From the Middle Ages to 1600: the Renaissance
The Middle Ages (also known as the medieval period): the period in European history stretching
from 500 to _______________, and reaching its height from 1050 to ________________.
The dominant institution during the Middle Ages was the _______________________________.
By the end of the Renaissance (1350-1600), however, this was no longer the case.
The decline of the dominance of the Church occurred along 4 fronts:
I.
II.
III.
IV.
I. The religious front: the Protestant Reformation
A. Martin Luther (1483-1546):
1505: The thunderstorm:
University of Wittenberg (1513-1516)
1517: Ninety-five Theses on door of Castle Church of Wittenberg:
Here, Luther attacked:
For Catholics, salvation is by ___________ and ____________________.
For Luther, salvation is by ___________ alone.
Luther also denies the doctrine of transubstantiation:
Finally, Luther called the Pope the __________________ !
1521: the Diet of Worms:
Luther’s reply – in German! – to Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor):
“…I do not accept the authority of popes or councils, for they have contradicted each other –
my conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and I will not recant anything, for to
go against conscience is neither right nor safe. Here I stand, I cannot do otherwise. God help
me. Amen.”
Prince Frederick the Wise of Saxony hides Luther for a year in the Castle of the Wartburg,
during which time Luther:
A big event in 1525:
B. Appeal of Lutheranism in Germany:
1. German townspeople:
2. German nobility (= princes)
1
C. Peace of Augsburg (1555) by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V: “cuius regio, eius religio”:
D. John Calvin (1509-1564):
1. Doctrine of election:
2. Appeal of Calvinism: the following are signs that someone is elected:
E. Puritanism:
F. Anglicanism (= Church of England; see section II below)
G. Counterreformation:
1. The backbone of the counterreformation was:
The Jesuits (= Society of Jesus) formed in 1534 by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556):
2. Council of Trent (1545-1563):
II. The political front: from feudalism to the nation-state
A. The political system of the Middle Ages was feudalism:
Feudalism is based in the practice of vassalage, in which:
Under vassalage,
1. The lord received ___________________ from vassal.
2. The vassal received a fief (= _____________________) from his lord.
3. Serfs: owned no property, but farmed on the vassal’s fiefdom.
B. The political system in the Renaissance was monarchism: the rule of a dynastic nation-state
by a monarch (i.e., either a king or queen).
2 central components of dynastic monarchism:
1. sovereignty:
2. __________________________________.
3. a common _________________________________.
2
1. Monarchism took hold early in Spain:
1469: Ferdinand marries Isabella: effects:
a.
b.
c.
1492: Spain expels ___________________________.
1492 (also): Christopher Columbus:
1496: Juana (daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella) marries Philip of Hapsburg Austria.
1519: Charles V (son of Juana and Philip), becomes Catholic Holy Roman Emperor.
by 1552: ________________________.
1556: Philip II (r. 1556-1598, son of Charles V) becomes _______________________.
1560’s: Philip II invades __________________________.
1558: Philip II’s “Invincible Armada” defeated as it attacks _____________________.
2. Monarchism also took hold early in France:
Valois Kings (1328-1589):
Francis I (r. 1515-1547):
Concordat of Bologna (1516):
the Pope got:
but Francis I got:
Gallican (=French) Church:
1519: Francis I tries unsuccessfully to
1525: attacks Pavia (Italy). What happens:
Affair of the Placards (1534):
The result of the Affair of the Placards:
Henry II (r. 1547-1559)
1533: marries Catherine de Medici (1519-1589).
Dukes of Guise:
3
Francis II (1544-1560, r. 1559-1560):
Charles IX (1550-1574, r. 1560-1574):
1562: Huguenots (Protestant minority):
1572: Charles IX orders Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre:
Henry III (r. 1574-1589).
Vindiciae contra Tyrannos (1579):
Catholic League (“One King, one law, one faith”):
1588: Henry III arranges murders of:
1589: dies of stab wounds inflicted by Jacques Clement, a fanatical Dominican monk.
Bourbon Kings (1589-1792):
Henry of Navarre (= Henry IV = Henry the Great) (r.1589-1610):
Raised and educated a Protestant, but in 1572 married Catholic Margaret of Valois
(sister of Charles IX).
1593: accepts Catholicism, “Paris is worth a ___________________”
Edict of Nantes (1598, revoked in 1685):
The significance of Henry IV for France:
1610: Assasinated by Francois Ravaillac, religious fanatic.
Assassination of Henry IV comparable to that of ___________________________ .
3. Finally, monarchism took hold early in England:
English Tudor monarchs (1485-1603):
Henry VII (r. 1485-1509):
a. unified his House of Lancaster with House of York by marrying Elizabeth.
b. broke the political power of the lords.
Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547):
1509: marries Catholic Catherine of Aragon (with a special dispensation from the
Pope), but have only one surviving child (Mary I, born in 1516).
1527-1534: Henry VIII tries (unsuccessfully!) to:
4
1533: Archbishop Thomas Cranmer:
Act of Supremacy (1534):
1533-43: marries the next 5 of his 6 wives, only one of whom survives him!
1536-1540: ______________________ the Catholic monasteries in England and
____________________________.
Edward VI (1537-1553, r. 1547-1553)
Advanced Reformation in England.
1549: English Book of Common Prayer issued and made obligatory.
1552: New, more Protestant, Prayer Book issued.
Mary I (= Mary Tudor = Bloody Mary; r. 1553-1558): Catholic zealot.
Mary I undoes changes in _______________________.
Mary I restores ________________________.
1556:
1557:
Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603).
Rules during England’s _____________________________________:
1559: new Act of Supremacy:
1570: Pope ______________________________.
1587: Catholic Mary Queen of Scots ________________________________
1588: destruction of ________________________________.
Comparison of Elizabeth I of England with Henry IV of France:
Whereas Henry IV managed tensions between _____________ and
5
_____________,
Elizabeth I managed tensions between ______________, ______________, and
____________.
4. But monarchism was slow to take hold in Germany:
Holy Roman Empire (800/962-1806):
After 1438 the imperial office was held, with one exception, by the (Austrian) House of
Hapsburg. Some Habsburg Holy Roman Emperors:
Emperor Charles V (r. 1519-1556):
Emperor Ferdinand I (r. 1556-1564):
Emperor Ferdinand II (r. 1619-1637): begins ________________________ (1618-1648).
C. Dynastic monarchism and the nation-state contributed to the decline of the influence of the
Church because:
1. subjects:
2. kings:
3. nations:
D. The bottom line:
6