Cultural Adaptation of Native Americans:
The Pueblo and Plains "Indians"
Sociology/Anthropology 329
Dr. Keith A. Roberts
Spring Term, 2012
Hanover College
Office: FOB 203
Office Phone: 866-7353
Home Phone: 866-2449
COURSE FOCUS AND OBJECTIVES
In this course students will:
•
•
•
•
explore differences between Native American and Anglo cultures.
discover variabilities between the cultures of diverse Native American tribes.
investigate cultural adaptations of Native Americans to the natural environment.
explore cultural adaptations of Native Americans to the intrusion and dominance of Anglo culture,
including diffusion of material and nonmaterial elements from Anglo culture, attempts at assimilation to
the dominating European culture, and defensive reactions against white dominance.
• compare and contrast the cultural adaptations of the Southwestern pueblo tribes with those of the "plains
Indians."
• learn to critique a museum exhibit and be able to describe the sociological context of museums as
institutions in the modern world.
For those who have never experienced the spectacular scenery and unique topography of the Southwest,
have never taken a hike in the desert, have never walked softly on the Sacred Earth of a pueblo village,
have never admired the delicate artistry of Kiowa-Apache painters or Navajo potters, have never climbed
into an ancient Kiva, have never been awed by the wonder of seeing an Anasazi cliff dweller home, or
have not visited the great sipapu (place of origin/ emergence) that Anglos call the Grand Canyon, the trip
offers educational benefits which cannot be measured by traditional educational standards.
COURSE PROCEDURE
This course is explicitly designed as a Spring term course. It includes many diverse teaching methodologies,
including some rather non-traditional ones: a simulation, on-site lectures at museums and "Indian" reservations,
videos, discussions with museum curators, note-taking on museum exhibits, oral history with Native American
informants, and many group discussions. However, the non-traditional format should not imply to anyone that
this is a less rigorous course intellectually. Rather, the students and instructor will together be exploring issues
and learning inductively. We are partners in a learning experience, but partners in a adventure for which I bear
responsibility for maintaining academic standards. I expect each person to pursue an independent line of
research and to produce a respectable paper which we would all be proud to publish for the larger college
community.
Readings will be assigned for specific class periods and students are expected to come prepared to ask questions
and discuss the assigned material. Students should be learning to take themselves and their colleagues seriously
as scholars. This is a collaborative course in which the quality of our product (our term papers) will depend on
the vigor of the stimulation from the peer culture in which we work.
COURSE REQUIREMENTS
Required Reading
• Robert M. Utley. The Lance and the Shield: The Life and Times of Sitting Bull.
• Edward P. Dozier. The Pueblo Indians of North America.
• Ralph Andrist. "Nits Make Lice." Chapter 3 in The Long Death. (pp. 69-96)
[on reserve in the library]
• Specific works on the plains tribe or the issue you investigate in depth. (See appendix.)
Recommended Reading
• Joseph Marshall III, The Journey of Crazy Horse: A Lakota History.
Examination: There will be one examination over common reading material.
An Intellectual Journal: During the trip, each student will keep an intellectual journal of insights and
observations. Entries should be made every day. These journals will be turned into the instructor every
third day during the trip and again at the end of the trip. The final journal entry, due the day we arrive back
in Hanover, will reflect on the net educational effect of the course, including personal reflections on how
the course has modified the student's thinking and/or world-view.
A Term Paper: Each student will submit a research paper comparing the cultural adaptations of plains
tribes with those of pueblo Indians, The adaptations should explore adaptations to environmental
conditions and to contacts with — and diffusion from — European peoples.
Papers should be typed with double spacing. Quotations and other references should be cited and a
bibliography included.
The mechanics of good written work are crucial to how well you perform. Organization, logical
argumentation, clarity of expression, and correct grammatical construction all contribute to the overall
level of expression of your thoughts. Inability to master the conventions of writing will undermine your
credibility with the reader of your work. Therefore, mechanics and style will be taken into account in
grading.
