1
Dr. Jucovy - American History V
Exam Review Sheet
(1996-7)
June Final
Wade-Davis bill: required that 50% of a state must take an oath of loyalty before being
readmitted to the Union; vetoed by Lincoln; did not require black suffrage but enforced
emancipation; allowed election of delegates for a constitutional convention by those who
swore they never willingly supported the Confederacy
Lincoln’s Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction: allowed pardon (except for a
few exceptions) to Southerners who acknowledged the legality of emancipation and took
oath of loyalty to Union; required only 10% of the people to take oaths in order to set up
new government
Johnson’s Reconstruction policy: allowed for rapid restoration of states; more
exclusions from amnesty but also more pardons; no “10% rule” but required ratification
of 13th amendment and repudiation of secession
Civil Rights Act of 1866: passed over Johnson’s veto; nullified Black Codes and
guaranteed equal security and laws to those which whites have
Freedman’s Bureau bill: 1865; provided for immediate needs of ex-slaves; set up
schools, courts, and hospitals; made labor contract agreements; rented or sold confiscated
or abandoned land to blacks
First Reconstruction Act of 1867: AKA Military Reconstruction Act; made 10 states
into 5 military districts; required acceptance of 14th Amendment and black suffrage;
statehood allowed on passage of constitution by adult males
Tenure of Office Act: 1867; required Senate approval for removal of presidential
appointees
Ku Klux Klan Acts: 1870-71; AKA Three Enforcement Acts; protected freedmen’s
right to vote; supervise elections; outlawed Klan activities; made interference with voting
a federal crime; allowed president to call out troops and suspend writ of habeus corpus
Civil Rights cases: Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 - allowed segregation if facilities were
equal (here, in separate railroad seating); Williams v. Mississippi, 1898 - allowed states to
control voting procedure by permitting literacy tests; Cumming v. Board of Education,
1899 - allowed for segregated schools by allowing separate schools for whites even if no
comparable ones made for blacks
Homestead Act: 1862; allowed for cheap purchase of 160 acres if the owner would
improve on it for 5 years; increased Western settlement; many lands abandoned because
of bleak life in Great Plains
Timber Culture Act: 1873; amended to Homestead Act to grant another 160 acres to
those who planted 40 acres of trees in 4 years
Timber and Stone Act: 1878; sold barren land for $2.50 per acre
Desert Land Act: 1877; resulted in purchase of 2.5 million acres of Western land;
tentative ownership of 640 acres at $0.25 per acre; receive full title after irrigating for 3
years and then paying another $1 per acre
National Reclamation Act: 1902; AKA Newlands Act; set aside money from sale of
lands for irrigation
2
Dawes Severalty Act: 1887; designed to assimilate Indians; divided tribal lands among
individual families who got full title after 25 years; half of Indian land lost to white
settlement; gave citizenship to Indians who gave up tribal loyalties
Munn v. Illinois: 1877; said that state could set a maximum on storage fees in granaries
owned by railroad companies because it concerned the public interest
Wabash case: 1886; AKA Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Co. v. Illinois, said that
only Congress could regulate matters that extended beyond a single state; weakened
decision in Munn v. Illinois
Pendleton Act: 1883; created Civil Service Commission whose 3 members would be
presidential appointees; determined fitness of civil service workers; listed officers for
merit appointments
Sherman Anti-trust Act: 1890; prohibited monopolies that combined in restraint of
trade; corporations got around it by making holding companies; not enforced by courts
United States v. E.C. Knight Co.: 1895; crippled antitrust laws by saying they only
applied to commerce and not manufacturing; turned the laws against striking workers
Bland-Allison Act: 1878, called for purchase of $2-4 million in silver per month to
make into money by the government; provided for a useless international monetary
conference; increased money in circulation to raise crop prices and industrial wages
Sherman Silver Purchase Act: 1890; used to halt decline in silver prices and to
improve economy; provided for further purchase of silver by U.S. Treasury for notes
redeemable in gold; repealed in 1893
Gold Standard Act: 1900; committed U.S. to gold standard; standardized the gold
dollar as 25.8 grains; established gold reserve of $150 million to back paper money;
chartered small town banks
McKinley Tariff Act: 1890; unpopular because it raised tariffs; average duty was
49.5%; new duties on agricultural items; ended duty on raw sugar and had bounty of
$0.02 per pound on domestic sugar
Dingley Tariff Act: 1897; tariffs raised to new high average of 57%; restored
reciprocity; had high duties on many items; unchanged until 1909
