World History II
SOL Review—Outline
I.)
Renaissance
a. Humanism
b. Cities
i. Florence
ii. Rome
iii. Venice
c. Art
i. Architecture
ii. Painting—Michelangelo & da Vinci
iii. Sculpture—Michelangelo
iv. Writing—Machiavelli, Petrarch (Sonnet)
d. Northern Renaissance
i. Spread
1. Printing Press--Gutenberg
2. Contact
ii. France
iii. Germany/Low Countries
iv. England—Shakespeare, More
II.)
Reformation
a. Martin Luther
i. Justification by faith
ii. Lutheranism
b. John Calvin
i. Predestination
ii. Theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland
c. England
i. Henry VIII
ii. Elizabeth I
d. Catholic (Counter) Reformation
i. Inquisition
ii. Council of Trent—Redefining Catholic doctrine
iii. Spread of Catholicism
III.)
Exploration
a. Quest for Spices
b. Portugal—1st to look for Spices
i. Prince Henry
ii. Bartholomeau Dias
iii. Vasco de Gama
iv. Pedro Alvares Cabral—Brazil
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c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
IV.)
v. Trade in Africa
Spain—Colonize the New World
i. Christopher Columbus
ii. Treaty of Tordesillas
iii. Ferdinand Magellan
iv. Hernan Cortes
v. Francisco Pizzaro
vi. Hernando de Soto
vii. Francisco Vasquez de Coronado
viii. Disease kills natives
Netherlands
i. Henry Hudson—Canada and US
ii. South Africa
France
i. Jacques Cartier
ii. Canada
England
i. Sir Francis Drake
ii. John Cabot
iii. Jamestown
Slavery
i. Cheap labor supply
ii. Slave trade=major part of European economy
iii. Middle Passage
Commercial Revolution
i. Joint-stock companies
ii. Mercantilism
iii. New foods and products in Europe
Developing Nations
a. Spain
i. Absolutism
ii. Habsburgs
1. Philip II
2. Charles II
iii. War of Spanish Succession—Philip V (French)
b. England
i. Henry VII
ii. Henry VIII
iii. Mary—“Bloody Mary”
iv. Elizabeth I
1. foreign policy
2. end of dynasty
c. France
i. Henry IV—Edict of Nantes
ii. Louis XIII & Cardinal Richelieu
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1. creation of absolute monarch
2. taking power from Protestants and Nobles
iii. Louis XIV—“Sun King”
1. Absolutism
2. Versailles
3. War of Spanish Succession—French Expansion
d. Holy Roman Empire—German States
i. 30 Years’ War
ii. Austria—Maria Theresa
iii. Prussia—Frederick II
iv. War of Austrian Succession
v. Seven Years’ War/French and Indian War
e. Russia
i. Ivan IV
ii. Peter the Great—Westernize Russia
iii. Catherine the Great—Warm water seaport for Russian on the
Black Sea
V.)
Muslim Empires
a. Ottomans
i. Take over of Byzantine empire (1453)
ii. Suleiman I
iii. Slow decline
b. Safavid Persia
i. Shiites
ii. Ismail
iii. Shah Abbas
c. Mogul Empire
i. Muslim control of Northern India
ii. Babur
iii. Battle of Panipat
iv. Akbar
v. Shah Jahan—Taj Mahal
vi. Sikhism—blend of Hinduism and Islam
VI.)
Asian Empires
a. China
i. Ming Dynasty
1. Zhu Yuanzhang (Hong Wu)
2. Yong Le and Zheng He
3. Forbidden City
ii. Qing Dynasty
1. Manchurian—NOT Chinese
2. Queue—braid
3. Taiping Rebellion
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b. Japan
i. Tokugawa Shogunate
1. Oda Nobunaga
2. Toyotomi Hideyoshi
3. Tokugawa Ieyasu
a. Edo
b. Sankin-kotai
ii. Western Contact
1. Portuguese
2. Francis Xavier and Christianity
3. Act of Seclusion
VII.)
