KIN 10B-Introduction to Athletic Training
Medical Terminology
Skeletal System
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Bones: Specialized type of dense connective tissue consisting of bone cells
(osteocytes) fixed in a matrix. Outer surface compact tissue, inner aspect
is porous (cancellous bone). Blood and lymphatic vessels throughout
bone. Outside of bone is periosteum which supplies blood to bone.
 Function: body support, organ protection, movement through
joints and levers, calcium storage, formation of blood cells.
 Types: flat, irregular, short and long
Cartilage: connective tissue provides form and flexible support. No direct
blood or nerve supply. Can deform without damage and return to normal
shape
 Types:
 Hyaline (articular): cushions end of bones acts like a
sponge. Provides static and dynamic stability, motion
control, stability and load transmission. Absorbs and
squeezes out fluid
 Fibrous: menisci, intervertebral disks, pubic symphysis
 Elastic: external ear
Ligaments: sheets or bundles of collagen fibers that connect bone to bone.
Strongest in middle and weakest at their ends. Provide protection and
stabilization of joints
 Types: intrinsic: articular capsule
 Extrinsic: separate from joint capsules
Muscular System
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Muscle-tendon unit or musculotendinous junction (MTJ): muscle and
tendon work together to absorb and generate tension to produce
movement/
 Muscles: contractile cells or fibers that produce movement
 Tendon: connective tissue that connects muscle to bone
 MTJ: area where muscle meets the tendon: weak part in the
muscle and where injury often occurs
Tendon
Origins and insertions: Origin: attachment closer to middle of body or
more proximal. Insertion: attachment further away from midline or more
distal
Injury Vocabulary
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Sprain /Strain
 Sprain: injury to ligament or joint capsule.
 Grade 1: stretch of tissue with no instability
 Grade 2: partial tear of tissue with light to moderate
instability
 Grade 3: rupture of tissue with severe instability
 Strain: injury, stretch, tear or rip to muscle, fascia or tendon
Caused by abnormal muscle contraction
 Grade 1: some muscle fibers stretched
 Grade 2 : a number of muscle fibers are torn
 Grade 3: A complete rupture of the muscle or tendon
Acute / chronic
 Acute: An injury with sudden onset and short duration
 Chronic: injury with long onset and long duration
AROM/PROM/RROM
 AROM: joint motion that occurs because of muscle contraction
 PROM: Movement that is performed completely by examiner
 RROM: Motion that occurs against resistance from practitioner or
isometric test at midrange for strength test of specific area
Stress Test: Test performed during injury evaluation to determine extent
of damage (grade) to joint capsule and ligamentous structures. Test for
stability or instability of joint.
 Endpoint: abrupt stop, solid feel, within anatomical limits. May
be loose & soft endpoint beyond anatomical limit or empty, mushy
feel beyond anatomical limit
Signs and Symptoms
 Sign: objective evidence of abnormal situation within body,
something the examiner can test or see
 Symptom: subjective evidence of an abnormal situation within the
body, something the athlete reports or feels
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Ecchymosis: black and blue skin discoloration caused by hemorrhage
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Edema: swelling as a result of the collection of fluid in connective tissue
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Spasm: reflex reaction caused by trauma of the musculoskeletal system.
Clonic: alternating involuntary muscular contrax and relaxation in quick
succession. Tonic: rigid muscle contraction that last period of time.
Cramps: involuntary painful contraction of muscle or muscle group
attributed to dehydration and electrolyte depletion
Tendinitis: inflammation of tendon. Gradual onset, diffuse tenderness,
degenerative changes. “itis” inflammation
Anatomical Vocabulary
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Superior: toward the head or upper part of a structure or the body; above
Inferior: away from the head end or toward lower part of a structure or the
body; below
Anterior: toward or at the front of the body; in front of
Posterior: toward or at the back of the body; behind
Medial: toward the midline of the body; on the inner side of
Lateral: away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of
Proximal: closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment
of a limb to the body or trunk
Distal: farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of
a limb to the body or trunk
Superficial: toward or at the body surface
Deep: away from the body surface; more internal
Movement Patterns
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Abduction/Adduction: A-B-duction: movement away from the midline of
the body or segment. A-D-duction: movement of segment back toward
the midline
Flexion/Extension: Flexion: bending movement where angle between 2
adjacent segments decreases. Extension: straightening movement where
angle between 2 segments increases
Pronation/Supination: pronation: forearm palm faces down or backward,
supination: palm faces up or forward. Foot: pronation is DF of ankle,
eversion of tarsals and abduction of forefoot, supination is PF of ankle,
inversion of tarsals and forefoot adduction
Inversion/Eversion: Inversion: movement of ankle/foot toward midline
(sole of foot faces inward toward other foot), Eversion movement of
foot/ankle away from midline(sole of foot turns out away from other foot
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Internal (medial) rotation/external (lateral) rotation: IR: mvmt of segment
around a vertical axis through the segment so that anterior surface of
segment moves toward midline while posterior segment moves away from
midline. ER: opposite movement
Legal Terms
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Torts: legal wrongs committed against a person or property of another
Negligence: failure to use ordinary or reasonable care
Liability: being legally responsible for the harm one causes another
person
Duty of care: negligence is alleged when an individual does something
that a reasonably prudent person would not do or fails to do something a
reasonably prudent person would do. Must first prove ATC had a duty to
exercise reasonable care, ATC breached that duty by failing to provide
care and prove a connection between failure to provide care and injury
sustained
Nonfeasance (Omission): individual fails to perform a legal duty
Malfeasance (Commission): individual commits an act that is not legally
his or hers to perform
Misfeasance: Performing care incorrectly or in a manner that may harm
another
Statute of limitation: sets a specific length of time that an individual may
sue for damages of negligence. Usually between 1 and 3 years
Assumption of risk: an individual , through express or implied agreement,
assumes that some risk or danger will be involved in a particular
undertaking : a person takes his or her chances