A peer review draft will be due a day before the completed final paper is due and all students will be
involved in helping each other polish their final draft. Failure to have a draft completed for peer review
2
will affect the final grade. Participation in reviewing and improving the quality of peer papers is a
requirement of the course.
Your audience should be other undergraduate sociology and history students.
The criteria for evaluation will be 1) ability to formulate a clear thesis and support that thesis with accurate
supportive evidence, 2) demonstration of an understanding of the way cultures change and adapt to
surrounding circumstances and forces, 3) sophistication of the comparison and contrast of the Pueblo and
Plains cultural adaptations, and 4) control of the conventions of mechanics and style so that your paper
does not lose credibility with the reader.
SCHEDULE OF GRADING:
Examination
Intellectual Journal
Participation in Discussions/Reviews
Research Paper
TOTAL
100
100
100
200
500
points
points
points
points
points
COURSE OUTLINE
April 30
(Mon.):
Introduction to the course.
Anglos & Indigenous Peoples: Alternative World Views
“Hopi: People of the Corn”
Trip Preparation
Bring to class the suitcase you plan to use for the trip.
Afternoon Session: “Crazy Horse: The Last Warrior"
(video)
1:00
May 1
(Tues.):
Theoretical perspectives.
Plains Culture: Discussion of Robert M. Utley. The Lance and the Shield
Also Read Ralph Andrist. "Nits Make Lice." Chapter 3 (pp. 69-96) in The Long Death. This book
is on reserve in the library.
May 2
(Wed)
The Pueblo "Indians:" History, Cultural Adaptation, and Cultural Integration.
"Tahtonka"
Finish reading The Pueblo Indians of North America to page 176.
Methodology
Afternoon Session: “BaFa, BaFa" (cross-cultural simulation)
1:00-3:00
Implications for understanding another culture.
May 3
May 4
(Thurs.):
(Fri.):
Leave Hanover at 11:00 AM; depart from FOB.
Drive to Rolla, MO. (@ 6½ hours of actual driving time)
Best Western Coachlight
1403 Martin Springs Drive
Rolla, MO. 65401
Drive to Tulsa, OK. (@ 4 1/2 hours)
Thomas Gilcrease Museum [1:30 to 3:30 PM.]
Drive to Oklahoma City, OK (@ 2 hours)
Howard Johnson Express Inn, Airport
400 S. Meridian Ave
Oklahoma City, OK 73108
3
Phone: 573/341-2511
Phone: 405/ 943-9841
May 5
May 6
(Sat.):
(Sun.):
Drive to Anandarko, OK. (@ an hour and a half)
Hall of Fame for American Indians; Plains Indians Museum
Drive to Amarillo, TX. (@ 4 hours)
See "Surviving Columbus: The Story of the Pueblo People"
La Quinta East, Amarillo
1708 Frontage Road (East)
Amarillo, TX. 79102
Phone: 806/379-7486
Drive to Santa Fe, NM (@ 4 1/2 hours)
Visit: Palace of the Governors and the Institute of American
Indian Arts Wander the Streets of Santa Fe and peek in the
numerous Art Galleries (mostly Native American)
Sweat Lodge with Ute Daniel Valdes
Sage Inn
725 Corrillos Rd.
Santa Fe, NM. 87501
Phone: 505/982-5952
May 7
(Mon.):
Finish up anything in Santa Fe
Drive to Albuquerque, NM. — with a stop at Santa Domingo Pueblo and Kauava Pueblo ruins at
Coronado State Park near Bernalillo. (@ 1 hour drive from Santa Fe to Albuquerque)
Sandia Hotel
15 Hotel Circle NE
Albuquerque, NM 87123
Phone: 505/296-4852
(Near Eubank and Lomas intersections)
May 8
(Tues.):
Visit the Maxwell Museum of Anthropology
See "Surviving Columbus: The Story of the Pueblo People"
Sandia Hotel, Albuquerque (see above)
May 9
(Wed.):
Tour the Indian Pueblo Cultural Center
Old Albuquerque square
Sunset at Sandia Peaks
Sandia Hotel, Albuquerque (see above)
May 10
(Thurs.):
Drive to and tour Acoma Pueblo
Drive to Zuni. (If we are lucky, we might get to see a Kachina Dance)
Spend the night in Gallup, NM. (currently a mixed Navajo/Pueblo town;
historically the town where the railroad brought tourists and the beginning
of the end for the Pueblo strategy of cultural isolation.)
