The greatest timeline ever created—by Lum
Timeline Correlated with PEPS
If not highlighted, know it; if italicized, know it for sure; if bold, know it or die.
Notes: 1.
In some cases the years are not exactly in order. This is due to the organization of the master set of PEPS which is
organized only generally and not precisely according to chronology. This timeline follows the master PEPS organization so that a
student can find the original with greater ease.
2.
Some abbreviations: A.G.=Attorney General; BART=Banks, Internal Improvements, Tariff; cf.=compare;
CMEN=Chesapeake, Embargo, Non-Intercourse, Macon’s Bill #2; E.O.=Executive Order; CSA=Confederate States of America;
LAFS=Laborers, Artisans, Farmers, Shopkeepers; PAW=Prohibition, Abolition, Women’s Rights; ROB the COW=Rye, Oats, Barley,
Corn, Wheat, Cows (beef, pork); TRICS=Tobacco, Rice, Indigo, Cotton, Sugar; WART.COM+noE+noJ=Congress under Articles
can’t declare war, tax, ensure domestic tranquility, regulate commerce and there is no executive or judicial; VEEP=Vice President
DATE
NAME OF PEP
WORDS THAT HELP RECALL
Colonial History to 1776
1492
1500s
1607
1608
c. 1609
1620
1630
1624
1681
to 1763
to 1763
17th/18th c.
1662
1686-89
17th c.
17th/18th c.
Columbian Exchange
Iroquois Confederation
Jamestown
Quebec
Santa Fe
Plymouth Settlement
Puritans
New Amsterdam
Pennsylvania
Mercantilism (theory)
Mercantilism (practice)
Salutary neglect
Half Way Covenant
Dominion of New England
Indentured Servitude
Agricultural developments
Interaction between old and new worlds (smallpox to new; potato to old; etc.)
Powerful force going into decline (generally side with British against French)
First permanent English settlement (look for gold; starve 1609-10; find tobacco)
French Canada founded (less settled; more trade oriented; Catholic)
Spanish settle in southwest (NM)
Separatists-Mayflower Compact (agree to obey all “just and equal laws”)
Boston-Affluent-Congregational-Families-intolerant (Williams, Hutchinson)
Dutch settle what became New York
Penn grant from King-protect Quakers (pacifist influence here)
Eng/Britain gets raw; colony gets finished; keep other nations out of trading loop
Navigation and trade acts (e.g., Molasses Act 1733 = 6p/gal not to be paid)
Eng/Britain lax enforcement of nav/trade acts
OK to baptize kids of unconverted parents (signals erosion of earlier church power)
Andros consolidates NE colonies—colonies resent—Dominion collapses
Most immigrants to 1670s were indentured for about 7 years
South = TRICS; Chesapeake (VA/MD) = T; Middle = ROB the COW
17th/18th c.
1624, 1691
1660s on
17th/18th c.
17th/18th c.
17th/18th c.
1676
1680
1739
1689-91
18th c.
17th/18th c.
17th/18th c.
1730s/40s
18th c.
1734-35
1754-63
1763
1763-64
1763
1764
1764
1765
1766
1760s on
1767
1773
1772-74
1774
Northern Merchants
VA and Mass become royal
Emergence of Slavery
Role of cities
Role of women
Married women’s rights
Bacon’s Rebellion
Pueblo Revolt
Stono Rebellion
Leisler’s Rebellion
Scots-Irish
Triangular Trade
Religious diversity
Great Awakening
Deism
John Peter Zenger
French and Indian War
Treaty of Paris
Imperial Reorganization
Proclamation Line
Currency Act
Sugar Act
Stamp Act
Declaratory Act
Virtual Representation
Townshend Acts
Boston Tea Party
Committees of
Correspondence
Quebec Act
Northern colonies = merchants, traders, shipbuilding, fishing, finance, slave trade
Crown takes VA in 1624; Crown takes Mass in 1691
VA leads way with 1662 law saying child retains condition of mother
Colonial cities = centers of essentially agrarian society
Fully ½ of marriage partnership; raise kids; farm as needed; make candles, soap
Fully subordinate to husband; no property rights in marriage
Frontier poor protest Berkeley policies; Gov. Berkeley crushes rebellion
Popé successfully leads revolt against Spanish in Santa Fe.
50 SC slaves rebel; crushed; harsher slave codes enacted (no meetings; no read)
Leisler overthrows Andros in NY; resists new British govt.; is hanged
Independent, tough, anti-king, anti-Anglican, frontier/backwoods people
Goods from Europe to Africa; Slaves to colonies; rum/raw materials to Europe
Congregationalist = North; Quaker, Catholic, Meth, Pres = Middle; Anglican = So.
1st mass movement causes decline in authority of existing church as people convert
God is nothing but cosmic watchmaker who does not actively intervene in world
Free speech case; Zenger is acquitted (not guilty) on libel charge
War for empire between Britain and France; French lose; Brits need to raise money
Ends Fr. and Indian War; Britain gets all to Mississippi (Spain west of Mississippi)
Acts of Britain to manage empire and pay war debts
Indian threat (Pontiac-1763) causes king to say no settlers beyond Appalachians
Colonists can’t use paper money to pay debts; colonists don’t have gold; big pain
Brit needs money; reduces tariff on foreign molasses from 6p to 3p/gallon = TAX
Direct tax on some colonial paper; colonies = no tax w/o rep; and can’t be rep!!!
Stamp Act repealed but this act says Parliament can bind colonies in all cases
Members of Parliament represent all British citizens, even those who can’t vote
Tariffs for revenue on glass, lead, paint, paper, tea opposed by colonies
Sons of Liberty toss tea into Boston Harbor
Sam Adams organizes first; communications fostered among towns, and then
among colonies; used to promote opposition to British policies
Extends Quebec down to Ohio; colonists resented
1774
1774
1774
1774
1774
Coercive Acts (CA)
Massachusetts Govt. Act CA1
Boston Port Act CA2
Admin. of Justice Act CA3
Quartering Act CA4
4 acts described below designed to bring colonies into compliance after tea party
Must get governor’s approval to have meetings; governor’s council now appointive
Closes port of Boston until tea paid for; cripples Boston trade
Royal officials can be tried in England for crimes committed in Massachusetts
Troops can now be housed in occupied houses, including homes
The American Revolution 1776-1783
1690
18th c.
18th c.