Interstate Commerce Act: 1887; 5 person agency called the Interstate Commerce
Commission that made railroads publicly post fair fates; outlawed pools, rebates, and
discrimination between long and short hauls; investigated complaints against railroads;
ineffective because first chairman favored railroads and Supreme Court decisions
weakened it
Elkins Act: 1903; amended the Interstate Commerce Act by defining and reinforcing it
Hepburn Act: 1906; amended the Interstate Commerce Act by enlarging it to 7 people,
setting rates and bookkeeping methods, and prohibiting free passes and transporting
goods made by railroad companies
Mann-Elkins Act: 1910; strengthened ICC by allowing them to control the
communication industry and suspend rate increasing until they were deemed reasonable
Northern Securities v. United States: 1902; initiated by Roosevelt to break up this
railroad monopoly; Court ruled to dissolve company in 1904; labeled Roosevelt as an
opponent of trusts even though more cases brought under Taft
Pure Food and Drug Act: 1906; forbade making or selling of adulterated foods or drugs
and mislabeling of interstate items; reaction to muckraking
3
Payne-Aldrich Tariff: 1909; protectionist; favored Eastern industry; increased some
duties; not as much tariff reform as promised by Taft and Republicans; made overall tariff
of 37%
Federal Workmen’s Compensation Act: one of Wilson’s reforms; established
compensation for government employees
Keating-Owen Act: 1916; forbade interstate shipping of goods made by children under
14 (companies) or 16 (mines)
Tariff Commission Act: 1916; created expert commission to recommend tariff rates
Federal Reserve Act: 1913; AKA Glass-Owen Act; created flexible economy to adjust
to needs of economy; created Federal Reserve system of 12 districts with Federal Reserve
bank in each district; were depositories for all national banks and other banks and trust
companies joining the system
Clayton Anti-trust Act: 1914; strengthened Sherman Anti-trust Act by including other
things; included many other corporate practices; officers of the corporation made liable;
no use of injunctions in labor disputes except to prevent property damage; labor unions
exempted, including strikes, boycotts, and picketing
Platt Amendment: 1901; Cuba barely independent; can’t make treaties to impair
independence; can’t take on debts that can’t pay; lease Guantanamo to U.S. as naval base;
America could intervene; all of this part of Cuba’s constitution
Dooley v. U.S.: one of a series of cases from 1901-4 that said that Constitution did not
apply to annexed territories; Congress could give rights and citizenship
Underwood-Simmons Tariff: 1913; reduced and eliminated tariffs on many items;
average tariff was 27%; made a graduated income tax on incomes of $4,000 and over up
to 6% for incomes over $500,000
Federal Trade Commission: created by Federal Trade Commission Act in 1914; 5
person group that investigates corporations and requires them publish their activities;
could issue cease-and-desist orders against any corporation found guilty of using unfair
methods of competition, which were not defined as of yet
Radical Reconstruction: made new state constitutions under military supervision; all
but three states readmitted in 1868; included black suffrage and civil rights; established
segregated schools and social services; extended women’s rights; reformed criminal
codes; initiated economic recovery programs; no provisions for land confiscation or
distribution
Black Codes: required blacks to carry freedom-papers; limited or denied blacks of their
civil rights
Sharecropper: occupation of many ex-slaves because they did not or could not own
land; allowed for little economic opportunity because of its inherent inefficiency; returned
blacks to a quasi-slavery
Scalawag: Southern white Republicans in Union areas not liked by Conservative
Democrats; helped secure Republican power in South
Carpetbagger: Northerners who moved South after the Civil War seeking economic
opportunities or positions as teachers or missionaries
40 Acres and a Mule: misconception that blacks were going to be granted 40 acres and a
mule from property confiscated from or abandoned by ex-Confederates
4
Greenbacks: paper currency issued by Congress; not sound money but only partially
removed by Grant; Redemption Act of 1875 paid for greenbacks in gold
Credit Mobilier scandal: under Grant’s administration, one of many scandals; profits
from construction of Union Pacific Railroad went to road’s promoters
Whiskey Ring: another example of fraud during Grant’s presidency
Compromise of 1877: last federal troops would leave South Carolina and Louisiana;
Republicans would support Southern states financially and politically; Hayes would be
elected; solved problems with election of 1876
Redeemers: AKA Bourbons; corrupt oligarchy; similar to ruling class of planters before
the war; included businessmen; ended of military occupation of South; Conservative
Democrats controlled of the Solid South; Hayes appointed ex-Confederate as PostmasterGeneral; passed Jim Crow segregation laws; caused thousands of disillusioned blacks to
