Chapter 20-1 369 AP US HISTORY AMERICA: PAST AND PRESENT 6TH EDITION NAME DATE BLOCK CHAPTER 20: POLITICAL REALIGNMENTS IN THE 1890’S, P. 583 This section will be done in class: In (year) PANIC hit the New York stock market. People sold stocks and other assets to buy . The overwhelming demand depleted the gold reserve of the United States . On April 22, for the first time since the 1870s, the United States Treasury’s gold reserve fell below . By August, 1893, some economists estimated unemployment at % of the labor force. This was the worst depression in the history of the country, thus far. Continuing through the depression was the event of the decade. At its height people were unemployed. Ironically though, the 1890s were known as the G N because of city lights and new entertainment. Yet the depression had profound and lasting effects. changed and ideas were in many fields, above all in politics. This section you will start with (p. 583) The depression (1893-97) had p and lasting effects as did the Spanish-American War. (Unemployment = % of the work force). It rural hostility toward the cities, brought a bitter fight over and changed people’s thinking about g ___, u______________, and r . I. Politics of Stalemate Note that the term “Gilded Age” is interchangeable with the name Industrialization. 1. In the six presidential elections from 1876 to 1896, an average of almost % of the electorate voted, a higher percentage than voted before or after. What does this suggest? D:\533577384.doc Ch. 20-2 2. Poll Tax, “Eighty Box” Law, Literacy Test, “Grandfather Clause”—What was the cumulative effect of these laws? What was their blatant purpose? (Be ready to orally explain what each of these terms meant) (p. 585) 3. Describe the Democratic and Republican parties of the Gilded Age: Democrats 4. Republicans Between 1877 and 1900, the authority of the presidency (due to Johnson’s impeachment, the scandals of the Grant administrations, and the 1876 election) in relation to congressional . North and South, people who were weary of the centralization brought on by war and Reconstruction looked first to governments to deal with . Across the country, state were established to the new industrial society. Explain the role of COMMISSIONS: (p. 586) D:\533577384.doc Ch. 20-3 *Munn vs. Illinois (1877), p. 586 *Wabash vs. Illinois (1886) p. 586 *Interstate Commerce Act (1887), p. 586 5. During the last two decades of the 19th century, presidents fought to their authority, and by 1900, under , they had succeeded to a remarkable degree. The late , in fact, marked the birth of the presidency.(pgs. 586-87) Under each president list accomplishments: Hayes (R), 1877 *Bland-Allison Act (1878), p. 586 Garfield (R), 1881 Arthur (R), 1881 *Pendleton Act (1883), p. 587 Cleveland (D), 1885 D:\533577384.doc Ch. 20-4 Harrison (R), 1889 *McKinley Tariff Act (1890), p. 588 *Sherman Antitrust Act (1890), p. 588 *U.S. vs. E.C. Knight Co. (1895), p. 588 *Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890), pgs. 588-89 6. II. Explain the fate of Republican in the 1890 elections and suggest a reason as to why this happened: (p. 589) The Rise of the Populist Movement, (p. 589) *Populism / The People’s Party (1890), p. 591 7. List the sources of Farmer frustration: D:\533577384.doc Ch. 20-5 8. III. Taken together (National Farmers’ Alliance, Industrial Union, Northwestern Alliance, Southern Alliance, the Grange, Colored Farmers Alliance), how did these organizations from 1886-1892 aid the American farmer? The Crisis of Depression (p. 593) *Coxey’s Army (1894), pgs. 594-95 *Panic of 1893, p. 593 *Pullman Strike (1894), pgs. 594-95 *In re Debs (1895), pgs. 594-95. Note: This is already in your notebook under Chapter 18; add to that identification. 