LOCATION
Ways to indicate Position
1. Maps are the best ways to show location & demonstrate insights gained through _____________ analysis
2. Place-name (toponyms) is a name given to a portion of the Earth’s _____________ (“Miami”)
3. Site is the _____________ characteristics of a place; climate, water sources, topography, soil, vegetation,
latitude & elevation
4. Situation is the external _____________ attributes of a place; its relative location or regional position with
reference to other _____________ places
5. Absolute Location: latitude & longitude (parallels & meridians), _____________ measurements mainly useful in
determining _____________ distances & direction (maps or GPS)
6. Relative Location is the location of a place _____________ to other places (situation), valuable way to indicate
location b/c
o Finding an unfamiliar place by _____________ its location with a familiar one (“Miami – 35 miles NW of
Cincinnati”)
o _____________ means understanding its _____________ (Chicago – hub of sea & air transportation,
close to four other states; Singapore – accessible to other countries in Southeast Asia)
7. _____________ is the _____________of something across Earth’s surface
o _____________ is the frequency with which something occurs in an area
 Arithmetic density is the total number of _____________ (people) in an area
 Physiologic density is the number of people per _______ area of agriculturally productive land
o Concentration is the extent of a feature’s spread over an area
 Clustered means relatively _____________ & Dispersed means relatively _____________
o Pattern – geometric _____________ of objects
HUMAN/ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION
 The _____________ study of societal-environmental interactions
 All places on the earth have _____________ & _____________ for human _____________
o For example, high population _____________ have developed on flood plains where people could take
advantage of fertile soils, water resources & opportunities for river transportation
o By comparison, population densities are usually low in _____________
o Yet _____________ are periodically subjected to severe damage & some desert areas, such as in
Israel, have been modified to support large population concentrations
 Cultural & Physical Relationships allow people to continue to _____________ or _____________ to natural
settings in ways that reveal their cultural values, economic & political circumstances & technological abilities
 Cultural Landscape includes all _____________ changes that involve the surface & the biosphere
 _____________ in cultural geography is the theory that the environment sets certain constraints or
_____________ but culture is otherwise determined by social conditions
 Theory by “Strabo” (Greek Geographer) in 64 BC stated that we, humans, can make things happen by our own
_____________ over time
o He observed that humans were the active elements in a human-environmental _____________
 Possibilism only limits the # of choices for the person & only human is responsible for all his actions & he has the
_____________ power but within certain limits (Ex: when climate limits crops)
o In simple words, Possibilism denies the influence of _____________ factors in human’s life
o In a nutshell it is the Positive & Negative _____________ alterations made for people
MOVEMENT
Cultural Change
 Internal factors (new ideas, lifestyles & inventions) create change within _____________
 Change can also come through _____________ interaction such as trade, migration & war
 The process of spreading _____________ knowledge, innovation or ideology from one place to another is called
“Cultural Diffusion”
o Types of Diffusion are not ________ specific & there is no type of diffusion is particularly fast or slow
Cultural Diffusion
 Cultural diffusion/spatial diffusion is the spread of an idea or ____________ from its source to other cultures
 Diffusion occurs through the _____________ of people, goods or ideas
Globalization
 The spread of _____________ activities from one country to many other regions
 The establishment of integrated industrial & service sectors _____________
 Primarily an _____________ factor, it has enormous social & _____________ consequences
 ___________ in communication & transportation technologies are making places & people more interconnected
 Economic Globalization & the rapid diffusion of elements of popular culture, such as fashion & architecture are
making many people & places look more _____________
 A set of processes that are increasing _____________, deepening _____________ & accelerating
_____________ across national borders
 Globalization is a force or process that involves the entire _____________ & results in making something
_____________ in scope
 Transnational Corporations are firms which _____________ production facilities in many countries through
direct _____________ investment
o Conducts research, operates factories & _____________ products in many countries
 Although _____________ grew most rapidly in the 1960s, foundations were laid in the inter-war period
o Ex: Ford, GM & Philips
Local Diversity
 Ironically as the world becomes more Globalized it has become more _____________
 Many people search for ways to express their unique cultural _____________ & identity as a reaction to
globalization
Distribution
 Distribution is the natural _____________ of animals, plants & land features in particular regions or districts
o Geographers are concerned about the arrangement of _____________ on the earth’s surface
 3 main properties of distribution are
o _____________ is the frequency that something occurs in a given space (arithmetic, physiological,
agricultural)
o _____________ are the changes in distribution-how close together-dispersed or clustered
o _____________ are the arrangement of the distribution of features in a given space
Spatial Distribution & Spatial Perspective
 Spatial Distribution is the arrangement of a phenomenon across the Earth's surface
 One example of such a display could be observations made to describe the geographic patterns of features,
both physical & human across the earth
 The info. included could be where units of something are, how many units of the thing there are per units
of area & how sparsely or densely packed they are from each other
 The Spatial Perspective is a method used in geography to identify, predict and explain the physical and
human patterns in space. Spatial perspective identifies where something is located in the space and
explains why it is located there
 Immanuel Kant
o We need disciplines focused not only on particular phenomena (such as economics and sociology) but
also on the perspectives of time (history) and space (geography)
 The Five Themes of Geography = Cultural Landscape
PLACE
Culture Of Place
 _____________ is when people talk about the culture of a nation they are referring to the people’s lifestyles,
values, beliefs, history, traditions & behavior patterns of a particular _____________
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What People Care About: ____________ (spoken), ____________ (beliefs) & ____________ (color or race)
o Not Daily _____________ of survival (food, clothing, shelter)
o Not _____________ Activities (artistic expressions, recreation)
Cultural Institutions refer to _____________ institutions (a country, its laws & rights) & religions
These are elements within a culture/sub-culture that are perceived to be important to, or traditionally valued
among, its members for their own _____________
o Ex: of cultural institutions in modern _____________ society are museums, churches, schools, work &
the print media
o "_____________" is a "social" institution, "post-secondary education" is a _____________ institution
& "high-school" is an instantiation of the institution within America
o Meanwhile the U.S. Institutions are!!!!!
REGIONS
Distinctive Region Characteristics
 _____________ is defined spatial extent or specific extent of land or space---the area in which we live
 _____________ is a point or area on the Earth’s surface or elsewhere (somewhere on Earth’s surface)
 _____________: sometimes evident on the ground, often based on specifically _____________ criteria &
usually used to divide areas of differing land use
 Other: cultural (language, religion), _____________ (agriculture, industry), physical (climate, vegetation)
TYPES OF GEOGRAPHY
 _____________ Geography is the study of the human, physical, fictional, theoretical & "_____________"
geographies of the past
 Demography/Population Geography is the _____________ study of human populations
 _____________ Geography studies nations, boundaries, geopolitics, military movements, treaties, devolution,
choke points & imperialism (development of nations)
 Geography of _____________ studies religious origins
 Geography of _____________ studies language origins
 _____________ Geography is the study of areas which have a high concentration of buildings & Infrastructure
o All the _____________ that a city needs to operate/function correctly such as government, utilities,
police department, fire department, roads etc..
 _____________ Geography is the study of the location, distribution & spatial organization of economic
_____________ in the world
o Industries, economic development & _____________ regions
 _____________ Geography focuses on structures of agricultural landscapes & asks for the processes that lead
to these spatial patterns
 _____________ Geography is the application of geographical information, perspectives & methods to the study
of _____________, disease & health care
 _____________ Geography studies “social phenomena” & its spatial components
o _____________ that influence people
 _____________ Geography describes & explains the spatial aspects of interactions b/w humans or societies &
their natural environments