move to Kansas in 1877, called Exodusters
Trusts: type of business organization that started in 1860s and 1870s; board of trustees
make up a holding company hat runs the business; stockholders receive trust certificates
Populists: founded in 1891 through the Farmers’ Alliance; affected elections from 18921908; supported coinage of silver, government ownership of railroads and
communication, a graduated income tax; direct election of Senators, postal savings banks,
and use of initiative, referendum, and recall; failed because of lack of support from labor,
because the major parties took its platform, and because farmers stopped supporting them
when things got better
Homestead Strike: 1892; very violent; occurred when Carnegie Steel Company cut
wages of workers of the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers, an affiliate
of the American Federation of Labor; 300 Pinkerton detectives killed 7 men while
braking the strike; workers beat detectives on July 6; manager Henry C. Frick got
governor of Pennsylvania to send 8,000 National Guard troops; union surrendered 4
months after strike began; by 1900, Amalgamated’s membership was 7,000 from 24,000
in 1891
Pullman Strike: 1894; workers of Pullman Palace Car Company struck to protest a 25%
wage decrease; Eugene V. Debs helped by having the American Railway Union boycott
Pullman cars in 27 states, paralyzing transportation; Illinois governor wouldn’t send out
troops but President Cleveland sent 2,000 in order to restore order and protect mail;
Attorney General forbade interference with mail by striking but they did anyway so they
were put in jail; strike ended because union leaders were in jail; this injunction was used
against many strikers
Industrial Workers of the World: started in 1905; organized unskilled industrial
workers; militant; wanted one big union of every worker; wanted to build a cooperative,
voluntary society; dies out after 1913
Knights of Labor: founded in 1869; opened to skilled and unskilled workers; supported
8-hour work day, abolition of child labor, safety and health laws, prohibition of foreign
contract labor, unions, graduated income taxes, and government control of railroads and
other public utilities; height at 1866; disappeared after 1890
American Federation of Labor: started in 1881; made up of skilled craftsmen;
excluded women and unskilled workers, about 90% of the work force; supported higher
wages, better conditions, 8-hour day, usage of union-made products, laws in favor of
5
labor; half a million members by 1900; advocated collective bargaining or strikes if
necessary
Carnegie, Andrew: Scottish; opened steelworks in Pittsburgh in 1873; bought out
rivals; sold out to U.S. Steel Company in 1901; big philanthropist who gave back to
society
Rockefeller, John D.: consolidated oil industry by 1879 and form the Standard Oil Trust
in 1882; had 40 corporations and controlled oil refining; dissolved by Ohio courts in
1892; reorganized as holding company; permanently dissolved by Supreme Court in
1911; also devoted end of life to charity
Imperial Presidency:
Bryan, William Jennings: Democratic and Populist presidential candidate in 1896;
supported unlimited coinage of silver; also Democratic candidate in 1908; prosecuted
Scopes for teaching evolution
Mahan, Alfred T.: admiral in navy; proponent of imperialism in several books; argued
that industrializaton needed the support of overseas markets; said we need larger
merchant and navy fleets in order to have these markets; said a colonial empire would
strengthen the country; influenced policy enough to make the U.S. Navy the world’s third
largest by 1900
Social Darwinism: applied Darwin’s laws of natural selection and evolution to society
popularized by intellectuals in late 19th century; rich people survive because of hard work
while poor people are that way by their own fault; society will benefit from triumph of the
strong; economy controlled by competition; similar to Adam Smith, especially with
regard to supply and demand; businessmen supported free market by also tried to
eliminate competition and control the market; helped justify action of Carnegie,
Rockfeller, and others; some criticized the basis that the natural laws could be applied to
society
Farmers’ Alliance: created in 1873 before fall of the Grange movement; supported
social gatherings for education, organization against railroad abuses, industrial
monopolies, and currency control, and cooperation among farmers, including women;
formed cooperatives, stores, and banks; got power through Democratic part and later by
forming the Populist or Peoples’ party
Sub-Treasury System: 12 banks under Federal reserve system
Josiah Strong: Congregational clergyman; advocate of expansion; believed in G-d-given
responsibility of Anglo-Saxon Christians to spread its institutions
Emilio Aguinaldo: led Filipino revolt against U.S. after the Spanish-American War;
continued from February 4, 1899 to 1902; captured in 1901 and declared allegiance to
U.S.