9. How did the strikes in the mines of the Midwest emphasize the prevalent tension in the U.S.? (pgs. 595-96) Note: We will cover the Bi-Metallic debate in more depth during class. Do read pgs. 597-98 just for background. *Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act (1894), p. 597 10. Who displaced the Democrats in the Congressional elections of 1894 and what issues do you think this was based on? (p. 597) D:\533577384.doc Ch. 20-6 IV. Changing Attitudes (p. 598) 11. Across the country, people were thinking older ideas about government, the economy, and society. Specifically cite these changes in ideology: 12. Even as late as__________ a study of working-class families showed that more than _______________ the principal breadwinners were out of work. As a result, more and more ________________went to work. During the 1890s, the number of working _____________rose. In New York City in 1900, nearly ____________% of black women worked compared to __________% of the foreign-born white women. The Depression also caused an increasing number of _____________ to work. During the 1890s, the number of children employed in southern textile mills jumped more than _________% of the labor force of the mills. Youngsters of 8 and 9 years worked twelve hour days for _________________wages. Most children worked in f___________ and c____________. In 1900, the South had more than ____________ the child laborers in the nation. 13. How successful was the League for the Protection of the Family (and similar organizations) in deterring children in the work force? (pgs. 59899) *Horatio Alger-(Again, you have encountered him in a former chapter), (1880’s-90’s), p. 599 D:\533577384.doc Ch. 20-7 14. Briefly define the type of literature reflected by these terms: Romanticism: Realism: Regionalism: Naturalism: Muckrakers: (Examples would be: Crane, Dreiser, Norris) *Election of 1896, p. 601 *Dingley Tariff (1897), p. 607 D:\533577384.doc Ch. 20-8 15. From the 1860s to the 1890s, the Republicans had built their party on a pledge to economic growth through the use of state and national power. By 1900, with the industrial system firmly in place, the focus had shifted. The need to , to control the effects of industrialism, became a central public concern of the new century. 16. McKinley toyed with the idea of lowering the tariff, but one obstacle stood in the way, *Gold Standard Act (1900), p. 607 D:\533577384.doc CHAPTER 20 ID’S 1877 Munn vs. Illinois Pg. 586 As states gave commissions more power to regulate the railroads, the railroads fought back. Illinois had one of the most powerful commissions, and the state declared the railroad to be a public highway and authorized the legislature to establish maximum rates and outlaw rate discrimination. The Supreme Court case of Munn v. Illinois in 1877 upheld the Illinois laws and said that private property that had public interest had to be controlled by the public for the public good. 1886 Wabash v. Illinois Pg. 586 The Wabash case weekend the Munn ruling by saying that states could not regulate commerce outside their own borders. That was Congress’ job. As a result of the Wabash decision, the federal government established the Interstate Commerce Commission to investigate the railroads and oversee their activities. 1887 Interstate Commerce Act Pg. 586 As a result if the Wabash decision, the federal government passed the Interstate Commerce Act in 1887. It established the ICC outlawed rebates and pooling agreements. D:\533577384.doc -21878 Bland-Allison Act Pg. 586 Hayes’ presidency was constantly under a cloud of doubt because of the controversial election of 1876. Hayes was committed to the gold standard, and to that end, he vetoed the Bland-Allison Silver Purchase bill. The bill called for the partial coinage of silver. Although Hayes vetoed it, Congress still passed it. 1883 Pendleton Act Pg. 587 Garfield’s successor to the presidency was Chester A. Arthur. Arthur turned out to be a better president that anyone expected. He got many things accomplished. One of those was the passing of the Pendleton Act in 1883. The Pendleton Act’s purpose was to reform the civil service. It created a bipartisan Civil Service Commission to give competitive tests and appoint officeholders on the basis of merit. D:\533577384.doc -31890 McKinley Tariff Act Pg. 588 In the election of 1888, the Republicans gained control of both houses of Congress. The Democrats used the disappearing quorum rule to prevent Congress from doing anything. They would debate, and then refuse to vote so Congress wouldn’t have a quorum. On Jan. 29, 1890, Speaker of the House, Thomas B. Reed told the clerk of the House to record the names of representatives refusing to vote so that a bill could be passed. After that, the Republican Congress did a lot. One of those bills was the McKinley Tariff Act. It raised tariff duties 4%, allowed the president to lower tariffs in response to the same happening in other countries, and used the revenues to help industry. 