1774
1775-81
1781-88
7-4-76
1777
1775-83
1775-83
1783
The three PEPS in bold below are the “philosophy of the American Revolution”—know these three well
Life, liberty, property = natural rights; abolish govt. that is destructive of these
John Locke
Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau = people are source of all government power
Popular sovereignty
Government does only what sovereign people tell it to do
Small, limited government
st
1 Continental Congress
Called to respond to Coercive Acts
2nd Continental Congress
Fights war; calls for Articles
Congress under Art of Confed Congress under Articles wins war/passes land ordinances;WART.COM noE/no J
Declaration of Independence
Colonies declare independence from Great Britain over year after war starts
Saratoga-battle
Great U.S. victory—leads to Franco-American alliance in 1778
Revolutionary War diplomacy French ally with U.S.; provide troops, supplies, ships; French aid essential
Loyalists (“Tories” in U.S.)
Mistreated within colonies; U.S. breaks ’83 treaty promise to restore property
Treaty of Paris
Britain recognizes U.S. sovereignty; war over; U.S. wins
The Articles of Confederation and
Constitution-Making 1776-1788
1776-1781
1781-88
1785
1787
1786-87
1787
1787
1787
State Constitution making
Articles of Confederation
Land Ordinance
Northwest Ordinance
Shays Rebellion
Great Compromise
3/5 compromise
“Electoral College”
Former colonies draft constitutions republican in form, with bills of rights
U.S. organizing document; WART.COM + no E = no J
Survey western lands; 36 sq. mile townships; one section for education; great law
Up to five state to come out of northwest territory; no slavery; fug. slave provision
Farmers west. Mass rebel; put down by Mass. Militia; shows weakness of Articles
Senate = 2/state; House representation based on population of state
For taxes and house representation, 3/5ths of slaves can be counted
States choose electors who vote for president and vice president
1787-88
1787-88
1791
Federalists v. Anti-Federalists
The Federalist
Bill of Rights
Feds support ratification; anti-feds oppose ratification (too strong govt/no bill of r.)
85 essays; Hamilton, Madison, Jay; support ratification of Constitution
1st ten amendments protects freedoms of speech, religion, life, liberty, property
Early National History 1789-1824
1790
1790
1791
1790s
1776
1793
1793
1798
1794
1794/95
1795
1795
1798
1798-1800
1798
1798-1799
1792-1831
1800
1800
1801-09
1803
1804-06
1803
early 1800s
1801-05
Ham: Public Credit #1
Ham: Public Credit #2
Ham: Report on Manufact.
Jefferson v. Hamilton
Republican motherhood
Washington’s neutrality procl.
Cotton Gin
Interchangeable parts
Whiskey Rebellion
Jay Treaty
Pinckney Treaty
Treaty of Greenville
XYZ Affair
Undeclared war with France
Alien & Sedition Acts
VA & KY Resolutions
Slave revolts
Convention of 1800
Election of 1800
Significance of Jeff Presidency
Louisiana Purchase by Jeff
Lewis and Clark Expedition
Marbury vs. Madison
Aaron Burr
War with Tripoli
Fund national debt at par; assume state debts; good for speculators and rich
Calls for BUS the BA in BART (Congress accepts); 1st BUS runs from 1791-1811
Calls for the R and T in BART (Congress doesn’t accept)
Strict v. Loose construction = origins of first party system
Educated moms must teach civic virtue to sons in a republic based on pop. sov.
Wash. wants to stay out of French Revolutionary war; isolationism
Eli Whitney invents; revolutionizes cotton processing; demand for slaves increases
Eli Whitney invents process with muskets; begins mass production capability
Washington crushes western Penn. rebels opposed to tax on whiskey
Avoids war with Britain; Britain finally gets out of west. forts; Brit. pays damages
Spain grants free navigation of Mississippi; good deal that follows Jay treaty
After Fallen Timbers (Gen. Wayne), Miamis cede vast tract in Ohio valley to U.S.
U.S. refuses to pay bribe to talk with French; ignites war fever in U.S.
U.S.-France seizing ships; near to full war; Convention of 1800 defuses issue
Sedition act punishes Jeffersonians for speaking out against Adams; bad law
Responding to Sedition act, Mad/Jeff assert right of a state to nullify federal law
Fears cause states to adopt laws restricting communications, learning, travel
U.S.-France cancel 1778 alliance; peace not war here
“Revolution” of 1800 causes peaceful transfer of power from Feds to Jefferson
Strict in theory, loose in practice (e.g., Louisiana); did not attack Hamilton’s BUS
U.S. doubles in size for $15 million; New Orleans belongs to U.S.
Great exploration of Louisiana; promotes nationalism and pride
Principle of judicial review established (articulated by Hamilton in Federalist #78)
Jeff’s VEEP kills Hamilton; organizes conspiracy in southwest; tried for treason
A reluctant Jefferson beats Tripoli who wanted tribute to allow U.S. ships to sail
1807
1807-09
early 1800s
1807
1809
1810
1812-15
early 1800s
1794-1823
1-8-15
1814-15
1815
1800 on
1816
c. 1824
1817-25
1817
1818
1819
1819
1819
1820
1823
U.S.S. Chesapeake
Jefferson’s neutrality
Impressment
Embargo
Non-Intercourse Act
Macon’s Bill #2
War of 1812 causes
Tecumseh
U.S. foreign policy
Battle of New Orleans
Hartford Convention
War of 1812 consequences
Nationalism emerges
Tariff
American System/Henry
Clay
Era of Good Feelings
American Colonization
Society
Convention of 1818
Panic of 1819
McCulloch v. Maryland
Adams-Onis Treaty
Missouri Compromise
Monroe Doctrine
British, looking for deserters, attack U.S. warship; almost leads to war
Following Chesapeake affair, Jefferson approves embargo then nonintercourse
British seize men (including U.S. citizens) to serve in Royal navy; U.S. hates this
Congress/Jeff order no trade whatsoever with Europe; cripples U.S. commerce
Embargo repealed in favor of no trade with Britain and France
Trade OK with Brit/Fr; if one stop offenses, embargo will be put on the other
CMEN + warhawks = cause
Shawnee chief; forces defeated at Tippecanoe/1811; killed at Thames/1813
European distresses = American successes, from ’95 Greenville to ’23 Monroe Doc
After Treaty of Ghent, Jackson beats British and becomes national hero
Anti-war Federalists oppose Madison; Federalist Party dies at Hartford
BART called for; era of good feelings and one-party rule; Clay’s Amer. System
Judicial (Marshall decisions); economic (BART); cultural (BIC and HR School)
1st tariff for protective purposes (infant manufacturing spawned by War of 1812)
Clay supported BART; the So and West benefit too with R carrying stuff to market
Monroe’s terms; one-party; but Panic of 1819 and conflicts over BART occurred
Let’s free the slaves and move them to Africa; Liberia created on African coast
Joint occupation of Oregon; sets Louisiana boundary from Lake of Woods to Rock.