Taft Commission: under the Philippine Government Actin 1902, was the body to govern
the Philippines until it set up a two-house legislature, the lower of which would be
elected
Open Door Notes: sent to Germany, England, Russia, France, Japan, and Italy saying
that they should respect China’s independence and allow free trade
Treaty of Paris: signed on December 10, 1898ending the Spanish-American War which
lost 5,000 lives (only 379 in battle); Spain had to withdraw from Cuba and recognize its
independence; U.S. got Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines for $420 million
6
Wisconsin Idea: started by William La Follette; very important reform program in state
government; had commission on factory safety and sanitation; improved education,
workers’ compensation, public utilities, and conservation; lowered railroad rates and
raised railroad taxes; adopted direct primary for all political nominees and a state income
tax
Square Deal: Progressive reforms; president took very active role; introduced by
Roosevelt; started federal regulation of economic affairs; created new departments and
commissions and regulated big business
New Nationalism: Roosevelt’s platform as a Progressive candidate; supported federal
child labor law, workmen’s compensation, regulation of labor relations, and a minimum
wage for women; also advocated tariff reform, women’s suffrage, direct election of
senators, direct primaries, anti-trust laws, and initiative, referendum, and recall
New Freedom: Wilson’s platform; advocated end of monopolies; wanted reform of
tariffs, income tax, currency, credit, and anti-trust laws; continued New Nationalism by
expanding roles of government in regulating economy and society; Progressive
Pinchot-Ballinger affair: Chief of U.S. Forestry Service Pinchot accused Secretary of
the Interior Ballinger of allowing people to exploit coal and timber because he profited
from it; Ballinger had removed 1 million acres of forest and mineral land from reserved
list; Taft supported Ballinger; Taft dismissed Pinchot when he asked Congress to
investigate; Congress cleared Ballinger; contributed to splitting Republican party
La Follette, Robert M.: started the Wisconsin Idea; very Progressive; governor of
Wisconsin and senator; in 1991, became head of National Progressive Republican League
in order to liberalize the Republicans; supported by those against conservatism of Taft;
helped created Progressive party
Hay, John: McKinley’s secretary of state; started the open door policy and sent the open
door notes
Sussex pledge: unarmed French steamer, the Sussex, attacked by Germany and several
Americans injured; Wilson made Germany promise not to sink without warning and to
safeguard noncombatants; torpedo attacks resumed in January 1917 anyway
Lusitania: in 1915, the British passenger ship sunk by a German U-boat; 128 Americans
killed; Wilson demanded that Germany respect neutral countries, including American
travelers on nonmilitary ships of warring countries
Unrestricted submarine warfare: 1941; undeclared naval war; German U-boat fired on
American destroyer Greer; Roosevelt ordered attacks on German submarines on sight;
American destroyer Reuben James sunk by Nazi submarines and American sailors died;
Congress allowed merchant ships to be armed and to enter belligerent ports
Fourteen Points: made by Wilson; told to Congress on January 8, 1918; wanted them to
be basis for peace terms for WWI; wanted self-determination of nations, boundary
adjustments, freedom of the seas, respect for natives of colonies, free trade, arms
reduction, and impartial settlement of colonial claims; proposed League of Nations to
implement the principles and solve future problems;
Treaty of Versailles: signed in June 1919 to end WWI; not approved by Senate because
of clause for League of Nations; Congress adopted joint resolution to recognize end of
war on August 25, 1921
7
Irreconciliables: people wouldn’t accept 14 Points plan because of the League of
Nations; fierce isolationists
Isolationism: idea that America should stay out of foreign affairs, especially wars
Dawes Plan: 1924; American private banks loaned money to Germany to stimulate its
economy; that would allowed Germany to back reparations to European Allies who could
then pay back U.S.; England and France would reduce amount of reparations owed over 5
years; got Nobel Peace prize for this
Young Plan: 1929; redid the Dawes plan to manage future war debts and reparations;
reduced Germany’s reparations to $8 billion; allowed payment over the next 59 years
Washington Naval Conference: 1921-2; initiated by Secretary of State Evan Hughes;
attempted to prevent naval race between U.S., England, and Japan; those three met with
France, Italy, Belgium, Portugal, the Netherlands, and China in Washington; created 3