1890 Sherman Antitrust Act Pg. 588 Another act passed by the Republican Congress was the Sherman Antitrust Act. It declared anything that would restrain commerce illegal. These included trusts, monopolies, pools, and many other common business practices of the day. The penalties for violation were high. It was an experimental law so it was very vague in some parts and very open to interpretation. It was the first time any country had tried to regulate big business. D:\533577384.doc -41895 U.S. v. E.C. Knight Co. Pg. 588 After the Sherman Antitrust Act was passed, the Supreme Court weakened the law with the case of U.S. v. E.C. Knight Co. The Supreme Court said that the Antitrust Act applied only to commerce and not to manufacturing. This meant that it didn’t apply to people like Carnegie and Rockefeller. 1890 Sherman Silver Purchase Pgs. 588-89 Silver had always been a problem in the U.S. Silver had been one of the two precious metals that currency was based on. After the huge silver finds in Nevada, silver production skyrocketed, and filled the world market. European countries switched their currency to the rarer gold. People in the South and West supported a U.S. silver currency while the North and East were against it. Harrison took the middle road with the passage of the Sherman Silver Purchase. It said that the Treasury would buy 4.5 million ounces of silver a month and issue Treasury notes to pay for it. It didn’t give free coinage of silver, yet it did buy up most of the country’s silver production. The Treasury notes could be redeemed in either gold or silver. D:\533577384.doc -51890 Populism/The People’s Party Pg. 591 Between 1870 and 1890, farmer discontent was a growing problem in the U.S. The farmers saw many problems with their position like falling crop prices, a decrease in their condition, and widely varying income. Many of their complaints were exaggerated or completely false. Originally, the Farmers’ Grange was created to help farmers deal with their problems. As it turned to politics, the Grange died out. It was replaced by the National Farmers’ Alliance in the North and the Southern Alliance in the South. In 1889, the Southern Alliance took over the Alliance movement. The Alliance in the west started its own political party while the Southern Alliance tried to gain control of the Democratic Party. Two men rose up to the lead the Alliance. Thomas E. Watson and Leonidas L. Polk led a meeting in Ocala, Florida. In Ocala, the Alliance adopted the Ocala Demands that became its platform. The biggest demand was that the government create a sub-treasury in which farmers would store their crops in government warehouses. After the elections of 1890 in which the Alliance won a great amount of influence in the government, the organization decided to create a new political party. In 1892, at a convention in Omaha, Alliance leaders created the People’s Party. The People’s Party brought together whites and blacks in the South and formed a strong political party. In the elections of 1892, the Populist candidate, James B. Weaver, lost by a lot, and the Populists were written off. Many of the party’s ideas were later espoused and put into action by the major parties. D:\533577384.doc -61893 Panic of 1893 Pg. 593 As soon as Grover Cleveland became president, the Panic of 1893 hit the U.S. The economy had expanded too rapidly and collapsed on itself. Railroads had overbuilt, businesses had overextended their markets, and farms and businesses had borrowed heavily. Business sagged and consumer confidence died. The stock market crashed. In 1894, a drought and heat wave in the Midwest killed crops and cotton prices bottomed out. Unemployment reached 20%. 1894 Pullman Strike Pgs. 594-95 The Panic of 1893 caused many strikes as the jobless tried to get work, and the employees tried to get money to survive. One of the biggest strikes was the Pullman Strike of 1894. The employees of the Pullman Palace Car Company, living in a company town, struck. The American railway Union joined them by refusing to handle any trains that carried Pullman cars. The strike threw the nation into chaos and stopped the economy. Cleveland decided to end the strike with a court injunction and ordered troops into Chicago. Violence broke out and Eugene Debs, the leader of the ARU was arrested. D:\533577384.doc -71880’s-1890’s 1895 Horatio Alger In re Debs Pg. 599 Pgs. 594-95 After Debs was arrested for the violence following the court injunction for the ARU to go back to work, the Supreme Court upheld his sentence in In re Debs. The Supreme Court endorsed the used of the injunction to end strikes, giving business a great advantage. 