America’s Best Value Inn, Gallup
2003 W Historic Hwy 66
Gallup, NM 87301-6807
Phone: 505/722-0757
May 11
(Fri.):
Zuni Pueblo
Zuni Museum
Walk around Zuni and visit Zuni jewelry shops; see Kachina paintings in the Catholic church; meet
with mural painter Alex Seoutena for a group ethnographic interview & oral history session.
Perhaps a Zuni Kachina Dance in the evening (if we are lucky)
America’s Best Value Inn, Gallup (see above)
May 12
(Sat.):
Navajo Reservation; hike with a Dine Guide in Canyon de Chelly
Thunderbird Inn, Chinle, AZ
Chinle, AZ 86503
Phone: 800-679-2473
May 13
(Sun.):
Canyon de Chelly. Drive to Second Mesa
See videotape "Hopi: Songs of the Fourth World"
Possibly a Kachina Dance at First Mesa
A Hopi dinner at the Cultural Center.
Hopi Cultural Center Inn
Second Mesa, AZ.
4
Phone: 928-734-2401
May 14
(Mon.):
Hopi Cultural Center and the Kykotsmovi (modern) & Oraibi (traditional) villages.
Comfort Inn I-40 (Exit 195 off of I40)
2355 S. Beulah Blvd
Flagstaff, AZ 86001
Phone: 928 774-2225
May 15
(Tues.):
Museum of Northern Arizona in Flagstaff, with exhibits on Hopi and Zuni.
Drive to the Grand Canyon—the great Pueblo sipapu
Bright Angel Lodge
P.O. Box 699
Grand Canyon Village South Rim, AZ. 86023
Rooms do not have phones
May 16
(Wed.):
Drive to Cortez, Colorado (with a short side trip to Monument Valley (@ 6 hours of driving time)
Best Value Inn
440 S. Broadway
Cortez, CO. 81321
Phone: 970/565-7778
May 17
(Thurs.):
Tour Mesa Verde, home of the Cliff Dwellers (The "Anasazi" or ancient pueblo peoples)
Drive to Ouray, CO. (@3 1/2 hrs)
Ouray Victorian Inn and Resort
P.O. Box 1812
50Third Avenue
Ouray, CO. 81427
Phone: 970/325-7222
May 18
(Fri.):
See some of the historic Ute territory — the Rocky Mountains.
Take a swim in a natural hot spring pool (sacred to the Ute).
This is mostly a reading day.
Ouray Victorian Inn and Resort (see above)
May 19
(Sat.):
Drive from Ouray to Taos (@ 6 1/2 hours) with a stop in Durango, CO.
Evening: brief lecture on Kit Carson, the Ute, and Chief Ouray.
(Kit Carson broke the back of the Navajos in the 1860s, as we will learn in Canyon de Chelly.
He was a trapper, an "Indian" agent, and an army officer, and was twice married to Native
American women. More than any other Anglo, he personified the doctrine of "Manifest
Destiny" and is probably the most celebrated figure in the "winning of the West.")
El Pueblo Lodge
412 Paseo del Pueblo Norte
Taos, NM. 87571
Phone: 575/758-8700
May 20
(Sun.):
Morning: Taos Pueblo
Afternoon: Drive to Oklahoma City (@ 10½ hours of actual driving time, plus stops)
Best Western, Airport
Phone: 918/ 438-0780
222 N Garnett Rd.
Tulsa, OK 74116
May 21
(Mon.):
Drive to Hanover (@ 11 hours of actual driving time.) Hopefully you can work in the car!