Speculation in western lands sparks unemployment, bank failures, debtors’ prison
MD tax law struck down; federal supremacy here; necessary and proper here too
Spain cedes Florida and gives up vague Oregon claim; So. border Louisiana fixed
MO slave; ME free; no slavery in LA territory above 36°30' north latitude
Europe/American continents different, so nonintervention/noncolonization needed
Age of Jackson, 1824-48
1820s
1820s-30s
1832
Texas
Lowell System
Anti-Masonic Party
Austin gets Mexican land grant; Americans settle; conflicts arise
NE farmgirls work in company factories and live in company housing
1st 3rd party; anti-Mason, anti-Jackson
early 1800s
1828-48
1832-35
1836
1830-39
1828 on
1840 on
1830
1830
1828-33
1832
1835
1837
1840
1832-52
1828-48
Expansion of Suffrage
Jacksonian Democracy
Bank War
Specie Circular
Indian Removal
Spoils system
Second Party System
Maysville Road veto
Webster-Hayne debate
Nullification Crisis
Worcester v. Georgia
Democracy in America
Panic of 1837
Independent Treasury
Whigs
Jacksonian Democracy
(Jackson ‘29-‘37; Van Buren
‘37-‘41; Polk ‘45-‘49)
States drop property quals to vote; contributes to Jackson “Era of Common Man”
Expand votes/ appeal to LAFS; hate monopoly; start spoils; hurt Indians
Jackson attacks 2nd BUS as monopolistic monster; success creates $ instability
Jackson says you must use gold/silver to buy western lands; paper can’t be used
Jackson OKs Indian Removal in ’30; tribes move; Cherokee Trail of Tears ’38-‘39
Jackson thinks govt work easy; gives govt jobs to friends and cronies; bad system
Democrats and Whigs form second party system; Whigs strongly pro-BART +
Jackson vetoes funds for highway in KY because it’s only in KY (blow to BART)
Webster: constitution=supreme law of land; Hayne: U.S.= compact among states
SC nullifies tariff of ’32; nullification theory = states are sovereign
USSC says only feds, not states, can regulate Indian affairs; federal supremacy
Tocqueville: Africans and Indians lose in U.S.; women do better than in Europe
Speculation led to panic; Jacksonians call for independent treasury
Put fed. $ in independent vaults, not state banks; will stop speculation
Elected 2 pres (Harrison ’40; Taylor ’48); BART + moral reforms, public educ.
1830s: Good: expands vote, handles tariff controversy well; Bad: attack on BUS,
Specie circular, Panic of ’37, treatment of Indians
1840s: Good: establishes Independent treasury, gains from Mexican War, settles
Oregon; Bad: imperialistic war with Mexico
Transportation Developments in the Early Nineteenth Century
1811-52
1825
1828 on
National Road
Erie Canal
Railroads
Public road from MD to IL helps transportation and movement of goods
NY builds canal from Buffalo to Albany; west can get goods to market now
Railroads contribute to national market; major industry in later 1800s
Immigration and Nativism 1840-1850s
1830-1900
Irish Immigration
1840s on
German Immigration
1840s-1850s American (Know-Nothing)
Party
Cheap labor; keep Catholicism; prompts nativist reaction; stayed on east coast
Wealthier, moved inland, cultural diversity (kindergarten, beer), reformers
Political party reacts against immigrants; anti-German, anti-Irish, anti-Catholic
Religion, Reform, and Renaissance in Antebellum American
1840s on
1848 on
Cult of Domesticity
Women’s Rights
1845
1848
1820-60
1820s-40s
1830s-40s
1848-1880
1841-46
Margaret Fuller
Seneca Falls Convention
Education Reform
Second Great Awakening
Mormons
Oneida Community
Brook Farm
1830s-50s
1820s on
1820s on
1830s-60s
1850s
1840s
Transcendentalists
Hudson River School
Knickerbocker School
Abolition
Temperance and Prohibition
Criminals and the insane
A woman’s place=home (artistic, moral are good), but too sensitive for labor
Denied econ./polit. opportunity and freedom (married/property), women object;
women fight for abolition and reforms; Wyoming Terr. grants vote 1869
Women in the Nineteenth Century is manifesto of women’s rights movement
Stanton, Mott, Declaration of Sentiments modeled on Dec of Ind; demands rights
Horace Mann fights for longer hours, better teachers, improved curriculum
Finney leads revivals; reforms gain ground (PAW); Meth/Bapt gains are huge
Joseph Smith starts; Brigham Young leads them to Utah
Bible communism; complex marriage/selective breeding marginalizes sect
Transcendentalists lead communitarian lifestyle on 200 acre farm that fails but
demonstrates utopian fervor of mid-century idealists
Emerson, Thoreau elevate individual dignity; reformers; self-reliance
Thomas Cole; romantic landscapes; break from Europe; cultural nationalism
Bryant, Irving, Cooper=BIC=cultural nationalism
Douglass, Garrison, Truth promote abolition
Neil Dow=prohibition; women fight for temperance
Dorothea Dix fights for humane treatment of mentally ill
Territorial Expansion and Manifest Destiny
1840s-50s
1836-45
1846
1846-48
1846
Manifest Destiny
Texas
Oregon
Mexican War and Treaty
Wilmot Proviso
God ordained U.S. to take all to Pacific, then in ‘50s reach into Latin America
Alamo (’36) leads to independence; slavery issue keeps TX out of U.S. until 1845
Polk/Britain agree to 49th parallel to divide Oregon—good deal for both
Polk prompts war; gets all from TX to Pacific; Treaty of Guad.-Hidalgo (2-2-48)
PA rep. proposes no slavery in lands taken from Mexico in upcoming war; fails (2)
The Crisis of the Union
1820
1831 on
1833
Missouri Compromise
William Lloyd Garrison
Amer. Anti-Slavery Society
MO slave; ME free; no slavery in LA territory above 36°30' north latitude
Radical abolitionist; Liberator (1st=1-1-31); Southerners start to defend slavery
Supports immediate abolition; later for Liberty, Free-Soil, and Republican parties
1800-1860
1837
1817?-95
1840s-1850s
1850
1850
1852
1853
1854
1854 on
1857
1857
1858
1793-1860
1859
1860
Slavery in general
Calhoun’s defense of slavery
Frederick Douglass
Popular Sovereignty
Compromise of 1850
Fugitive Slave Act
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Gadsden Purchase