Scientific Revolution & Enlightenment
a. Nicolaus Copernicus—Heliocentric Universe
b. Johannes Kepler—planets have elliptical orbits
c. Galileo Galilei--telescope
d. Francis Bacon—use scientific method
e. Rene Descartes—truth through reason
f. Sir Isaac Newton—Universal Gravitation
g. William Harvey—Blood Circulation
h. Robert Hooke—cell
i. Robert Boyle—chemistry
j. Joseph Priestly—oxygen
k. Thomas Hobbes
i. People are naturally violent and disorderly
ii. Absolute monarchy
iii. People could not rebel
l. John Locke
i. People are naturally moral and reasonable
ii. Contract between government and people
iii. People could rebel if rights of life, liberty, and property were taken
away
m. William Penn—Quakers
n. Montesquieu—3 Branches of Government
o. Voltaire—separation of church and state
p. Jean Jacques Rousseau—social contract between gov. and people
q. John Wesley--Methodism
VIII.) English Civil War
a. James I
b. Charles I
c. Petition of Right
d. Dissolution of Parliament
e. William Laud
f. Puritans
g. Great Migration
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h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
m.
n.
o.
p.
q.
Short and Long Parliament
Cavaliers v. Roundheads
Oliver Cromwell—Lord Protector
Charles II—“Merry Monarch”
Whigs and Tories
James II
William and Mary—Glorious Revolution
Sir Robert Walpole
George II
George III
IX.)
American Revolution
a. Great Britain’s view of its colonies
b. Navigation Acts
c. Colonial breakdown
i. New England
ii. Middle
iii. Southern
d. Impact of French and Indian War
e. George Grenville
f. Colonial protests
i. Stamp Act Congress/Declaratory Act
ii. Boston Massacre
iii. Boston Tea Party/Intolerable Acts
iv. First Continental Congress
g. Lexington
h. Olive Branch Petition
i. George Washington
j. Thomas Paine—Common Sense
k. Thomas Jefferson—Declaration of Independence
l. War
i. British Strengths
ii. Colonial Strengths
iii. French Involvement
iv.
m. New Government
i. Articles of Confederation
ii. Constitution
iii. Bill of Rights
X.)
French Revolution
a. Pre-War France
i. Estates—1st, 2nd, 3rd
ii. Louis XVI
iii. Estates General and Votes
b. National Assembly
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c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
Fall of the Bastille
Great Fear
Nobles relinquish power
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
Constitution of 1791
Arrest of Louis XVI & execution
Spread to the rest of Europe
Reign of Terror
Napoleon
i. Rise
ii. Empire
iii. 1st defeat
iv. 2nd defeat
m. Congress of Vienna
i. Metternich
ii. Alliances—Quadruple and Holy
iii. Creation of German Confederation
iv. Challenges to Metternich
XI.)
Industrial Revolution
a. Pre-Industrial Europe
i. 75% of people lived on farms
ii. Lands were shared
iii. Early industries in cloth, iron, glass
iv. Domestic System
b. Great Britain starts Industrial Revolution
i. Enclosure movement—provides labor
ii. Capital and resources available for industry
iii. Urbanization
c. New inventions/machines
d. Growth of Business—Business cycle
e. Rise of Middle class
f. Rise of Working class
g. Deplorable working conditions
XII.)
New Economic Ideas
a. Laissez-faire economics
b. Adam Smith—Wealth of Nations
c. Thomas Malthus—poverty/population
d. Legislation to regulate industry
e. Karl Marx—Communist Manifesto & Das Capital
f. Urbanization and Immigration
g. Education reform
h. Scientific Advancements
i. Gregor Mendel—Genetics
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ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
Charles Darwin—evolution
Louis Pasteur—germs
Joseph Lister
John Dalton—atomic theory
Ivan Pavlov
Sigmund Freud
XIII.) Reform in Western Europe & US
a. Great Britain
i. Peaceful reform
ii. William Gladstone
iii. Benjamin Disraeli
iv. Creation of Dominions
b. France
i. Charles X
ii. Louis Philippe
iii. Revolution of 1848
iv. Louis Napoleon (Napoleon III)
c. United States
i. Expansion of territory
1. Louisiana Purchase
2. Florida
3. Mexican Cession
ii. Extension of slavery
iii. Civil War
XIV.) Unification of Italy
a. Risorgimento
b. Giuseppe Mazzini
i. War with Austria—Lombardy and Venetia
ii. Withdrawal of the Pope
iii. Invasion of Rome and creation of Republic
c. Count Camillo di Cavour
i. Alliance with France (Napoleon III)
ii. War with Austria
d. Giuseppe Garibaldi
e. Development of a new nation
XV.) Unification of Germany
a. Early attempts
b. Austria v. Prussia in German Conf.
i. Junkers
ii. Zollverein
c. Bismarck—realpolitik
d. Three Wars
i. Danish
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e.
f.
g.
h.