1894 Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act Pg. 597 One of the promises that the Democrats had made when they came into power in 1890 was to reduce the tariff. The Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act in 1894 was supposed to achieve that end. It reduced the tariff on coal, iron ore, wool, and sugar, while raising other tariffs. It repealed the McKinley Tariff’s provision that the U.S. would lower tariffs in response to like action by other countries. It also imposed a small income tax that the Supreme Court overturned in 1895. D:\533577384.doc -81896 Election of 1896 Pg. 601 During the election of 1896 Republican William McKinley ran against Democrat William Jennings Bryan. McKinley ran on a pro-gold platform. The Democratic party was split, but pro-silver members took control and the party took hold in the South and became a sectional party once again. Bryan ran on a pro-silver platform. The People’s party didn’t know what to do, so it nominated Bryan for president and Tom Watson for VP. The press deserted Bryan so he took his campaign directly to the people. McKinley brought voters into Ohio, his hometown and spoke to them from his front porch. McKinley won. The Populists were crushed and died out. 1897 Dingley Tariff Pg. 607 Shortly after McKinley became president, he called a special session of Congress to work on the tariff. In July of 1897, Congress passed the Dingley Tariff. The tariff raised duties to a record level. It caused problems for the Republican Party because people began to wonder how necessary a tariff really was. D:\533577384.doc -91900 Gold Standard Act Pg. 607 Fulfilling his campaign of pro-gold, McKinley passed the Gold Standard Act in 1900 that put the U.S. on the gold standard with the rest of the world. D:\533577384.doc NAME ____________________ BLOCK ___________________ DATE ____________________ CHAPTER 20 MULTIPLE CHOICE: Circle the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. The McKinley Tariff did not a. raise the tariff rate by 4 percent to the highest level it had ever been. b. use duties to promote new industries like the tin-plate used for the new canned foods. c. give the president power to reciprocate if other countries lowered tariff rates. d. permit the president to raise rates to protect threatened American industries. e. none of the above. 2. The Colored Farmers’ National Alliance ended when a. a posse lynched fifteen strikers. b. prices on cotton increased significantly. c. southern planters used strike breakers in the cotton fields. d. the Farmers’ Alliance leadership expelled all African Americans from the organization. e. African Americans overtook the leadership of the Farmers’ Alliance. 3. In 1890 the American electorate a. rejected Democratic legislative activism by crushing the party in the congressional elections. b. rejected Democratic passiveness by crushing the party in the congressional elections. c. rejected the legislative passiveness of both major parties by electing many third-part and especially Populist candidates to Congress. d. rejected Republican passiveness by crushing the party in the congressional elections. e. rejected Republican legislative activism by crushing the party in the congressional elections. 4. In the elections of 1890 the Democrats a. crushed the Republicans b. were crushed by the Republicans. c. narrowly defeated the Republicans. d. were narrowly defeated by the Republicans. e. were defeated by the Republicans by a healthy margin. D:\533577384.doc 5. Which of the following is not true of American Farmers in the 1865-1890 period? a. Prices for their crops declined. b. Their purchasing power declined. c. Farm mortgages were common. d. Their productivity increased. e. none of the above. 