Health and Safety Management for Quarry related Degree Courses
Topic Four
Health & Safety
Management
Objectives of this Section
 To define the concepts and components of
a health and safety management system.
 To outline recent developments in health
and safety management including the
development
of
OHSAS18001
and
accreditation.
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Health & Safety Management
Systems: Definition
HSE
“The means by which an organisation controls
risk through the management process”.
BSI
“Part of the overall management system that
facilities the management of the OH&S risks
associated with the business of the
organisation. This includes the organisational
structure, planning activities, responsibilities,
practices,
procedures,
processes
and
resources for developing and achieving,
reviewing and maintaining the organisation’s
OH&S policy”.
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Programmes
 Traditional approach is the use of safety programmes.
 Programmes are focused on compliance with the
standards/regulations
 Programmes do not have the strong or any feedback
mechanisms
 The performance of a programme is measured using
(or reactive) indicators such as the number of
accidents, injuries etc.
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Systems Approach
Four elements common to general systems theories are
input, process, output and feedback.
Systems are also classed as being either open or
closed.
 Open systems interacts with the external environment
and is subject to external influences.
 Closed systems do not interact with the environment
and so their ability to adapt or respond to changing
internal conditions is limited.
INPUT
PROCESS
OUTPUT
FEEDBACK
Organisation
External Environment
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Key Elements of a H&S
Management System (1)
HSE Model (HSG65)
Policy
Organising
Audit
Policy development
Organisational
development
Planning and
Implementation
Measuring
Performance
Developing
techniques of
planning,
measuring and
reviewing
Reviewing
Performance
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Key Elements of a H&S
Management System (2)
Policy
Effective health and safety policies set a clear direction
for the organisation to follow.
Organising
An effective management structure and arrangements
are in place for delivering the policy.
Planning
There is a planned and systematic approach to
implementing the health and safety policy through an
effective health and safety management system.
Measuring performance
Performance is measured against agreed standards to
reveal when and where improvement is needed.
Auditing and reviewing performance
The organisation learns from all relevant experience and
applies the lessons.
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Standardisation
A standard is defined by the BSI as:
“A document, established by consensus and approved
by a recognised body, that provides for common and
repeated use, rules, guidelines, or characteristics for
activities or their results, aimed at the achievement of
the optimum degree of order in a given context”
Recent International Standards
 ISO 9000 series: Quality Management Systems
 ISO 14000 series: Environmental Management
Systems
Standards consist of Specifications and Guidance:
 A specification is a “detailed set of requirements to be
satisfied by a product, material, process or system,
indicating the procedures for checking conformity to
these requirements”. Specifications are written in such
a way to enable conformity to be verified by any party.
 A guidance document provides advice rather than a
set of verifiable requirements and is designed as an
internal management tool.
Recent Developments
 In 1997 the ISO decided not to develop an OHSMS
standard.
 As a result many countries have developed their own.
A recent survey identified 31 such standards.
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BS 8800
 Written as a guidance document
 Based on the management systems models
from both the HSE and ISO 14001.
Gives advice on:
 How to evaluate shortcomings with an
existing health & safety management
system (OHSMS);
 What an adequate system should
comprise of;
 How to progress from existing system to
an adequate system.
Over 7000 copies of BS8800 were sold in
the first twelve months
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BS 8800: Management System Models
Policy
Continual
Continu
Improvement
Improvem
al
ent
Organising
Audit
Management
Manageme
Review
Revie
nt
w
Checking &
Checking
Corrective
Correctiv
Action
&
Status
OHS
Policy
Review
OHS
Policy
OHS
Policy
Planning
Plannin
Planning
g
Implementation
Implementation
& Operation
& Operation
Actio
e
n
ISO 14001
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Planning &
Implementing
Measuring
Performance
Reviewing
Performance
HSE (HSG65)
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OHSAS 18001
1.
Continual
Continu
Improvement
2.
Improvem
al
ent
3.
Management
Manageme
Review
Revie
nt
w
Checking &
Checking
Corrective
Correctiv
Action
&
Status
OHS
Policy
Review
OHS
Policy
OHS
Policy
Planning
Plannin
Planning
g
Implementation
4.
& Implementation
Operation
& Operation
Actio
e
n
5.
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OH&S Policy
1.1. The Health & Safety Policy
Planning
2.1. Planning for hazard identification, risk
assessment and control
2.2. Legal and other requirements
2.3. Objectives
2.4. OH&S management programme(s)
Implementation and Operation
3.1. Structure and responsibility
3.2. Training, awareness and competence
3.3. Consultation and Communication
3.4. Documentation
3.5. Document and data control
3.6. Operational Control
3.7. Emergency preparedness and response
Checking and Corrective Action
4.1. Performance measurement and monitoring
4.2. Accidents, incidents, non-conformances
and corrective and preventative action
4.3. Records and record management
4.4. Audit
Management Review
5.1. Management Review
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OHSAS 18001
 Produced in 1999
 Specification produced by several organisations (both
from the UK and internationally)
 The management system model used in OHSAS
18001 is the ISO 14001 model.