May 22
(Tues):
Write draft; recover.
May 23
(Wed):
1 PM: meet with a draft of your paper to read and critique one another’s papers.
May 24
(Thurs.):
9-12: Video at my house; Submit final draft of paper
5
APPENDIX A:
PUEBLO ETIQUETTE
WHAT TO REMEMBER WHILE YOU ARE VISITING:
Visitors should always respect that the pueblo is home to many Indian families. To avoid an embarrassing
situation, the following guidelines are suggested by the Eight Northern Indian Pueblos Council.
• Each pueblo has its own laws governing the use of cameras (still, movie, digital or video), sketching, and
painting on location. Most pueblos require a permit. Santa Clara does not allow these activities on certain
days. Others, such as San Juan and Santo Domingo, prohibit picture-taking at all times. The Council
recommends you ask for permission before photographing anyone and that you offer a small donation for the
privilege. Remember, cameras can be confiscated.
• Prohibition laws on most pueblos forbid the carrying or use of alcohol or drugs.
• Silence is mandatory during all dances and pueblo ceremonies. This means no questions about ceremonies
or dances while they are underway, no walking across the dance plaza. Do not applaud after the dance or
ceremony.
• Kivas and ceremonial rooms are restricted to use by pueblo members only.
• Cemeteries are sacred burial grounds and are off-limits to non-pueblo members.
• Please do not try to peek into doors and windows as pueblo members live here.
• Many of the adobe structures are hundreds of years old. Do not attempt to climb on top of buildings.
• Nature is sacred on the pueblos; littering is taboo.
• Conduct and dress are anything you would not hesitate to do or wear at your own house of worship.
• Remember: Dances are religious ceremonies.
6
APPENDIX A:
Bibliography on Plains and Pueblo Native Americans
Apache
Adams, Alexander
1971: Geronimo. Da Capo Press, Inc.
Ball, Eve and James Kaymaykla
1970: In The Days of Victorio. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
Basso, Keith H.
1979: Portraits of the Whiteman. Cambridge University Press.
1990: Western Apache Language and Culture. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
Debo, Angie
1976: Geronimo: The Man, His Time, His Place. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
Farrer, Clair R
1994: Thunder Rides a Black Horse: Mescalero Apaches and the Mythic Present. Prospect Hieghts, IL:
Waveland Press.
Lockwood, Frank C.
1938: The Apache Indians. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
Tiller, Veronica E Velarde
1992: The Jicarilla Apache Tribe: A History. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
Worcester, Donald E.
1992: The Apaches: Eagles of the Southwest.. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press
Arapahoe
Kroeber, Alfred L.
1983: The Arapaho. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
Trenholm, Virginia Cole
1986: The Arapahoes: Our People. Norman, OK: The University of Oklahoma Press.
Blackfeet
Ewers, John C.
1958: The Blackfeet: Raiders on the Northwestern Plains. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
1980: The Horse in Blackfoot Indian Culture. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institute Press.
Jackson, John C.
2000: The Piikani Blackfeet: A Culture Under Siege. Missoula, MT: Mountain Press.
Schultz, James Willard (Apikuni)
1962: Blackfeet and Buffalo. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
7
Cheyenne
Berthrong, Donald T.
1963: The Southern Cheyennes. Normal, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
Doresey, George Amos
1971: The Cheyenne. Rio Grande Press.
Grinnell, George Bird
1972: The Cheyenne Indians Volumes 1 and 2. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
Grinnell, George Bird
1956: The Fighting Cheyennes. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
Hoebel, E. Adamson
1960: The Cheyennes: Indians of the Great Plains New York: Holt.