6. Which best describes the source of agrarian anger and protest in the late nineteenth century? a. Farm prices fell far more than did prices for other commodities. b. Railroad rates increased dramatically between 1870 and 1900. c. Farmers perceived their social and economic position as declining throughout the period. d. all of the above e. none of the above 7. In 1894, Jacob S Coxey led a march on Washington to demand a. road construction financed with paper money. b. coinage of silver at a ratio to gold of 16 to 1. c. an immediate and significant reduction of the tariff. d. a “subtreasury” system for American farmers. e. additional railroad construction in the west. 8. Leaders of the Southern Farmers’ Alliance a. formed the fist major People’s party. b. tried to capture the Democratic party. c. eschewed politics for more radical methods. d. often crossed over to the Republican party. e. were more politically active than the Northern Farmers’ Alliance 9. In the Pullman Strike of 1894, Cleveland’s intervention a. gave business the court injunction as a new weapon against labor. b. ensured the success of the strike. c. failed to end the strike. d. gave workers the protection of a court injunction. e. brokered a deal between the workers and their employer. 10. Which group was the first to be seriously affected by the wave of “new” America from southern and eastern Europe? a. railroad workers b. Midwestern farmers c. Midwestern miners d. southern sharecroppers e. Indians. immigrants to D:\533577384.doc 11. Which of the following list events in the correct chronological order? a. Republican policy to regulate industry, Panic of 1893, Republican policy to promote industry. b. Republican policy to promote industry, Republican policy to regulate industry, Panic of 1893. c. Republican policy to promote industry, Panic of 1893, Republican policy to regulate industry. d. none of the above e. Republican policy to regulate industry, Republican policy to promote industry, Panic of 1893 12. Support for free silver coinage grew rapidly from 1894 to 1896 because a. it was supported by the growing silver mining industry. b. workers joined farmers in support of coinage. c. Cleveland Democrats joined workers in support of coinage. d. all of the above e. the issue offered a simple, compelling answer for economic crises. 13. Which best describes the decision that shattered the Populist party in 1896? a. strong support from organized labor. b. the admission of African Americans to the party’s ranks. c. the nomination of their own candidate, James Weaver, for the presidency. d. the expulsion of all African-American members in an attempt to attract more southern support. e. the endorsement for the presidency of the Democratic candidate Williams Jennings Bryan. 14. McKinley’s first term in office was characterized by a. increased economic prosperity. b. gold discoveries that inflated the currency. c. presidential activism. d. all of the above. e. none of the above. 15. By 1900 McKinley had begun prodding the Republican Party toward a new policy of a. monetary inflation through silver coinage. b. promoting economic growth with subsidies and tariffs. c. regulating and controlling industry. d. another increase in tariff rates. e. free trade. D:\533577384.doc THE BIMETALLIC DEBATE I. THE POLICY Bimetallism—Since its beginnings, the United States government had adopted a policy of backing its money with both gold and silver at a fixed ratio. Under this policy of bimetallism, it was, in the early 1870’s, coining gold and silver without charge at a ratio of 16 oz. of silver to one oz. of gold (free and unlimited coinage at 16 to 1). II. THE STORY A. Segments of U.S. society want cheap money: Segments of U.S. society want hard money: B. DEMONITIZATION OF SILVER: For many years before 1873, sliver miners had stopped bringing their silver to the Mint for coinage because they could get a higher price for it from the silversmiths on the “market” than they received from the government. Since facilities for coining silver were lying unused, the government quietly stopped coining or “demonetized” silver dollars in 1873. C. THE “CRIME OF ‘73”: In the mid-1870’s, large silver deposits were discovered and mined in Nevada (Comstock Lode) and Colorado. As silver poured onto the market, its value decreased rapidly. When miners who had formerly sold their silver to commercial outlets, tried to sell it to the Mint they became painfully aware that silver had been demonetized. They now demanded that the government resume free and unlimited coinage of silver, and denounced the demonetization act as the “Crime of ‘73”. Farmers joined the silver miners because they