 As a specification, OHSAS 18001 lists a number of
management system requirements using ‘shall’
statements such as ‘the organisation shall establish
and maintain documented health and safety
objectives, at each relevant function and level within
the organisation’.
OHSAS 18002
 Produced in 2000
 Provides generic guideance on the application of
18001.
 This document describes the intent, typical inputs,
processes and typcial outputs, againest each
requirement of 18001
 Purpose is to aid the understanding
implementation of OHSAS 18001.
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Practical Aspects of a H&S
Management System
The Health & Safety Policy (1)
 An OH&S policy establishes an overall sense of
direction and sets the principles of action for an
organisation.
 It sets goals for the level of OHS responsibility and
performance required from the mine.
 It demonstrates the formal commitment towards good
OH&S management, particularly that of the
organisation’s top management.
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The Health & Safety Policy (2)
BS8800 sets out nine specific commitments that must
be included to develop a comprehensive policy
statement.
1. Recognising that OH&S is an integral particle of its
business performance
2. Achieving a high level of OH&S performance, with
compliance to legal requirements as a minimum, and
to
continual
cost-effective
improvement
in
performance.
3. Provide adequate and appropriate resources to
implement the policy
4. The setting and publishing of OH&S objectives, even
if only by internal notification'
5. Place the management of OH&S as a prime
responsibility of line management, from the most
senior executive to first line supervisory level
6. To ensure that the policy statement is understood,
implemented and maintained at all levels in the
organisation
7. Employee involvement and consultation to gain
commitment to the policy and its implementation.
8. Periodic review of the policy, the management system
and audit of compliance to policy
9. Ensure that employees at all levels receive
appropriate training and are competent to carry out
their duties and responsibilities.
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Planning for Health & Safety
Management
Planning for OH&S involves:
Identifying requirements for the system
 - what needs to be done
Setting clear performance criteria
 -what is to be done
Identifying who is responsible
 - who gets it done
Setting time scales
 – when it should be done by
Identifying the desired outcome
 -what should be the result
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Both BS8800 and OHSAS 18001 identify three key area
which need to be addressed during the planning stage.
(1) Risk Assessment and Management
The intent of this requirement is so that the organisation
can appreciate all significant OH&S hazards facing it
using the process of risk management.
(2) Legal requirements
The organisation should identify all legal requirements
applicable to it as well as any other industry or company
specific requirements to which it subscribes
(3) Health & Safety Objectives and Programmes
Health and safety objectives are defined as “the goals in
terms of H&S performance that an organisation sets
itself to achieve and should be quantified wherever
practicable”.
. Examples of types of an OH&S objective include:
 The introduction of additional features into the OH&S
management system (e.g. permit to work systems for
specific tasks, strategic OH&S safety training for
supervisors etc.)
 The improvement of existing features, or the
constancy of their application across the Quarry (e.g.
accident reporting, communication of standard
procedures etc.).
 The elimination or the reduction in frequency of
particular undesired incidents (e.g. reduce accidents
by 20%, remove all hazardous material etc.)
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Implementing H&S Objectives
Suitable indicators should be defined for each objective
to allow for the monitoring of the implementation of the
objectives.
Formal action plans should be drawn up for each OH&S
objective that has been identified. These should identify
the:
 Individuals who are responsible for the deliverance
of the objectives across the Mine and/or within each
operation
 Various tasks that need to be undertaken in order to
meet each objective.
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Implementation & Operation
Roles and Responsibilities
At all levels within the organisation, people need to be
aware of their roles and responsibilities.
1. Individual OH&S responsibilities should be clearly
defined.
2. All personnel should be given the authority and
resources necessary to carry out their responsibilities.
3. Appropriate arrangements should exist whereby
people are held accountable for discharging their
responsibilities.
4. Reporting relationships should be clear and
unambiguous.
5. Where personnel appraisal systems exist OH&S
responsibilities should be included.
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Training & Competence
The organisation should have effective procedures for
ensuring the competence of personnel to carry out their
designated functions.
1. Systematic identification of the competencies
required by each employee
2. Provision of training identified as being
necessary
3. Assessment of individuals to ensure that they
have acquired and maintain the knowledge and
skills necessary for the level of competence
required.
4. The maintenance of appropriate training/skills
records.
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Consultation & Communication
The organisation should encourage participation in a
process of consultation and communication.