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Republican Party
Dred Scott decision
Lecompton Crisis 1857
Lincoln-Douglas debates
King Cotton
John Brown's Raid
Republican Party platform
Read the PEP on this one; there is too much info to put here
S.C. Senator Calhoun argues that slavery is a positive good; blasts North. bosses
Brilliant orator and writer; most prominent of the black abolitionists
Right of the people in territories to vote to have slavery or no slavery
CA=free; no slave trade in D.C.; NM/UT terr.=pop.sov.; strong fug. slave act
Part of Comp. of ’50; NO=personal liberty laws ; resentment in NO and SO
Enflamed passions in both NO and SO; written in response to Fug. Slave Act
Part of Mexico (now AZ/NM) for $10 mill.; to build southern railroad
Remainder of LA terr.=pop.sov.; KS and NE terr. formed; free-soilers enraged
NO based party; for BART and no slavery in territories; higher educ; homesteads
Slaves can’t sue; MO Comp.=unconst.; free blacks can’t be citizens; bad decison
KS constitution is pro-slave; Douglas opposes and loses SO Dem. support
IL senate race debate; Douglas=Freeport Doctrine=people can vote vs. slavery
Cotton is King; no one dare make war on cotton; SO arrogance here is misplaced
Abolitionist radical=violent assault on Harper’s Ferry; becomes martyr for North
No slavery in territories; BART; public education; homesteads
Civil War 1861-1865
4-12-61
1861-65
1861-1865
1861-65
1861-1865
1862-1864
1862
9-17-62
1-1-63
1862
Fort Sumter
North v. South
Lincoln and Border States
Union war goals
African-American Soldiers
C.S.S. Alabama
Homestead Act
Antietam
Emancipation Proclamation
Morrill Act
Fort at Charleston, SC: Confederates open fire, starting Civil War
20 million in NO vs. 9 in SO; 5Xas many mfg. plants in NO.; SO needs quick war
Lincoln could not alienate four slave states still in Union (DEL, MD, KY, MO)
Preserve Union at start, later add emancipation
180,000 served; 38,000 killed; 54th Mass.=1st regiment in ’63; full pay by 1864
C.S.A. commerce raider; points to delicate diplomatic issue with Britain
Law grants 160 acres for small fee to settlers (previous: land sales=revenue)
Union “victory” shows Br/Fr Union power; Emancipation Proclamation follows
All slaves in land still in rebellion are free as of 1-1-63; turns War into crusade
Rep. education act for land-grant colleges (Texas A&M, e.g.); far-sighted
Reconstruction 1865 to 1877
1865-67
Freedmen’s Bureau
13th Amendment
Sharecropping/Tenant
Farming
Black Codes
1863, 1865
1867-1877
1865, 68, 70
1867
1868
1877
1870s on
1877 on
Presidential Reconstruction
Congressional Reconstruction
Civil War Amendments
Alaska purchase
Impeachment of Johnson
Compromise of 1877
Southern “Redeemers”
Jim Crow
1865
1865
1865 on
To provide food, clothing shelter, education for freed slaves; education a big ++++
Frees slaves
Freed slaves share crop proceeds (50/50) or become tenants on farms and forever
indebted to owners and stores; this reconfigures SO agriculture after the Civil War
SO states pass laws restricting freedmen to stabilize workforce and keep them
down
10% of voters in 1860 election can start gov’t; Johnson adds pardons required
Cong. Radicals divide S) into 5 military districts; SO states must ratify 14th Amend.
13th=free slave; 14th=citizenship to Africans; 15th=vote for Africans-but no women
Sec. of State Seward gets Alaska for $7.2 million; Russia off No. Amer. now
Johnson opposes Congress; House impeaches; one vote short of removal in Sen.
Hayes promises to pull troops out of South; ends Reconstruction; begin Jim Crow
Redeemers installed Jim Crow/tenant farming/sharecropping/crop liens
Systematic legal separation of whites and blacks to keep blacks “in their place”
Plains Indian Wars 1866-1890
1866-1890
1868
1868
1876
1870s
1866-1890
1877
1890
1890
Plains Indian Wars
Washita River
Treaty of Fort Laramie
Little Bighorn
Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse
U.S. 7th Cavalry
Chief Joseph of the Nez Percé
Ghost Dance
Wounded Knee
U.S. Army v. Plains Indians for control of land; Indians lose; cattle in, buffalo out
U.S. 7th Cavalry annihilates Cheyenne encampment (in present day Oklahoma)
Red Cloud forces U.S. to close Bozeman Road and respect sacred Powder Riv land
Crazy Horse annihilates U.S. 7th Cavalry under Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer
Great Sioux leaders at Little Big Horn; both killed by Army (CH=’77;SB=’90)
At Washita (’68); Little Big Horn (’76); and reconstituted at Wounded Knee (’90)
Chief runs with people toward Canada; fails; “I will fight no more forever” quote
Army fears Indian uprising; Sitting Bull killed; leads to Wounded Knee
U.S. 7th wipes out Sioux under Bigfoot; ends Plains Indian wars
National Politics, 1877-96: The Gilded Age
1877-1896
1880s
Corruption during Gilded Age
Nativism
Boss Tweed=Tammany; Credit Mobilier; Whiskey Ring; Sec. War Belnap=bribes
Chinese Exclusion (’82); American Protective Assoc. (’87)vs. Catholics/foreigners
1881
1883
1886
1887
1869 on
1840s-1940s
1893
1880s on
1873, 84, 93
1880s, 90s
1890
1890s, 1892
1896
1896
1896
1890
A Century of Dishonor
Pendleton Act
Wabash v. Illinois (1886) Case
Dawes Severalty Act
Women’s Suffrage in West
Environmental impacts of
western settlement
Turner thesis
Trusts
Panics or recessions
Farmers’ problems
Sherman Antitrust Act
Populism
Free Silver
Plessy v. Ferguson
Election of 1896
A good year
Helen Hunt Jackson writes about mistreatment of Indians; starts reform movement
Ends spoils system; begins civil service (what, not who, you know to get a job)
States can’t regulate railroads; leads to Interstate Commerce Act of 1887
Civilize Indians; give them 160 acres; end reservation system; reform plan fails
Wyoming Terr. grants women vote in ’69; other West states follow; SE U.S. lags
Plains Indian way of life destroyed; Buffalo grass removed for crops makes land
ripe for “dust bowl” in times of drought; contaminated H2O sources
“Significance of Frontier” = practical/inventive/restless/individualistic/free=Amer.