treaties; the Five-Power Pact - U.S., England, Japan, Italy, and France won’t build ships
for 10 years; limited tonnage of ships in a ratio of 5:5:3:1.75:1.75, respectively; the NinePower Pact - maintained China’s independence and the open door policy; the Four-Power
Pact - U.S., England, France, and Japan agreed to respect each other’s rights in Pacific
and to settle disputes with negotiations
Kellogg-Briand Pact: 1928; made by secretary of state of U.S. and foreign minister of
France; outlawed war as method to enforce policy; signed by 14 nations and then by 48
more; no provision for enforcement except moral force of world opinion
National Origins Act: 1929; limited total number of immigrants in one year to 150,000;
quotas for each nationality depended on number of them in U.S. in 1920
Red scare: 1919; communist victory in Russian Revolution in 1917 created fears of
revolution in U.S.; Soviet Union made the Communist International to create revolutions
throughout the world; radicals blamed for labor and racial unrest; series of bombings is
spring of 1919; led to anti-Communist measures
Scopes trial: 1925 Tennessee fundamentalist law forbade teaching evolution; Scopes
was arrested for teaching it; defended by Clarence Darrow; attracted international
attention and broadcasted by radio; convicted and fined but later Tennessee Supreme
Court remitted the fine
Reconstruction Finance Corporation: 1933; part of Roosevelt’s New Deal; pumped
over $1 billion into economy; fought the Great Depression
Agricultural Adjustment Act: 1933; subsidized farmers to reduce output on certain
items; financed by a processing tax on commodities involved
National Recovery Administration: created in 1933 by the Nation Industrial Recovery
Act; allowed each industry to make its own codes of fair practices; established working
conditions; abolished child labor; workers allowed to form unions and have collective
bargaining
Public Works Administration: 1933; distributed money for public works programs;
made jobs for construction of buildings, roads and other public works; had $3.3 billion
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation: 1933; set up under Glass-Steagall Banking
Act
Social Security Act: 1935; created many programs; provided for old age, survivors’, and
disability insurance; established unemployment compensation; began pension system in
1942 by taking a payroll tax; many workers excluded at first
8
Wagner Act: 1935; AKA National Labor Relations Act; created National Labor
Relations Boards; outlawed unfair labor practices; ensured collective bargaining for
unions; forced managers to negotiate wages, hours, and conditions; prevented some forms
of union-busting
Tennessee Valley Authority: built a series of dams in 7 states along the Tennessee
River to ease navigation, control flooding, and produce electricity; cheap and abundant
electricity helped lift the South out of poverty
Works Progress Administration: 1935; spent $5 billion on emergency relief; put the
unemployed on the federal payroll; helped ease the Depression even though the jobs were
worthless
Keynes: economist whose theories became popular during the 1950s; government
spending, called pump-priming, along with currency management could stimulate the
economy, cure recession, and curb growth to prevent inflation; believed in permanent
economic stability and growth
Court-packing crisis: submitted by Roosevelt to Congress in February 1937; proposed
to add 6 judges to Supreme Court, one for each judge over 70; response to Court’s
invalidation of his New Deal legislation; rejected by Congress because it was obviously a
political move; Roosevelt ended up choosing 7 new judges anyway from 1937-41
Nye Commission: 1934; Senate investigation of U.S. entrance to WWI; decided arms
dealers had pushed us into war for financial reasons; resulted in isolationist feelings
Neutrality Acts: 1935 - president could have arms embargo on any warring nation for 6
months; forbade U.S. citizens from going on foreign ships except at their own risk; didn’t
prohibit sale of steel, oil, and copper; 1936 - continued the one from 1935 and forbade
loans and credit to warring nations; 1937 - president could decide if there was state of war
and have embargo; belligerents had to buy nonmilitary goods through cash and carry;
1939 - lifted embargo on England and France; kept cash and carry; president could
prohibit American ships from going into war zones
Quarantine Speech: October 5, 1937; Roosevelt spoke against isolationism of
Neutrality Acts; recommended quarantine of belligerents; response also to Japan’s
fighting in China
Cash and carry: countries at was had to pay cash for goods (no credit) and use their
own ships (no delivery) – SORRY, NO C.O.D.s!