were convinced that free silver would raise farm prices. D. PANIC OF 1873: CAUSES: Overexpansion of railroads and industry Granting of unsound back loans Insufficient farm purchasing power because of low agricultural prices: drought, oversupply Economic distress in Europe SOLUTION:--? Reissue soft money (greenbacks) or remonitize silver (Suggestion: Wouldn’t this make the panic less severe asked farmers and manufacturers?) --? Eventually the economy will recover on its own if it is allowed to do so. Stick with the “sound money” policies so that when recovery does come, the country will be solidly on firm ground with a Gold Standard (to match the standard set by its other major world trading partners). D:\533577384.doc E. RESUMPTION ACT OF 1875: In 1866 the Federal Government began to withdraw unbacked paper currency (which had been issued during the Civil War) called Greenbacks. Farmers and expansionist minded manufacturers were angered because this meant they would have to repay their mortgage debts in dollars worth more than those they had originally borrowed. Grant vetoed an 1874 Congressional authorization of new greenbacks and then further antagonized the newly formed Greenback Party (officially organized in 1876) by enacting the SPECIES RESUMPTION ACT OF 1875: After 1879 the government would redeem greenbacks dollars at par with gold; that is, the present greenbacks, whose value constantly fluctuated, could be exchanged for new paper currency, whose value would be firmly pegged to the price of gold. Result = inflation. THE REALITY: The gold-based money supply was never able to expand as much as some segments of society believed was necessary. Farmers, laborers, some manufacturers—and debtor regions—the South and the West—continued to clamor for a currency based not on gold reserves but on the productive capacity of the nation. Otherwise, they claimed they would continue to be strangled by an overvalued dollar circulating in insufficient quantities. These malcontents questioned if this issue--maintenance of the gold standard was conspiracy by entrenched financiers to keep them in economic bondage, in other words to make them SLAVES. F. THE SILVER PURCHASE ACTS BLAND-ALLISON ACT (1878)—To meet the demands of the “silverites” this act provided for the purchase by the Treasury Department, for coinage in to silver dollars in 2-4 million dollars’ worth of silver bullion each month. When this failed to halt the decline in the value of silver Congress passed the SHERMAN SILVER PURCHASE ACT (1890)—Increased government silver purchases to 4.5 million oz. per month. Payment for such silver to be made in legal tender treasury notes, redeemable in gold or silver. Initial Reaction: The North and East are happy because “free coinage” of all silver didn’t happen. The South and West are happy because this is a gesture toward a bimetallic economy. The Problem: Everyone wants redemption of their Silver Certificates in gold creating a run on the gold reserves, destabilizing the soundness of the dollar internationally and by 1893 prolonging the depression. G. PANIC OF 1893 CAUSES: Overexpansion of the railroads and industry Continued low agricultural prices Fear among businessmen for the stability of our currency, due to shrinking of the gold reserve and the battle of a bimetallic currency. D:\533577384.doc CLEVELAND’S SOLUTION: 1893--Congress repealed the Sherman Silver Purchase Act 1895--Directed the treasury to borrow a large sum of gold from J.P. Morgan (large Eastern backing syndicate). Because the bankers made a large profit on the sale of the government bonds they received in exchange for the gold, Cleveland was bitterly denounced by the Western and Southern wings of this Democratic Party as a “tool of Wall Street.” III. PERCEPTION IS REALITY—ELECTION OF 1896 DEMOCRATS AND POPULISTS Farmers and industrialists came to believe that Eastern Industrialists and bankers controlled both the Democratic and Republicans parties. They formed the Populist Party. Other “silver interests”--laborers and that only Cleveland had “sold out” to Eastern interests. Both Populists and Democrats nominated Wm. Jennings Bryan who delivered an emotional attack upon the Gold Standard in his famous “Cross of Gold” speech: “YOU WILL NOT LAY UPON THE BROW OF LABOR THIS CROWN OF THORNS; YOU WILL NOT CRUCIFY MANKIND UPON A CROSS OF GOLD.” REPUBLICANS