Companies join to create monopolistic combines to control trade/commerce
Business failures every decade; unemployment; strikes; labor strife
More crops=lower prices; farmers want inflation and railroad regulation
To prevent combinations in restraint of trade; 1st used against striking workers
“free silver”, initiative, referendum, direct elec. of sen., rr ownership, income tax
Democrats ’96; Bryan, Cross of Gold; inflation to help farmers; lost this one to Rep
“Separate but equal” is OK says USSC; sanctions Jim Crow; Brown(1954) reverses
McKinley for gold standard and high tariff beats Bryan; farmers lose
No frontier; Mahan; Sherman AT Act; Riis book; see PEP on this one
Industrialization and Corporate Consolidation
1850s on
1880s on
1880s on
1886 on
1869-1890s
1886
1892
1894
1830s on
Bessemer process
Horizontal integration
Vertical Integration
American Federation of Labor
Knights of Labor
Haymarket Riot
Homestead Strike
Pullman Strike
Technological improvements
Process to make steel; U.S. becomes industrial giant; Masabi Iron Ore range
Rockefeller buys out competition, controls oil industry; robber baron; trust
Carnegie controls all phases of production, from mine to finished steel
Strong craft unions; more conservative; Samuel Gompers = leader 1886-1924
Early labor union; blamed for Haymarket Riot of 1886—declines thereafter
Chicago; anarchist bomb; Knights of Labor blamed; labor loses
Carnegie Steel Works; governor crushes strike with many troops; labor loses
American Railway Workers/Eugene V. Debs; U.S. troops used; labor loses
sew mach, lights, typewriter, telephone, elevator, assembly line = rise in business
Urban Society
1889
1900s
1880s
1900s
1890-1920
1890
Early 1900s
1890s on
1900 or so
Gospel of Wealth
Social Gospel
Social Darwinism
Social critics and dissenters
Immigration
How the Other Half Lives
City problems
Hull House = Jane Addams
Culture and entertainment
Andrew Carnegie; wealthy must share money to help society
Walter Rauschenbusch; Hell’s Kitchen (NY); must help the poor; Sheldon=WWJD
Survival of fittest applied to society; poor deserve it; savage defense of wealth
African Americans, unions, socialists, progressives, feminists, writers want change
Jews, Italians, Croats, Greeks, Poles, Slovaks; cheap labor; nativist reaction
Jacob Riis; book on dirt, disease, vice, and misery of the rat-infested slums in NYC
Slums; machine politics/corruption(Tweed); water/sewer problems; gangs/crime
Settlement house; kids day care; English classes; cultural activities; reformist
Socialism, progressivism, pragmatism; baseball, football, circus, vaudeville
Foreign Policy 1890 to 1914
1890-1914
1890s
1890
1898
1898-1902
1898
1899-1900
1904-1914
1904-1905
1904-1905
1909-1913
1913-1921
Jingoism
Jos. Pulitzer/Will. Rand Hearst
Capt. Alfred Thayer Mahan
Spanish-American War
Aguinaldo and War vs. U.S.
Anti-Imperialist League
Open Door Policy
Panama Canal
Russo- Japanese War
Roosevelt Corollary
Dollar Diplomacy
Moral diplomacy
Fanatical patriotism; big-navy advocates; support Sp-Amer War and expansion
Yellow journalism=lurid headlines/little regard for truth/circulation war/NYC
Influence of Sea Power Upon History prompts desire for big navy; jingoism
Maine; Hearst/Pulitzer; free Cuba; keep Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico; empire
Filipino leader vs. U.S. occupation; savage war for few years; Aguinaldo captured
Formed to oppose keeping Philippines; M. Twain, Sam. Gompers, And. Carnegie
John Hay: nations in China to respect Chinese terr. integrity and allow fair trade
TR takes Panama strip and builds Canal to facilitate U.S. ship movement
TR brokers peace, wins Nobel Peace Prize
TR will collect customs in Carib; keep Brit/Ger out; corollary to Monroe Doctrine
Pres. Taft promotes business investment in Latin America/Asia in lieu of force
Pres. Wilson wants to promote human rights/democracy; reflects his idealism
Progressive Era 1900-1920
1900-1920
1880s on
1900-1916
1900 on
early 1900s
Progressivism
Pragmatism John Dewey
Good Government League
Initiative, Referendum, Recall
Muckrakers
Urban middle-class for reforms: TR’s 3Cs; clean govt; welfare; democratic reforms
Kids learn by doing; philosophy=truth of idea=does it work in practice
Locals get rid of corruption in cities and install honest, capable officials
Progressives: ini=people pass law; ref=legis. asks people; rec=get rid of officials
McClure’s:Steffens/corruption in cities;Tarbell/Standard Oil;Sinclair/meat-packing
1906
1904
1904
1906
1906
1903
1906
1895
1890-1920
1909 on
1920s
1901-1909
1910-1912
1910
1909
1791-1913
1912-1914
1914
1913
1913-1920
1900-1920
1917
The Jungle
The Shame of the Cities
History of Standard Oil Co.
Pure Food and Drug Act
Meat Inspection Act
Elkins Act
Hepburn Act
Atlanta Compromise Speech
Niagara Movement
N.A.A.C.P.
Marcus Garvey
T.R.’s “Square Deal
T.R.’s New Nationalism
Pinchot-Ballinger Controversy
Payne-Aldrich Tariff
Customs
Wilson’s New Freedom
Federal Trade Commission
Federal Reserve Act
Prog Era Const Amendments
Women’s roles
World War I: Causes for U.S
Sinclair exposes Chicago meat-packing industry; leads to reform (Meat Insp. Act)
Steffens exposes corruption in cities; leads to “Good Govt. Leagues” and reform
Tarbell exposes Standard Oil abuses; Taft files antitrust; company broken up(1911)
Prevent the contamination and mislabeling or packaging of foodstuffs
Inspect and condemn bad meat; response to Sinclair’s The Jungle
Prohibits railroad rebates
Free passes on railroads prohibited; ICC can set rr rates on complaint of shipper
Booker T. Washington accommodationist speech= blacks should work with hands
W.E.B. DuBois detests Washington; demands equality now; founds N.A.A.C.P.
Fights Jim Crow through legal action; Brown v. Board (1954) great victory
Black leader (NYC); back-to-Africa; economic self-sufficiency for African Amer.
To help labor but expands to 3Cs: control corps, consumer prot; conservation
Growth of big business OK if checked by growth of big regulatory power in Wash.
Taft fires TR’s friend Pinchot; angers TR; splits TR from Taft; Reps lose in 1912
Taft angers Dems and Prog Reps with this 41% tariff (helps split Republicans)
Tariffs (customs duties) = chief source of revenue to 1913; income tax takes over
1) Tariff (lower to 27%); 2) Federal Reserve Act; 3) Clayton Act protects unions
FTC prohibits unfair trade practices; consistent with New Freedom of Wilson
Creates 12 banks to issue paper money and regulate economy via interest rates
16th=income tax; 17th=direct elec. senators; 18th=prohibition; 19th=women vote
College in; settlement houses; reform movements; temperance/prohibition
Germans sank U.S. ships; British trade soars; German trade drops; U.S. pro-Brit.