Destroyers for bases: September 1940; Roosevelt gave 50 U.S. destroyers to England
for 99-year leases on English naval and air bases in West Indies and Atlantic
Lend-Lease: March 1941; president could lend or lease arms and equipment to nations
whose security is vital to U.S.; designed to help Britain but extended to Soviet Union in
1941
Reuben James: [see “Unrestricted submarine warfare”]
Kearney: U.S. destroyer damaged by German submarine on October 17, 1941
Second front: at Casablanca Conference in January 1943, Roosevelt and Churchill
decide to open second front; Soviets wanted this so Germany would have to fight another
front besides them; U.S. wanted a direct route through France; England wanted a
roundabout way through North Africa, Italy, and Sicily; England’s way done first and
America’s only later
Operation Torch: joint English and American invasion of North Africa
9
Operation Overlord: joint English and American invasion of Europe
Midway: site of huge U.S. naval victory over Japan; ended Japan’s chances and forced
them to give up Pacific; turning point of WWII in Pacific
Yalta Conference: February 1945; Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin agree to divide
Germany into occupation zones; Soviet Union gets half of Poland and other parts of Far
East, including parts of Korea and some islands; plan for United Nations ratified
Potsdam Conference: July 1945; Truman, Attlee, and Stalin plan reconstruction of
Europe and how to deal with Germany; Council of Foreign Ministers made to make peace
treaties for Axes; Potsdam Declaration on July 26, 1945 demanded Japan’s unconditional
surrender
Truman Doctrine: stated before Congress on March 12, 1947; communism is an
ideological threat that must be fought everywhere; urged support for nations threatened
by communism; led Congress to approve $400 million to help Turkey and Greece fight
perceived Communist aggression
Marshall Plan: announced by secretary of state at Harvard graduation in 1947;
Truman’s Monroe Doctrine; granted over $12 billion to Europe; Soviet Union preferred
to keep communism instead of taking money; was humanitarian and political; would aid
growth of Europe and indirectly America and halt communism
North Atlantic Treat Organization: 1949; formed by 12 Western European nations;
declared that attack on one equaled attack on all; military force kept to prevent Soviet
invasion of Europe
Containment: outlined by George F. Kennan, a diplomat; said that if we contain Soviet
Union, communism will collapse because it needs to expand; focus of Truman Doctrine
NSC-68: document that stated national defense policy; advocated massive expansion of
military; rejected isolation; saw Soviet Union as mortal enemy of U.S.’ approved by
National Security Council in April 1950; showed Truman’s commitment to win Cold
War at any cost
Massive nuclear retaliation brinksmanship: stop nuclear war by going to the brink;
they won’t bomb if they know we’re serious
Berlin blockade: 1948-9; England, France, and U.S. made their occupation zones into
West Germany; Soviet Union prohibited travel between Berlin and West Germany; Air
Force lifted good to West Berlin for a year until Stalin ended blockade; Germany
officially divided in October 1949
Baruch Plan: plan for disarmament after WWII; wanted to create international agency to
oversee fissionable materials and bombs
Truman-MacArthur dispute in Korean Conflict: commander of troops there wanted
to start fighting China; Truman removed him because he didn’t want to fight China
Fair Employment Practices Committee: committee under Roosevelt to end
discrimination in war industries; in return, black laborers would drop other integration
demands
Taft-Hartley Act: 1947; AKA Labor-Management Relations Act; considered antiunion;
passed over Truman’s veto; prohibited the closed shop; required union leaders to take
non-Communist oath; forbade union contributions to campaigns; made union publicize
financial statements; made 60-day cooling-off period before striking; allowed suits
10
against unions for broken contracts and damages; symbolized end of New Deal reform by
Republican Congress
Fair Deal: Truman’s liberal agenda, 21-point domestic program told to Congress on
September 16, 1945; New Deal-like; supported expansion of Social Security, increase of
minimum wage, fight against poverty, public housing, and government-funded research;