Llewellyn, K.N. and E.A. Hoebel
1973: The Cheyenne Way. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
Comanche
Fehrenbach, T.R.
1974: Comanches: The Destruction of a People. New York: Knopf
Foster, Morris W.
1991: Being Commanche: A Social History of an American Indian Community. Tucson: University of
Arizona Press
Hagan, William T.
1976: United States-Comanche Relations. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press
Jones, David E..
1984: Sanapia: Comanche Medicine Woman. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press (The first 15 pages on
historical background are especially valuable.)
Noyes, Stanley
1993: Los Comances: The Horse People. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
Wallace, Ernest and E. Adamson Hoebel
1986: The Comanches. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
Crow
Crow, Joseph Medicine
1992: From the Heart of the Crow County. Crown Trade Paperbacks
Frey, Rodney
1987: The World of the Crow Indians. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press
Linderman, Frank B.
1962: Plenty Coups, Chief of the Crows. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
1974: Pretty Shield: Medicine Woman of the Crows. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
8
Lowie, Robert H.
1983: The Crow Indians. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
Nabokou, Peter.
1982: Two Leggings. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
Parsons, Elise Clews.
1992: North American Indian Life. New York: Dover Publications.
Voget, Fred W.
1972: The Shoshoni-Crow Sun Dance. Norman, OK.: University of Oklahoma Press.
Voget, Fred W.
1995: They Call Me Agnes: A Crow Narrative Based on the Life of Afnes Yellowtail Deernose. Norman,
OK.: University of Oklahoma Press.
Hopi
Adams, E. Charles.
1991: The Origin and Development of the Katchinu Cult. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
Benedek, Emily
1993: The Wind Won't Know Me New York: Vintage Books
Dockstader, Frederick J.
1985: The Kachina and the White Man: The Influence of White Culture on the Hopi Kachina Culture.
Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
Dozier, Edward P.
1991: Hano: A Tewa Indian Community in Arizona. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Lofton, John
1991: Religion and Hopi Life in the 20th Century. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press..
Sherrow, Victoria.
1993: The Hopi: Pueblo People of the Southwest. Brookfield, CT: Millbrook Press.
Waters, Frank.
1977: Book of the Hopi. New York: Penguin.
Whiteley, Peter M.
1988: Deliberate Acts: Changing Hopi Culture. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
Kiowa
Corwin, Hugh D.
1958: The Kiowa Indians; Their History and Life Stories. Norman, OK: Univ. of Oklahoma Press.
Mayhall, Mildred P.
1971: The Kiowas. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
9
Mishkin, Bernard.
1992: Rank and Warfare Among the Plains Indians. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Wunder, John R.
1989: The Kiowa. New York: Chelsea House Publishing.
Lakota or Dakota (Sioux)
Bailey, John W.
1979: Pacifying the Plains: General Alfred Terry and the Decline of the Sioux, 1866-1890
Contributions in Military History.
Hassrick, Royal B.
1991: The Souix. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
Luther, Standing Bear
1978: Land of the Spotted Eagle. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Marshall, Joseph M. III.
2004: The Journey of Crazy Horse: A Lakota History. New York: Viking
Mooney, James.
1991: The Ghost-Daure Religion and the Sioux Outbreak of 1890. Lincoln, NE: University of Oklahoma
Press.
Neihardt, John G.
1979: Black Elk Speaks. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
Pond, Samuel W.
1986: The Dakota of Sioux in Minesota As They Were in 1834. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society
Press.
Powers, Marla N.
1986: Oglala Women. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Utley, Robert M.
1995: The Last Days of the Souix Nation. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Walker, James R.
1982: Lakota Society. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
Navajo
Bailey, Garrick and Roberta Glenn Bailey.
1986: A History of the Navajos. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press
Kluckhohn, Clyde and Dorothea Leighton
1974: The Navaho. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Trafzer, Clifford E.
1990: The Kit Carson Campaign: The Last Great Navajo War. Norman: Univ of Oklahoma Press
10
Pawnee
Hyde, George E.