World War I
1914-1917
1915
1916
1915
1917-1918
1917-1918
Neutral in thought and action
Arabic Pledge
Sussex Pledge
Birth of A Nation
War Industries Board
WWI on the Home Front
Wilson wanted this; impossible due to entry immediately above
Germans pledge to not attack passenger ships without giving proper warning
Germans pledge to not attack passenger ships without giving proper warning-again
D.W. Griffith glorifies KKK in racist movie that is popular
Federal agency to organize economy for war; largely voluntary
Factories reorganized to make bombs; draft started; women go to work; farm
1-8-18
1918-1920
1919
1919-1920
1917 on
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Senator Henry Cabot Lodge
League Article X
Red scare
African American Migration
products rise; victory gardens; blacks move to cities; food and fuel administrations
promote conservation; war (savings) bonds raise money for war effort; antiGerman/anti-Socialist sentiment prompts Espionage and Sedition Acts
Address to Congress: No secret alliances; arms reduction; league of nations
Opposed League; opposed Treaty; beat Wilson badly (cf. with U.N. after WWII)
Article X says U.S. to defend member of League if attacked; Lodge opposed
A.G. Palmer leads raids; anti-communist hysteria; many jailed or deported
Blacks go to jobs in North and West, creating their own communities in new areas
The Roaring 20s
1921-1922
1921-1923
1921-1929
1920s
1920s
1919-1933
1920s
1840s on
1925
1920s
1920s
1920s
1920s
1920-1940
1920s-1930s
1920s
1920s
1921, 1924
1920s
1928
Washington Conference
Harding scandals
Harding and Coolidge
Jazz Age
Harlem Renaissance
Prohibition
Modernism
Nativism
Scopes Trial
KKK
Women
Margaret Sanger
“Lost Generation”
Isolationism
Reparation Problems
Farm problems in 1920s
Ford Motor Co
Immigration Restriction
Consumerism
Kellogg-Briand Peace Pact
Isolationist pacts; disarm navy; respect Open Door; respect possessions in Asia
Teapot Dome (oil leases for bribes); Vet. Admin. head stole millions from U.S.
Pro-business; antitrust laws ignored; tax cuts for wealthy; high tariffs
Also “Roaring ‘20s”: black music migrates North; Louis Armstrong
Langston Hughes; literary blossoming of racial pride/culture in Harlem
18th Amendment says no alcohol; crime flourishes (Capone); 21st Am ’33 repeals
Conservatives/Fundamentalists struggled with modernist trends in 1920s
1840s=anti-Irish/Ger; 1880s Chinese; 1908-1924=Japanese; 1924=Europeans
Scopes convicted of teaching evolution but Fundamentalists (Bryan) look bad
Anti-Catholic, Anti-Jew, Anti-foreign: for white Protestants; many members
Flapper=independence; vacuum cleaner, refrig=liberation; jobs=freedom
Promotes birth control as alternative to poverty and crime; she was persecuted
Fitzgerald=This Side of Paradise; Hemingway=The Sun Also Rises(booze and sex)
Wash. Conf. ’21-’22; KB Peace Pact ’28; Nye Report; Neutrality laws ‘35,’36,‘37
Dawes Plan; U.S. loan $ to Ger; Ger pays Brit/Fr: Brit/Fr pay loans to U.S.: mess
Overproduction=lower prices; Coolidge vetoes farm price support laws
Model T revolutionizes travel; cheap; reliable; freedom; Henry Ford
1924 Immigration Act = 2% of 1890 #s in U.S. from any nation; no Japanese
Buy refrigerators, cars, vacuum cleaners, radios on credit; lower hours, higher pay
Nations renounce war as instrument of foreign policy; hollow but nice
1920s
Gov does nothing to stop Jim Crow; women return to home after war, but “flapper”
Blacks and Women
Great Depression and the New Deal
1929-1933
1929-1933
1929-1933
1932
1933-1945
3/33 to 6/33
1933 March
1933 May
1933 May
1933 June
1933
1933 June
1933 June
1933 May
1934
1935
1930s
1930s
1934
1935
1937
1937
1939
1930s
1932
1938
Causes of Depression
Hoover’s Response
Hoovervilles
Bonus March
F.D. Roosevelt
1st 100 Days of FDR’s term
Civilian Conservation Corps
FERA
AAA (Agric. Adjustment Act)
HOLC
CWA
NRA
Public Works Administration
Tennessee Valley Authority
SEC
Second New Deal
Immigration, Mexican
Radicals, crackpots
Indian Reorganization Act
CIO
FDR’s Supreme Court
Keynesian Economics
Grapes of Wrath
Trilogy
Tobacco Road,
Recession of 1938
Overproduction on farm and in factory; too much credit; stock speculation
Let states/locals fix; later he supports Reconstruction Finance Corp (build dams)
Shacks/tents encampments for homeless; government sometimes broke them up
Vets march on Wash. to demand pay; Hoover busts up encampment and looks bad
Elected 4 times; got U.S. through Depression and WWII: Practical and tough
Relief, recovery, reform; alphabet soup (CCC, FERA, TVA, AAA)
Puts young men to work in 3Fs: reforestation, firefighting, flood control; good deal
Federal Emerg. Relief. Admin. provides money for immediate help; simple jobs
Price supports for farmers; USSC strikes down; new AAA in 1938 still with us
Home Owner’s Loan Corporation = $ for non-farm mortgage help
Civil Works Admin. provides $ for all kinds of simple jobs (part of FERA)
National Indust. Recovery Act: businesses voluntarily limit hours to increase jobs
PWA = $ for dams, roads, buildings = long term recovery in major public works
TVA electrifies Appalachia; provides long-term employment to present
Securities and Exchange Commission regulates stock market
3 laws: Social Security; Wagner Act (unions can organize/bargain); WPA for jobs
U.S. holds back visas; deports many Mexicans; U.S. trying to protect jobs at home
Huey Long, Father Coughlin, Upton Sinclair, Francis Townsend/all crazy schemes
John Collier gets abandonment of ’87 Dawes Act in favor of respect for tribes
Congress of Industrial Organizations; all workers in an industry; John L. Lewis
USSC strikes down AAA/NIRA; FDR upset; court-packing scheme fails; FDR bad
FDR buys into Keynes idea on deficit spending to prime the economic pump
John Steinbeck writes about Dust Bowl migrants and criticizes farmers/landowners
John Dos Passos’s 3 books on struggles of Americans in early 1900s
Erskine Caldwell writes about alienated poor white Georgia farmers
Unemployment rises proving New Deal is not final answer to depression; WWII is
The Coming of the Second World War (think isolationism)
1931
1933
1933
1934
1930s
1935-1937
1938
1941
1941
Stimson Doctrine
Good Neighbor Policy
London Economic Conference
Nye Committee report
Japan./Italy/Ger. aggression
Neutrality legislation
Appeasement of Hitler by Brit
Lend-Lease
Atlantic Charter
Japan invades China; Sec. State Stimson says U.S. won’t recognize terr. gains
FDR promotes nonintervention in Latin America; TR rolls over in his grave
FDR is a no-show due to not wanting to stabilize currency in world; isolationism
Senator Nye says arms merchants/bankers got us into WWI, not subs; isolationism
Japan=China/’31,’37; Italy=Ethiopia/’35; Germany=Poland/’39: U.S. avoids
Americans can’t travel on combatant ships, sell goods, loan money during war
Britain OKs Hitler taking Sudetenland, but Hitler then takes all of Czech.