conservatism blocked later added reforms
Loyalty Review Board: under Federal Loyalty Program started in1947; investigated
federal workers; fired those who were security risks; many resigned due to the
persecution; copied by state and local governments; courts were harsh; schools and union
also got rid of Communist sympathizers
McCarthyism: led by senator who claimed to have list of 205 Communists in State
Department; investigated many federal employees; attacked Truman and Eisenhower for
allowing communism to grow in the U.S. government; end when Senate censured
McCarthy on December 2, 1954
Army-McCarthy hearings: McCarthy accused army of communism; they resisted and
stopped him
Rosenbergs, Ethel and Julius: convicted (1951) and executed (1953) on charges of
atomic espionage
Hiss trial: Chambers, a confessed Soviet spy accused Hiss of stealing State Department
documents; went to jail for 5 years for perjury
House Un-American Activities Committee: established under Roosevelt in 1938;
disclosed foreign influences in U.S.; used in 1947 by republicans to link Democrats to
communism; investigated film industry for having Soviet propaganda
Sputnik: Soviet satellite that was first one put into orbit showed American that Soviets
were ahead in science; lead to increased spending on space program (started in 1958) and
education in math and science
Federal Aid Highway Act: 1956; gave $26 billion to build a national highway system
over 10 years; raised money through new taxes on fuel, tires, cars, and trucks
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas: 1954; Supreme Court unanimously
decided against separate but equal decision in Plessy v. Ferguson; called for
desegregation of schools; defied by South
Montgomery bus boycott: against segregation; ended when Supreme Court ruled
against segregation in public transit systems
Southern Christian Leadership Conference: led by King, Jr.; was interracial;
advocated nonviolent resistance to discrimination
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee: coordinated sit-ins for racial equality
Congress of Racial Equality: organized freedom rides during 1961 on buses going from
Washington, D.C., to New Orleans; Interstate Commerce Commission desegregated all
interstate transportation
Greensboro, North Carolina lunch counter sit-in: February 1, 1960; 4 blacks sat in
white section at Woolworth and didn’t move; initiated idea of sit-ins
Freedom rides: interracial rides on interstate buses to protest segregation of buses, rest
rooms, and restaurants; often ended in violence
Birmingham, Alabama: King, Jr. put in jail there but released by Kennedy
11
Gideon v. Wainwright: one of the Warren Court’s decisions; 1963; every felony
defendant has the right to a lawyer regardless of the ability to pay under the 6th
amendment
Miranda v. Arizona: 1966; authorities must inform criminal suspects of their rights under
the 5th and 6th amendments
Escobedo v. Illinois: 1964; a defendant must be allowed a lawyer before being
questioned by the police
Baker v. Carr: 1962; one person, one vote rule; states must represent all citizens equally,
not by geography
Civil Rights Act: 1964; prohibited discrimination by employers; granted equal access to
schools and public accommodations; created Equal Opportunity Commission to prevent
discrimination due to religion, nationality, race, or sex; gave new powers to Attorney
General to enforce these rules
Voting Rights Act: 1965; allowed Attorney General to send people to register Southern
voters; outlawed literacy and other voting tests
New Frontier: name for Kennedy’s program of domestic legislation; supported aid to
public schools, wilderness preservation, federally funded mass transit; medical insurance
for the elderly funded by Social Security; opposed by Congress; appointed bright, young,
ambitious people to help him; wanted presidency to be active and visible
Great Society: Johnson’s domestic program; focused on war on poverty; helped poor
children, dropouts, unemployed teens, college financing, urban areas learn to help
themselves; included more workers and benefits in Social Security; created Department
of Housing and Urban Development; had new environmental laws to clean water and air;
tax increase in 1967 to curb inflation; $6 reduction in funding for programs; economy
affected by Vietnam War
Quemoy and Matsu: 2 small islands off coast of Taiwan; attacked by China; U.S.