1988: The Pawnee Indians. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
Murie, J. R.
1981: Ceremonies of the Pawnee. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Weltfish, Gene.
1977: The Lost Universe: Pawnee Life and Culture. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Pueblo
Bunzel, Ruth L.
1992: Zuni Ceremonialism. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press.
Dozier, Edward P.
1983: The Pueblo Indians of North America. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press
1991: Hano: A Tewa Indian Comunity in Arizona. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Minge, Ward Alan
1991: Acoma. Revised edition. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
Ortiz, Alfonso
1969: The Tewa World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
1994: The Pueblo New York: Chelsea House
Parsons, Elsie Clews
1966: Pueblo Indian Religion. Lincoln, NE:: University of Nebraska Press.
Roediger, Virginia More
1991: Ceremonial Costumes of the Pueblo Indians. Berkley, CA: University of California Press.
Schaafsma, Polly, editor.
1994: Kachinas in the Pueblo World. Albuquerque: Univeristy of New Mexico Press.
Underhill, Ruth
1991: Life in the Pueblos. Santa Fe: Ancient City Press
Wyaco, Virgil
1998: A Zuni Life: A Pueblo Indian in Two Worlds. Albuquerque, NM: Univ. of New Mexico.
Yue, Charlotte and David Yue
1986: The Pueblo Boston: Houghton Mifflin
Miscellaneous
Andrist, Ralph K.
1964: The Long Death: The Last Days of the Plans Indians. New York: Collier Books
Bancroft-Hunt, N. and W. Foreman
1992: Indians of the Great Plains. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
11
Edmunds, R. David
1980: American Indian Leaders. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
Gill, Sam
1982: Native American Religions: An Introduction. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publish Co.
Harrod, Harold L.
1987: Renewing the World: Plains Indian Religion and Morality. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
1995: Becoming and Remaining a People: Continuity and Change among Native American Religions on
the Northern Plains. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
Hirschfelder, Arlene and Martha Kreipe de Montano
1993: The Native American Almanac. Prentice Hall.
Holder, Preston
1970: The Hoe and the Horse on the Plains. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
Holler, Clyde
1995: Black Elk's Religion: The Sun Dance and Lakota Catholicism. Syracuse: University of Syracuse
Press.
Hultkrantz, Ake
1987: Native Religions of North America Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
Irwin, Lee
1994: The Dream Seekers: Native American Visionary Traditions of the Great Plains. Norman:
University of Oklahoma Press.
Niethammer, Caroline.
1977: Daughters of the Earth. New York: Simon and Schuster.
La Barre, Weston
1972: The Ghost Dance. New York: Delta
1989: The Peyote Cult. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
Laubin, Reginald and Gladys.
1977: The Indian Tipi Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
Lee, Irwin
1994: The Dream Seekers: Native American Visionary Traditions of the Great Plains. Norman, OK:
University of Oklahoma Press.
Lewis, Thomas H.
1992: The Medicine Men. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Lowie, Robert H.
1982: Indians of the Plains. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
Meredith, Howard.
1995: Dancing on Common Ground: Tribal Cultures and Alliances on the Southern Plains.
University Press of Kansas.
12
Milloy, John S.
1988: The Plains Cree. Winnipeg: The University of Manitoba Press.
Mooney, Jsames
1965: The Ghost Dance Religion: Souix Outbreak of 1890. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Neihardt, John G.
1979: Black Elk Speaks. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
Nagel, Joane.
1996: American Indian Ethnic Renewal:. New York: Oxford University Press.
Trimble, Steven
1993: The People: Indians of the American Southwest. Santa Fe: School of American Research
Press.
Spielmann, Katherine A.
1991: Farmers, Hunters, and Colonists: Interaction Between the Southwest and the Southern Plains.
Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
Voget, Fred W.
1984: The Shoshoni-Crow Sun Dance. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
13