Conservative Eastern industrial and banking interests controlled the Republican convention. They nominated the skillful Ohio politician William McKinley, who opposed free silver, supported the gold standard, and advocated high protective tariffs. IV. THE RESULTS This campaign was among the most spectacular of the 19th century. Historians have contended that Bryan made a spectacular effort against the odds: McKinley spent $4 million on his campaign while Bryan spent $300,000. McKinley’s campaign manager alerted his friends to warn workers and mortgagors that, if Bryan were elected, they would lose their jobs and farms. McKinley’s managers sent 1,200 professional public speakers across the country to remind voters of the economic necessity of a Republican presidency. Millions of dollars poured into the McKinley campaign, some contend as much as 10 times the amount Bryan had to work with. McKinley also benefited from the almost unanimous support of the press, which ridiculed Bryan as a radical, irresponsible “boy orator.” McKinley carried all the industrial states and even won the older agrarian states. McKinley had ½ million more popular votes than Bryan. With 271 electoral votes to Bryan’s 176, McKinley won the election. D:\533577384.doc THE END: The Bi-metallic Debate dies by 1897-1900 (the beginning of the end of the Depression) 1) GOLD STANDARD ACT OF 1900—declared gold the standard to back the currency of the U.S.; ends the silverite controversy. 2) GOLD TECHNOLOGY—New ways to extract small veined gold deposits were discovered and added to the amount of gold in circulation caused by the Alaska Gold Rush. 3) DINGLEY TARIFF—Highly protectionist tariff (Tariff are at an all time high) D:\533577384.doc PRESIDENTIAL ADMINISTRATIONS 1863 ANDREW JOHNSON (R) Acquitted of impeachment charges Alaska Purchased from Russia (1867) 1869 ULYSSES S. GRANT (R) Spoils System vs. Civil Service debated First transcontinental railroad completed 1869 Scandals = Credit Mobilier, Whiskey Ring [Tweed Ring in New York exposed] Panic of ‘73/Specie Resumption Act of 1879 “Waving the Bloody Shirt” 1877 RUTHERFORD B. HAYES (R) “His Fraudulency” Republican Party divide into two powerful factions = the STALWARTS and the MUGWUMPS/HALF-BREEDS Bland-Allison Act 1878 1881 JAMES GARFIELD (R) “Dark Horse” Assassinated after 4 months in office (by Charles A. Guiteau, a jobless and mentally disturbed STALWART) 1881 CHESETER A. ARTHUR (R) Pendleton Act (presently covers 90% of all government jobs) 1885 GROVER CLEVELAND (D) Honest Reputation-A Reformer “A public office is a public trust” Pushed for lower tariffs but Congress would not pass it ICC and AFL Formed Haymarket Affair Dawes Act (1887) 1889 BENJAMIN HARRISON (R) Sherman Anti-trust Law (1890) McKinley tariff (1890) Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890) Wage Cuts become prevalent Populist Party formed 1893 GROVER CLEVELAND (D) Panic of 1893-(Cleveland repeals Sherman Silver Act this year) Push for a Bimetallic Standard Wilson Gorman Tariff of 1894-resulted in a minor reduction and an income tax on large incomes was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. D:\533577384.doc 1897 WILLIAM MCKINLEY (R) Spanish-American War 1898 Dingley Tariff of 1897-raised the average tariff duties to an all time high Gold Standard Act of 1900-declared gold the standard for U.S. currency and effectively ended the bimetallic debate Assassinated in the beginning of his 2nd term by 28 year old Leo Czolgosz, a 28 year old unemployed laborer and anarchist who shot him in the head while going through a receiving line Theodore Roosevelt becomes the youngest president at the age of 41 1901 THEODORE ROOSEVELT (R) Use of the Sherman Anti-Trust for its lawful purpose Hepburn Act of 1906 (Strengthened the ICC) Pure and Food Drug Act Conservationist Movement Launched Newlands Reclamation Act (1902) Panic of 1907 (through 1914) 1909 WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT Payne-Aldrich Tariff Bill (1909) Pinchot-Ballinger Affair (TR runs against Taft on NEW NATIONALISM platform) 1913 WOODROW WILSON (D) Underwood Simmons tariff (1913) Sixteenth (Income Tax) and Seventeenth (Direct Election of Senators) Amendments Passed (1913) Federal Reserve Act (1913) Federal Trade Commission Act (1914) Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914) Keating-Owen Act (1916) D:\533577384.doc