CHAPTER 4
CARBON AND THE MOLECULAR DIVERSITY OF LIFE
Learning objectives
Read pages 58-67 of “Biology” Campbell 9th edition to make your Cornell notes and
understand the following learning objectives below. Supplementary reading can be from
the photocopied supplements from “Biology Study Guide” Campbell & Reece and Cliff
Notes AP Biology. Remember the following are NOT questions but guidelines for your
note taking. Reading for comprehension and identifying key ideas and concepts is a skill
required for AP Biology. NO COPIED NOTES ALLOWED!
The Importance of Carbon
1. Why does carbon have the ability to form large, complex and diverse organic
molecules?
Chemical Groups
2. Name the major functional groups found in organic molecules. Describe the basic
structure of each chemical group and outline the chemical properties of the organic
molecules in which they occur.
ATP
3. Explain how ATP functions as the primary energy transfer molecule in living cells.
CHAPTER 5
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF LARGE BIOLOGICAL
MACROMOLECULES
Read pages 68-91 of “Biology” Campbell 9th edition to make your Cornell notes and
understand the following learning objectives below. Supplementary reading can be from
the photocopied supplements from “Biology Study Guide” Campbell & Reece and Cliff
Notes AP Biology. Remember the following are NOT questions but guidelines for your
note taking. Reading for comprehension and identifying key ideas and concepts is a skill
required for AP Biology. NO COPIED NOTES ALLOWED!
The Molecules of Life
1. List the four major classes of macromolecules.
2. Distinguish between monomers and polymers.
3. Draw diagrams to illustrate condensation and hydrolysis reactions.
Carbohydrates Serve as Fuel and Building Material
4. Distinguish between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
5. Explain the difference in how plants and animals store polysaccharides.
6. Distinguish between the glycosidic linkages found in starch and cellulose. Explain
why the difference is biologically important.
7. How do certain animals obtain nutrients from cellulose when they lack the enzymes
necessary to break it down?
1
Lipids are a Diverse Group of Hydrophobic Molecules
8. What are the characteristics of lipids?
9. What is the composition of a fat?
10. Identify an ester linkage in a triacylglycerol (triglyceride).
11. Distinguish between saturated and unsaturated fats.
12. What is the major function of fats?
13. Explain the structure and function of phospholipids.
14. Explain the structure and function of steroids.
Proteins have Many Structures, Resulting in a Wide Range of Functions
15. Distinguish between a protein and a polypeptide.
16. List and explain the 8 different functions of proteins.
17. Draw and label an amino acid.
18. What makes each of the 20 amino acids different from one another?
19. Explain how amino acids are chemically bonded to each other.
20. Explain what determines protein structure and why it is important.
21. Explain how the primary structure of a protein is determined.
22. Name two types of secondary protein structure. Explain the role of hydrogen bonds
in maintaining secondary structure.
23. Explain what contributes to the tertiary structure of a protein.
24. Describe the quaternary structure of a protein.
25. List four conditions under which proteins may be denatured.
26. Explain how chaperonins may assist in proper folding of proteins.
Nucleic Acids Store and Transmit Hereditary Information (you can refer to your AP
Biology 11 notes)
27. What determines the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide?
28. Explain the difference between nucleic acids and nucleotides.
29. List the major components of a nucleotide, and describe how these monomers are
linked to form a nucleic acid.
30. Distinguish between:
a. pyrimidine and purine
b. ribose and deoxyribose
c. 5 end and 3 end of a nucleotide
31. Briefly describe the three-dimensional structure of DNA.
32. Explain how DNA or protein comparisons may allow us to assess evolutionary
relationships between species.
2