymanski, Playbooks and Checkbooks (Princeton University Press, 2009)
Szymanski, The Comparative Economics of Sport ; Football Economics & Policy (both Palgrave, 2010)
Szymanski & Zimbalist, National Pastime (Brookings, 2005)
Thelin, Games Colleges Play (Johns Hopkins Press, 1994)
Weiler, Leveling the Playing Field (Harvard University Press, 2000)
White, Creating the National Pastime (Princeton University Press, 1996)
Whitford, Playing Hardball (Doubleday, 1993)
Whiting, The Meaning of Ichiro (Warner Books, 2004; aka The Samurai Way of Baseball)
Yost, Tailgating, Sacks, and Salary Caps (Kaplan, 2006)
Yost, Varsity Green (Stanford, 2010)
Zimbalist, Baseball and Billions (Basic Books, 1992); Unpaid Professionals (Princeton, 1999)
Zimbalist, In the Best Interests of Baseball (Wiley, 2006); The Bottom Line (Temple, 2006)
Zimbalist, May the Best Team Win (Brookings, 2004)
Zimbalist, Circling The Bases (Temple University Press, 2010)
Journal Articles, Recent Newspaper/Magazine Pieces, and Working Papers
Noted on the assignment schedule plus various issues of the Journal of Sports Economics; Chance,
Managerial & Decision Economics; American Economist, Economic Inquiry, Contemporary Economic
Policy;, Southern Economics Journal, Marquette Sports Law Journal, The Baseball Prospectus, Journal
Of Quantitative Analysis in Sports, Sports Business Journal, and “The Count” column in the WSJ.
Collections/Compilations of Articles, Classics and Historical Works
Andreff & Szymanski (eds), Handbook on the Economics of Sport (E. Elgar, 2006)
Asinov, Eight Men Out (Henry Holt and Company, 1963)
Demmert, The Economics of Professional Team Sports (D.C. Heath, 1973)
Dworkin, Owners Versus Players: Baseball and the Collective Bargaining Process (Auburn House, 1981)
Fizel et al, (eds), Baseball Economics (Praeger, 1996)
9
Fizel, (ed.), Handbook of Sports Economics Research (M.A. Sharpe, 2006)
Hendricks, Advances in the Economics of Sports, Vols. 1 and 2 (JAI Press, 1993 and 1997)
Humphrey & Howard (eds), The Business of Sports, 3 volumes (Praeger, 2008)
Levine, A.G. Spalding and the Rise of Baseball (Oxford University Press, 1985)
Noll, ed., Government and the Sports Business (The Brookings Institution, 1974)
Peterson, Only the Ball was White (Prentice-Hall, 1970)
Seymour, Baseball: The Early Years (Oxford University Press, 1960)
Shmanske & Kahane, eds., The Oxford Handbook of Sports Economics, Vol 1 & 2 (Oxford U Press, 2011)
Ward & Burns, Baseball (Knopf, 1994)
Zimbalist, The Economics of Sport, Volumes I & II (Edward Elgar, 2001)
Complementary Fields
De Vany, Hollywood Economics (Routledge, 2004)
Feldstein (Ed), The Economics of Art Museums (University of Chicago Press, 1991)
Heilbrun & Gray, The Economics of Art and Culture (Cambridge University Press, 2001)
Journal of Cultural Economics
Mauboussin, The Success Equation: Untangling Skill and Luck in Business, Sports and Investing (2013)
Silver, The signal and the Noise (2012)
Throsby, Economics and Culture (Cambridge University Press, 2001)
Tisdell (Ed), The Economics of Tourism (Edward Elgar, 2000 )
Vogel, Entertainment Industry Economics (Cambridge University Press, 1992)
10