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Review for Exam II and the 2nd Lab Practical
Organic and Biological Chemistry CHM122
Bixler-Zalesinsky
What is the format of Exam II?
 Multiple choice, Matching, and True & False Questions
What chapters are covered in Exam II?
 Chapters 16 – 19
How many questions are on Exam II?
 More than 50 questions worth 2 pts each which allows for some bonus
What is the emphasis of Exam II?
 Below are questions to help you discover what may be asked on Exam II.
It is not a literal question list but is to be used as a tool to focus your
studying.
CHAPTER 16
1. Disaccharides are ___________________________________________
2. Which group of carbohydrates cannot be hydrolyzed to give smaller
molecules? ______________________________________
3. A monosaccharide that consists of 5 carbon atoms, one of which is a
ketone group is classified as a(n) __________________________
4. Stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other are _____________.
5. Give an example of a household item that is chiral. _________________
6. Define chiral _______________________________________________
______________________________________________________
7. Site at least one difference between D-glucose and L-glucose
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8. List three common uses or places to find glucose

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________
9. Give two examples of noncarbohydrate sweeteners

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________
10. What is galactosemia? ______________________________________
__________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
11. What is hyperglycemia? _____________________________________
___________________________________________________________
12. In the carbon cycle, CO2 and water are converted to glucose and oxygen
by ____________________________________
13. What is glycogen? __________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
14. What is cellulose? __________________________________________
15. What dissacharide is made up of glucose and fructose? ____________
CHAPTER 17
16. Give the functional group of a carboxylic acid. ___________________
17. Name the acid found in white vinegar. _________________________
18. In water solution, how does dilute acetic acid behave? _____________
19. What determines the solubility of a carboxylic acid? _______________
__________________________________________________________
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20. Write the functional group of an ester. ________________________
21. How is a carboxylic acid named in the IUPAC system? ______________
22. Which one is a stronger acid? (Circle one: sulfuric OR carboxylic) acid
23. In common naming of a carboxylic acid, what is the correct Greek letter
used for the carbon adjacent to the carboxyl group? ______________
24. What therapeutic use is made of -hydroxy acids? ________________
__________________________________________________________
25. What significant side effect is seen with -hydroxy acid use? _________
_________________________________________________________
26. What kind of intermolecular force occurs between carboxylic acids?
______________________________________________________
27. What is the common use of monosodium glutamate (hint MSG)?
_____________________________________________________
28. What is the common use of sodium propionate and sodium benzoate?
________________________________________________________
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29. What metabolic product of pyruvic acid is formed anaerobically during
exercise? _______________________________________________
30. What is the product of the reaction of an alcohol and a carboxylic acid
when reacted together under acidic conditions? _________________
CHAPTER 18 *(remember we did chapter19 then chapter 18, but they are in
numeric order on this review to aid you in looking up answers in your text.)
31. List four facts about lipids

________________________________________________

________________________________________________

________________________________________________

________________________________________________
32. List four physiological functions of lipids.

________________________________________________

________________________________________________

________________________________________________

_______________________________________________
33. A polyunsaturated fatty acid contains more than one ______________.
34. Unsaturated fatty acids have (circle one: lower OR higher) melting points
than saturated fatty acids because ______________________________
___________________________________________________________
35. A long-chain alcohol and long-chain fatty acid form a(n) _____________
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36. A triglyceride that is solid at room temperature is called a(n) __________
37. Commercially, liquid vegetable oils are converted to solid fats such as
margarine by ______________________.
38. A fat or oil becomes rancid when ________________________________.
39. Margarine containing partially hydrogenated soybean oil is solid because
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
40. Why can a fatty acid act as a soap to remove grease? ______________
____________________________________________________
41. Glycerophospholipids can interact both with other lipids and water
because they contain both _______________ and _________________
regions.
42. The main lipid components in cellular membranes are
____________________________.
43. Glycosphingolipids are lipids composed of ________________________,
____________________________, and __________________________.
44. The steroid hormone that increases the blood glucose and glycogen levels
from fatty acids and amino acids is ___________________________.
45. In the fluid-mosaic model that describes plasma membranes, two layers of
__________________________ molecules have their _______________
sections oriented to the inside of the membrane.
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46. Channel proteins in a cell membrane serve what function?
__________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
47. A double cheeseburger with bacon contains 640 kcal and 39 g of fat.
Calculate the number of kilocalories from fat. (1 g of fat = 9 kcal; 1 gram of
carbohydrates or protein delivers 4 kcal.)
48. Olesterol is a __________________________ (classification of lipid).
CHAPTER 19
49. The compound CH3CH2NHCH3 is classified as a (circle one: 10, 20, or 30)
50. In response to allergic reactions or injury to cells, the body increases the
production of ____________________________.
51. Physiologically active nitrogen-containing compounds produced by plants
are called _________________________.
52. List four alkaloids.