U.S. can lease, loan, sell war goods to help British
In secret meeting on ship, FDR/Churchill OK what becomes U.N.
World War II
12-07-41
June 1942
1943
6-6-44
1941-1945
1945
1945
1945
1945
Pearl Harbor 12-07-41
Midway, June 3-6, 1942
Teheran Conference
D-Day
Adm. Nimitz/Gen. MacArthur
Yalta Conference
Potsdam Conference
United Nations
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Japan sinks Pacific fleet (except carriers) at Pearl; U.S. declares war; iso’ism ends
Great U.S. carrier victory stops Japanese advance in Pacific (6 mo after Pearl!!!)
FDR, Churchill, Stalin agree to open 2nd front in 1944; leads to D-Day (6-6-44)
Ike leads Normandy invasion on French coast; Germany surrenders in May 1945
Two U.S. commanders who win war in Pacific
Stalin OKs elections in Europe (reneges) and U.S.S.R. to enter war in Pacific
Truman, Stalin, Churchill/Atlee: Japan must surrender or be destroyed
U.S. creates U.N. (cf. with rejection of League after WWI)
8/6&8/9 atomic bombs; Japan surrenders 8/15; WWII ends
The Home Front during World War II
1941-1945
1941-1945
1941-1945
1941-1945
1941-1945
Wartime mobilization
Wartime mobilization
Wartime mobilization
Wartime mobilization
Wartime mobilization
1941-1945
Urban migration
Must convert industry to war: no more cars but lots of tanks, planes, artillery
Draft begun in 1940—before war but in anticipation of war (cf. WWI/draft during)
Women go to work: Rosie the Riveter
Blacks to NO/West cities for jobs; Mexicans (braceros) brought into U.S.
War Production Board has power to ration critical items (gas, oil, metal, rubber)
[cf. War Industries Board in WWI which was much weaker and less effective]
Blacks, Mexicans, Native Amers. go to cities for jobs, creating communities
1941-1945
1941-1945
1941-1945
1942-1943
1942-46
1941-1946
Regional development
Expansion of govt. power
Women and work during war
Zoot Suit Riots
Internment of Japanese
Double-V Campaign
L.A., Detroit, Seattle flourish with wartime jobs
U.S. power to regulate economy and people grows much during WWII
Women make tanks, planes, artillery’ “We Can Do It!” campaign=patriotic
Sailors attack young Mexicans in L.A., claiming self-defense; racial tensions
120,000 (most citizens) interned under E.O. 9066 (USSC says OK): horrible event
Blacks soldiers fight racism abroad and at home, thus the double-V (for victory)
Truman and the Start of the Cold War 1945-1952
1945-1950s
1944
1946
1949
1946
1948
1948
1951-1953
1947
1947
1947
1948-1949
1949
Post WWII Economic Boom
G.I. Bill
Taft-Harley Act
Truman’s Fair Deal
Employment Act of 1946
Dixiecrats
Alger Hiss
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
Containment: Kennan
Contain.: Truman Doctrine
Contain. Marshall Plan
Berlin Airlift Crisis
No. Atlantic Treaty Org.
Middle class=prosperity; baby boom; TV, cars, washing machines, homes
10 million veterans get $ for education and homes: fuels economic boom
Anti-union law (passed over Truman veto) outlaws closed shop + more anti-union
[Extension of New Deal] Min. wage increased but Congress opposes health insur.
Signals U.S. govt. intrusion into national economy (cf. Laissez Faire)
Truman for civil rights; Thurmond leads racist states’ rights party in election of ‘48
Accused of being Communist; convicted of perjury; elevates Nixon’s career
Executed as spies; some saw trial as anti-communist witch hunt gone too far
George Kennan argues U.S. must vigilantly “contain” Soviet expansionism
Must get $ to Greece and Turkey to fight Commies; let’s help “free peoples” fight
U.S. provides billions to rebuild Europe and erode attractiveness of Communism
Truman airlifts supplies to Berlin (cutoff); Stalin loses and reopens roads to Berlin
U.S. joins NATO=alliance to confront U.S.S.R.=attack on one is attack on all
The 1950s
1951
1950-1954
1950
1950s
1950s
1950s
1950s
Korea/MacArthur Feud
McCarthyism
McCarran Act
Social Impact of Cold War
Science, technology, medicine
Social developments
Social developments
MacArthur wants big war and won’t shut up: Truman fires this national hero
Wis. Senator conducts anti-commie witch hunt=hurts many; in end he loses
Truman vetoes (Congress overrides): Pres. can detain “suspicious” people
Fear of atomic war; let’s help blacks so commies won’t gain; must be anti-commie
Salk vaccine; transistors; NASA; NDEA ($ for educ.)
Transportation: interstates go around towns; speed up transport of goods/people
Housing: low-cost loans, most Americans own homes by 1960; suburbs
1950s
1950s
1946-1963
1950s
1950s
1950s
1950s
1950s
1954
1957
1961
1954
1955
1957
Standard of living: many have homes, cars, TVs, washing machines: “happy days”
Black migration: many escape Jim Crow and move to NO/West. cities
Baby boom: largest generation in U.S. history
Rock and roll: Elvis merges black and country producing new genre: very popular
“Happy Days”: OK for white, middle class, but blacks stuck in Jim Crow
1. The Lonely Crowd (David Riesman), The Organization Man (William H.
Whyte), The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit (Sloan Wilson)=U.S. society=pack of
conformists
2. The Affluent Society (John Kenneth Galbraith) questions the relation between
private wealth and the public good. These critics represent the conscience of
America.
McDonald’s; homogenization of society; same cars, same homes; same everything
Consensus and conformity
Beatniks
Jack Kerouac (On the Road); counter-culture filled with casual drugs, booze, sex
Dulles’ foreign policy
“Brinksmanship”; massive retaliation; mutual assured destruction
Sputnik
U.S.S.R. satellite scares U.S., sparks U.S. space program and $ for scientific educ.
“Military Industrial Complex” Ike warns of power, influence, cost of merger of the military with U.S. industry
Brown v. Board of Education Plessy ’96 and separate but equal overturned by USSC; big victory for NAACP
Rosa Parks
Refuses to move; convicted; Montgomery Bus Boycott; MLK begins; buses integ.