threatened to use nuclear missiles to stop aggression in fall of 1954
Formosa: Taiwan; location of exiled Chinese nationalists government who lost to
Communists; U.S. protected it by keeping China from Quemoy and Matsu; U.S. promised
Chaing-Kai-Shek to protect Formosa
Suez crisis: Nasser took over Egypt in 1954 after it gained independence from England
in 1952; Nasser closed the canal run by England and France; Israeli, British, and French
forces took canal; United Nations condemned this action with the U.S.; France and
England withdrew; Egypt and Israel had a cease-fire; Egypt turned to Soviets for help
Beirut: 1958; Eisenhower invade Lebanon to contain communism
Guatemala: 1954; CIA supported coup there
Iran: 1953; CIA agents overthrew Iran’s elected premier in favor of the shah
U-2 incident: U.S. spy plane and pilot Francis Gary Powers shot down over Soviet
Union on May 5, 1960; caused premier Nikita S. Khrushchev to cancel a meeting in Paris
with Eisenhower who authorized the flight; Powers later released
Flexible response: defense strategy under Kennedy which emphasized having new and
more weapons; wanted a variety of options such as Green Berets, bombers, H-bomb
Bay of Pigs: CIA trained anti-Castro Cubans in Central America; invaded Cuba on April
17, 1961 but not supported by populous and American air strikes; complete failure;
Castro won in 2 days
12
Cuban missile crisis: October 1962; intelligence learned that Soviet missiles set up in
Cuba; Kennedy blockaded Cuba; Kennedy agreed not to invade Cuba and to remove
missiles from Turkey if Soviet Union would remove missiles from Cuba; in November
1962, Soviets agreed to dismantle all missile bases in Cuba
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution: 1964; legalized escalation of Vietnam Conflict; response to
supposed attacks by North Vietnam on American destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin
Tet offensive: 1968; Viet Cong attacked U.S. throughout South Vietnam; U.S. won but
showed that war was far from over; stirred anti-war and anti-Johnson feelings
Paris Accords: ended Vietnam Conflict under Nixon; had cease-fire and release of
American prisoners; did not call for North Vietnam withdrawal from South Vietnam or
abandonment of commitment to creation of a reunified Vietnam under communism
Détente: under Nixon, relaxation between U.S. and Communist nations
Henry Cabot Lodge: against Treaty of Versailles because it called for League of
Nations
William Borah: against Treaty of Versailles because it called for League of Nations
Andrew Mellon: secretary of the treasury; reduced government spending a lot under
Harding
Harold Ickes: secretary of interior under Roosevelt; head of PWA; gave out useless jobs
to relieve poverty
Francis E. Townsend: advocated the Townsend plan to pay $200 per month to
unemployed people over 60; started in 1933; funded by 2% tax on business transactions
Huey Long: politician from Louisiana; proposed the share-our-wealth plan; tax high
incomes and inheritances; families would get $5,000 and $2,500 annually
Father Charles E. Coughlin: Catholic priest from Detroit; made National Union for
Social Justice; supported remonetization of silver, issuing of greenbacks, and
nationalization of banking system; gave weekly sermons on the radio
Bernard Baruch: rich businessman who financed WWI and made Baruch plan
Henry Stimson: secretary of war under Truman who suggested dropping the bomb on
Japan
Dean Acheson: supported the bomb, one of chief advisers to Truman
John Foster Dulles: architect of massive retaliation and brinksmanship; antiCommunist; used threat of nuclear weapons; created mutual defense pacts based on
NATO
C. Wright Mills: wrote against corporations in 1950s
David Reisman: Harvard sociologist; social critic; against conformity and new lazy
culture
Jack Kerouac: beatnik writer in the 1950s against materialism
Rosa Parks: arrested after refusing to give her bus seat to a white person
Martin Luther King, Jr.: black civil rights leader; supported nonviolent resistance and
integration; used white brutality to get sympathy
Jim Clark: sheriff of Selma, Alabama violently stopped King, Jr. from registering black
voters in 1965
Bull Connors: cop who used force to stop civil rights movements
Earl Warren: liberal chief justice who handed many important decision, especially
regarding civil rights