This
involves:
A. Identifying and receiving relevant OH&S information
from outside the organisation including:
1. New, or amendments to legislation;
2. Information necessary for the identification of
hazards and evaluation and control of risks;
3. Information and developments in OH&S
management practice.
B. Ensuring that pertinent OH&S information is
communicated to all people in the organisation who
need it. This requires arrangements to:
1. Ensure that information does not just flow
from the top down, but also from the bottom
up
2. Avoiding restricting OH&S items to dedicated
OH&S meetings.
3. Report hazards and shortcomings in OH&S
arrangements;
C. Ensuring that relevant information is communicated
to people outside the organisation who require it.
D. Encouraging feed-back and
employees on OH&S matters.
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suggestions
from
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Documentation
 The organisation should document, and maintain upto-date sufficient documentation on its OH&S
management system.
 This requirement is analogous to Regulation 7 of the
Quarries Regulations, 1999 which require the
production of a health and safety document.
Operational Control
 The organisation should establish and maintain
arrangements to ensure that activities are carried out
safely.
 These arrangements should be based on the results
of the risk assessment, and any health and safety
objectives that have been defined.
 The organisation should also plan and prepare for all
foreseeable accident, incident and emergency
situations.
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Measuring Performance
The key purposes of measuring performance are to:
1) Determine whether OH&S plans have been
implemented and objectives achieved;
2) Check that risk control measures are in place and
are effective;
3) Learn from system failures such as areas of noncompliance, accidents and incidents.
4) Promote the implementation of plans and risk
controls by providing feedback to all parties
5) Provide information that can be used to review, and
if necessary to improve aspects of an OH&S
management system.
An organisation’s performance measurement system
should incorporate both active and reactive monitoring
data.
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Measuring Performance
Active measuring systems
 Used to check compliance with the organisations
OH&S activities.
 Examples of active monitoring data are:
 The extent to which plans  Extent of compliance with
and objectives have been
statutory
requirements
set and achieved.
Frequency of OH&S audits
 Whether a director for  Frequency and effectiveness
OH&S has been appointed.
of OH&S committee meetings.
 Whether a safety policy has  OH&S specialist reports
been published.
 Health Surveillance reports
 The numbers trained in  Workplace exposure levels
OH&S
 Personal protective equipment
 Number
of
risk
use.
assessments completed
 Extent of compliance with
risk controls
Reactive monitoring Systems
 Should be used to investigate, analyse and record
OH&S management system failures including
 Unsafe Acts
 Sickness absences
 Unsafe conditions
 Criticisms made by
regulatory agency staff
 Lost time accidents
 Major accidents &
fatalities
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 Complaints made by
members of the public.
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Measuring Performance
Investigating Accidents and Incidents
 Organisations should have procedures for both the
reporting and investigating of accidents and incidents.
 The prime purpose of these procedures should be to
prevent further occurrence of the situation by
identifying and dealing with the root causes.
Auditing
OH&S auditing is a process whereby an organisation
can review and continuously evaluate the effectiveness
of their OH&S management system.
Safety auditing is a positive and proactive means of
checking the safety performance of an organisation.
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Key Requirements of Auditing
Scheduling
An annual plan should be prepared for carrying out
internal safety audits.
Management Support
To be of value, senior management should be fully
committed to the concept of auditing and its effective
implementation within the organisation
Audits
Audits provide a comprehensive and formal assessment
of the organisation’s compliance with OH&S procedures
and practices.
The end result of an audit should include a detailed
written assessment of OH&S procedures, the levels of
compliance with procedures and practices and should
where necessary identify corrective actions.
Auditors
One or more persons may undertake audits. A team
approach may widen the involvement and improve cooperation. They should be independent of the part of
the organisation or the activity that is to be audited.
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Key requirements of Auditing
Data collection and interpretation
Relevant documentation should be examined. This may
include.
 OH&S management system documentation
 OH&S Policy statement
 OH&S emergency procedures
 Permit to work systems and procedures
 Minutes of OH&S meetings
 Accident/Incident Reports and records
 Training records
 Reports or communication with the enforcing authority
Audit results
At the end of the audit, and before submitting their
report, the auditor or the Audit team should hold a
meeting with the responsible manager of the audited
area.
The main purpose of such a meeting is to communicate
the results of the audit to the responsible manager in
order to ensure that it is understood and agreement is
reached.
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Key requirements of Auditing
Content of the Report
The content of the final audit report should, depending
on the case, contain the following elements:
 The audit objectives and scope
 the particulars of the audit plan, identification of the
members of the auditing team and the audited
representative, dates of audit and identification of the
area subject to audit;
 The identification of reference handbooks used to
conduct the audit;
 The cases of non conformance.
 The auditors assessment of the degree of conformity
to OHSAS 18001
 The ability of the OH&S management system to
achieve the stated OH&S objectives
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