ii. Seven Weeks’ War
iii. Franco-Prussian War
Creation of an empire
Kulturkampf
Problems with socialists
Fall of Bismarck
XVI.) Rise of Austria-Hungary
a. Revolution of 1848
b. Dual Monarchy—Austria-Hungary
c. Balkans—“Powder Keg”
XVII.) Russia
a. Autocracy
b. Alexander I—Decembrist Revolt
c. Nicholas I
d. Alexander II—attempts to modernize Russia by freeing serfs
e. Alexander III
i. Russification
ii. Pogroms
f. Nicholas II
i. Mensheviks
ii. Bolsheviks
iii. Duma
g. Revolution
i. Murder of the Czar
ii. Civil War
iii. Rise of Lenin
XVIII.) World War I
a. Underlying causes
i. Militarism
ii. Imperialism
iii. Nationalism
iv. Alliances
b. Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
c. Escalation to war
d. Schlieffen Plan
e. Stalemate—Trench Warfare
f. New technology
i. Subs
ii. Planes
iii. Weapons—gas, tanks, etc.
g. Effect of the US on the War
h. European Peace
i. 14 Points
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ii. Versailles Treaty
iii. Resentment
XIX.) Inter-War Years
a. Technology
i. Automobile
ii. Radio
b. New Ideas
i. Physics—Einstein
ii. Psychology
iii. Arts
1. Literature—despair in Life
2. Painting—abstract ideas
a. Picasso—Cubism
b. Surrealism—Dali
3. Music—Jazz
c. Flapper
d. United States
i. Isolationist
ii. Economic Book
iii. Depression
iv. FDR and the New Deal
e. Great Britain
i. Debtor Nation
ii. Loss of world trade
iii. General strike
iv. Rise of the Labour Party
f. France
i. Lots of losses
ii. Trouble economy
iii. Troubled economics
iv. Popular Front
v. Maginot Line
g. Italy
i. Mussolini—Fascism
ii. Prevented a communist revolution
iii. Totalitarian government
h. Germany
i. Unhappy with dictated peace
ii. Weimar Republic
iii. Rise or Nazi Party
iv. Hitler
i. Russia
i. Creation of a communist state by Vladimir Lenin
ii. Transfer of power to Joseph Stalin
iii. Five Year Plans
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iv. Stalin’s rule
XX.) World War II
a. Japan’s desire for a Pacific Empire
b. Mussolini flexing muscle in Ethiopia
c. Tri-Partite Pact—Germany, Japan, Italy
d. Non-Aggression Pact
e. Appeasement
f. Invasion of Poland and start of WWII (Sept. 1939)
g. Fall of France
h. Battle of Britain
i. Pearl Harbor and US involvement
j. Invasion of USSR
k. Battle in Africa
i. Rommell v. Montgomery
ii. Invasion of Italy
l. European Theater
i. D-Day
ii. Yalta
iii. Holocaust
iv. Victory in Europe
m. Pacific Theater
i. Island hoping
ii. Atomic Bomb
iii. Victory in Japan
XXI.) Cold War
a. Soviet take over of Eastern Europe—“Iron Curtain”
b. Fear of Communism in the US
c. Containment
i. Truman Doctrine
ii. Marshall Plan
iii. Berlin Crisis—Berlin Airlift
iv. NATO/Warsaw Pact
v. Berlin Wall
d. Communism in Latin America
i. Cuba
1. Fidel Castro
2. Bay of Pigs Invasion
3. Cuban Missile Crisis
ii. Nicaragua—Sadanistas v. Contras
e. Communism in Asia
i. China
1. Mao Zedong v. Chiang Kai Shek
2. fall to communism
3. Nixon—Détente
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f.
g.
h.
i.
ii. Korea
1. North invades South—38th Parallel
2. UN action against North Korea
3. no changes
iii. Vietnam
1. desire for independence from France
2. Fear of “Domino Theory”
3. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution—LBJ
4. Nixon—“Vietnamization”
5.
Cold War thaw
i. Nuclear Test ban treaty
ii. Détente
iii. SALT
Middle East
i. Creation of Israel
ii. Egypt/Israel conflict—Camp David Accords
iii. OPEC
iv. Lebanon—PLO
v. Iran
vi. Persian Gulf War
Fall of Communism
i. USSR overspending on arms race and war in Afghanistan
ii. Fall of Berlin wall
iii. Eastern European nations gain freedom
South Africa
XXII.) Modern Problems
a. Unity of world
i. Technology bring world together
ii. Economic competition leading to lower prices
iii. More products
b. Disunity of world
i. Terrorism
ii. Nuclear proliferation
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