________________________________________________

________________________________________________

________________________________________________

________________________________________________
53. Amines contain ________________ (element).
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54. In what kind of amine is the nitrogen bonded to two carbon atoms?
______________________________________________________
55. What functional group is always found in alkoids such as caffeine,
nicotine, and digitalis? __________________________________
56. Diphenhydramine (Benedryl) contains both ______________ and
____________________ functional groups.
57. What pharmacologic activity do amphetamine, phenylephrine, and
methedrine have in common? ____________________________
58. What pharmacologically active amine is responsible for the signs and
symptoms encountered in an allergic reaction? _________________
59. The prefix nor- in a drug name means that there is _______________
_____________________________________________________________
60. If the number of carbons is similar, which will have a higher boiling point?
(Circle one: amine or hydrocarbon)
61. What kind of pharmacologic activity is found in the amines Procaine and
Lidocaine? ______________________ These drugs were developed by
modifying the structure of __________________________.
62. What kind of compound is urea? ______________________________
63. What is the chemical classification of the barbiturate sedatives?
___________________________________________________
64. Valium is chemically classified as a(n) ________________________.
65. Amines having fewer than ________ carbons are generally water soluble.
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2nd LAB PRACTICAL REVIEW
What is the format of the lab practical?
 It is a combination of multiple choice, matching, and true & false
questions.
 It also has a component for finding the identity of an unknown.
How many questions are on the practical?
 It contains more than 30 questions worth 1 point each which composes
half of this grade.
 The other half of this grade is composed of the correct identification of an
unknown.
Is there a time limit for this practical?
 It is the policy of the Science Department that this practical be limited to
no more than 90 minutes.
 After the practical there will be a short introduction to nucleic acids.
How should I study for this practical?
 Develop a flow chart of tests to use in the identification of the unknown
substance. You may use this flow chart in identifying your unknown.
 Below is a list of questions designed to help focus your studies. It is not a
literal question list.
 You may find it beneficial to study with your lab partner, but remember you
cannot work with a lab partner during the practical.
Experiment 26—Carbohydrates
1. Most disaccharides give (+ or – ) Benedict’s test, (+ or - ) iodine test,
(can or cannot) be hydrolyzed, (do or do not) undergo mutarotation.
2. Maltose is what kind of carbohydrate? _______________________
3. Which sugar gives a positive Benedict’s test but is negative with iodine
and fermentation tests? ______________________________
4. Which sugar gives a positive iodine test but is negative with Benedict’s
and fermentation tests? ______________________________
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5. Iodine reacts with what class of compounds to give a blue-black
complex?
________________________________________________________
6. Fructose does not undergo hydrolysis because it is a
____________________________________________________
7. Sucrose is a ____________________________ (classification of
carbohydrate).
8. A reducing sugar gives a ___________________ with Benedict’s
reagent.
9. Sucrose is made up of ________________ & _____________.
10. Cellulose will give a ___________________ iodine test.
11. Cellulose is a carbohydrate that (circle one: can or cannot) be digested
by humans.
12. __________________ (name of sugar) is a disaccharide that occurs
as a breakdown product of starch.
13. __________________ (name of sugar) is a monosaccharide that
combines with glucose to form lactose.
14. ___________________ (name of sugar) is a disaccharide found in
milk and milk products.
15. ___________________ (name of sugar) is a monosaccharide found in
fruit juices and honey and is the sweetest carbohydrate.
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Experiment 22—Synthesis of Aspirin and Esters
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16. The common name of the compound CH3CH2CH2COH is
____________________________________________.
17. Many fragrances of flowers and flavors of fruits are due to
____________________________________________.
18. What is the common name for ethanoic acid?
____________________________________________.
19. Derivatives of which aromatic carboxylic acid have been used as
analgesics, antipyretics, and anti-inflammatory agents?
__________________________________________________
20. What chemical process is responsible for the smell of vinegar in an old
bottle of aspirin? ______________________________________
21. Methyl salicylate (oil of wintergreen) is used therapeutically as a
___________________________________________________.
22. The Merck Index is a useful reference for

________________________________________________

________________________________________________
Experiment 27—Saponification
23. The reaction of an ester with NaOH is known as
____________________.
24. Which part of a soap is responsible for its ability to dissolve fats and
oily dirt? ________________________________________
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25. What is the name of the structure formed when a soap coats an oily
particle to make it water soluble? ___________________________
26. Naturally derived soaps consist of a (Circle one: soluble or insoluble)
salt of a _______________________________________________.
27. The name of the reaction that occurs when a fat reacts with NaOH and
water is ______________________________________________.
28. Is a catalyst needed for saponification? _____________________
Experiment 28—Cholesterol
29. Lipids are compounds that are soluble in (circle one: polar or nonpolar)
solvents like _________________________________ (give example).
30. Classify the following substances:
A) cholesterol __________________________
B) nicotine ____________________________
C) lactose _____________________________
31. List four functions of gycerolphospholipids

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________
32. The most common type of gallstones is composed of almost pure
______________________________.
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33. List four lipoproteins that carry nonpolar lipids through the
bloodstream

________________________________________________

________________________________________________

________________________________________________

________________________________________________
34._________________________ is a steroid hormone that increases the
blood glucose and glycogen levels from fatty acids and amino acids.
35. _________________________ (name of a lipid) is one inner
component of a typical cell membrane.
36. A lipoprotein particle functions to _____________________________
__________________________________________________________.
37. Synthesis of cholesterol and bile salts takes place in the
________________________________. (part of the human body)
38. Bile salts are synthesized from _________________________ (name
of lipid).
39. Cholesterol belongs to the ______________________ group of lipids.
40. In a simple model of atherosclerosis and heart disease, the compound
that forms plaques that adhere to the walls of the blood vessels is
__________________________________________________________.