Civil Rights Commission
Weak commission foreshadows CRA of ’64 and Voting Rights Act of ‘65
Social developments
Social developments
Social developments
Social developments
Social developments
Literature of criticism
The 1960s: Kennedy’s New Frontier
and Johnson’s Great Society
1960
1960
1961
1961
4-17-61
1962
1962
1950-60s
"New Frontier"
Greensboro sit-in
Freedom Rides
Berlin Wall
Bay of Pigs
Cuban missile crisis
Silent Spring
Martin Luther King
JFK ’60 campaign promises: improve Social Security; increase minimum wage
4 black students NC A & T sit-in at Woolworth’s; Jim Crow attacked; blacks win
CORE sponsors interstate bus rides to attack Jim Crow; successful
Khrushchev builds wall to stop flow of East Germans to West; Cold War increases
CIA-backed invasion of Cuba; Castro beats; embarrassment for JFK
Khrushchev puts missiles in Cuba; JFK blockades; JFK wins; nuclear war near
Rachel Carson’s book launches environmental protection movement
MLK early fights Jim Crow and for political rights, later for economic justice
1963
1950s-1960s
1964
1965-1972
1964
1965
1965
1965
1965 on
1960s
1960s
1960s
1960s
1960s
1968
1968
1968
1968
1968
1968
1968
1968
1969-1973
1969-1973
1972
1972-1974
1969-1989
1970
1972
1973
The Feminine Mystique
Vietnam War
Tonkin Resolution
Antiwar Movement
Civil Rights Act
Selma Bridge
The Great Society
Voting Rights Act
Black Militancy after 1965
Malcolm X
Stokely Carmichael
Roy Wilkins
James Farmer
Huey P. Newton
Tet Offensive
MLK killed
Nuclear Nonproliferation Tre.
Robert F. Kennedy killed
Washington D.C. riots
Democratic Convention Riots
“Silent Majority” Nixon
George Wallace in election
Nixon’s Challenge: Vietnam
Vietnamization of War
Nixon’s Challenge: China
Watergate
New Federalism
Environmental Protec. Agency
Title IX
Roe v. Wade
Betty Friedan book launches modern women’s rights (feminist) movement
U.S. must stop Communism; U.S. backs corrupt govt; antiwar protests; U.S. loses
LBJ says U.S. attacked in Tonkin Gulf; Congress gives LBJ authority to fight
Massive antiwar movement turned U.S. public against Vietnam war
Nobody can discriminate on account of race, color, creed, national origin, sex
MLK marchers beaten at bridge; leads to Voting Rights Act later in year
LBJ domestic agenda: Medicare; immigration reform; Head Start; voting rights
LBJ backed this law to register blacks in Southern states; changed Southern politics
Frustration in cities over jobs and justice; riots; blacks promote separateness
Black nationalist leader; for black pride and economic self-sufficiency
SNCC; Black Panthers later
Head of NAACP (Brown v. Board of Education)
CORE; Freedom Rides
Founder of militant Black Panthers
Vietnamese Communists’ attack is beaten back but discredits U.S. war effort
MLK assassinated while in Memphis supporting garbage collectors’ strike
Treaty is first effort to put a stop to Cold War arms escalation
JFK brother killed while running for president
After RFK killed, riots hurt Wash D.C. economy, crime rises
Antiwar riots on TV fuel antiwar movement
Nixon=president on appeal to “silent majority” who oppose 1960s protest excesses
Wallace=3rd party=states’ rights=racist=against civil rights, for segregation
Nixon gets U.S. out of Vietnam=“peace with honor” in 1973; Commies win 1975
Nixon idea to train Vietnamese to take over U.S. role so U.S. can withdraw troops
Nixon thaws Cold War with China; eases burden in Vietnam; confronts U.S.S.R.
Nixon resigns after being implicated in criminal wrongdoing at Watergate hotel
Give more $ and power to states; grants to states for specific programs (Nixon)
EPA for clean water and air; environmental protection movement
No sex discrimination in federally funded education programs; women’s sports
USSC legalizes abortion; controversy; court decisions over time erode
1975 on
Changes in Amer. economy
Higher paid industrial jobs down; lower paid service jobs up; 1990s=outsourcing
The United States since 1972
1970s-1980s Détente and Glasnost
Détente is “relaxation of tension”; Glasnost=U.S.S.R. openness in government
1978
Camp David Accords
Carter brokers peace between Israel and Egypt
1979
Three Mile Island
Nuclear plant meltdown = U.S. loses interest in nuclear power; just use more oil
1979-1981
Iranian Hostage Crisis
Iran. terrorists keep U.S. hostages 444 days; U.S. can’t cope with terrorists well
1977, 1999
Carter & Panama Canal
Carter treaty to turn Canal over to Panama in 1999; better relations w/ Latin Amer.
Late 1970s
Carter’s economic problems
“Stagflation”=high inflation/high unemployment; high interest rates; Carter blamed
1981=Lum’s dog Sunshine is born in Los Angeles
1980
New Right = Reagan
Conservative social agenda: vs. ‘60s; anti-porn, abortion, homo., feminism, affirm
action; pro-prayer in schools, tougher penalties for crimes
1980s
Reaganomics
Cut taxes to stimulate economy; but mili. $ so high that debt becomes staggering
1976-1989
Reagan and Carter
Washington outsiders: people like anti-Washington establishment Rea. And Car.
1972
ABM Treaty (Nixon)
U.S./U.S.S.R. treaty limits anti-ballistic missile missiles; helps thaw Cold War
1979
SALT
Carter fails with strategic arms limitation talks
1993
START Treaty
Russia/U.S. agree to reduce long-range nuclear weapons
1983
Invasion of Grenada
Reagan fears Marxists in Carib. Island; sends troops to install pro-U.S. govt.
1986
Iran-Contra Scandal
Sells arms to Iran, then give profits to Contras; illegal; Reagan escapes (Teflon)
1980s
Resurgent Fundamentalism
Jerry Falwell=Moral Majority; polit. active conserva. Christians: see New Right
1980s on
Consumerism
Good life=material goods; selfish; little concern for poor, environment
1991
End of the Cold War
U.S.S.R. collapses into separate republics; ends Cold War: What will U.S. do now?
1990s on
Globalization
Interconnectedness of global money and markets make isolationism impossible
1990s on
Environmental Issues
Global warming; nuclear waste disposal; oil spills vs. hybrid cars, clean air efforts
1990
Persian Gulf Crisis
Iraq (Saddam Hussein) invades Kuwait and seizes its vast oil supply
1991
Operation Desert Storm
U.S. led coalition forces Iraq out of Kuwait
1999
Clinton Impeachment
Clinton not convicted of perjury and obstruction of justice
2001 on
Terrorism 9/11/2001
Anti-terrorism becomes organizing principle of U.S. foreign policy
WOW—THIS IS SOME TIMELINE—and if I’m reading this I am going to pass on 5-08-09. Smile.