KEMENTERIAN KEUANGAN
REPUBLIK INDONESIA
Ketimpangan Pendapatan dan
Kesempatan di Indonesia
Kunta W.D. Nugraha
Peneliti Senior
Badan Kebijakan Fiskal, Kementerian Keuangan
Konferensi INFID
Jakarta, 26 – 27 November 2013
CRICOS #00212K
KEMENTERIAN KEUANGAN
REPUBLIK INDONESIA
Topik
• Ketimpangan pendapatan di Indonesia
• Menuju pendapatan final
• Pengaruh pendapatan non-market, bantuan
sosial dan subsidi terhadap ketimpangan
pendapatan
d
t
• Kesimpulan
2
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Semakin tinggi pertumbuhan ekonomi, semakin
tinggi pula ketimpangan pendapatan
3
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Beberapa konsep penting
4
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REPUBLIK INDONESIA
Menuju pendapatan final
Gross income
Income tax
All market
income
Net income
Wages/sala Business &
nonries
business
income
Financial
income
Consumpti
on of own
production
Income
in-kind
Actual
income
Taxes on
production
Final income
Disposable
i
income
Income after
t
taxes
Benefits inkind
Cash
transfers
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KEMENTERIAN KEUANGAN
REPUBLIK INDONESIA
Definisi cash transfers dan benefits in-kind
Items
1 Cash
Cash Transfers
Transfers
Education
‐ BOS
‐ Scholarship
Health
‐ Basic Health
Definition
Grants for operational school for 41.9 million students
Grants for poor students ‐ 2.4 million students in SD&SMP
‐ 0.9 million students in SMA
‐ 0.2 million students in Univ
Grants for operational of Puskesmas
Items
2 Subsidies
Energy
‐ Fuel
‐ Electricity
Food
‐ Fertilizer
Definition
Price subsidy on unleaded, diesel, kerosene and gas
Price subsidy on electricity below 6,600 Watt
Price subsidy on fertilizer
‐ Paddy
Price subsidy on paddy
‐ Rice
Price subsidy for poor household for 15 kg/month
‐ Standard Hospital
St d d H
it l Grants for standard hospital
G
t f
t d dh
it l
Social Security
‐ Conditional
‐ Unconditional
Grants for poor household for 720,000 households
Grants for poor household for 19,1 million households
Public Service Obligation
‐ Train (KAI)
Ship (Pelni)
Price subsidy for KAI, Pelni, ‐
Posindo and Antara
‐ Post Office
‐ News Agency
3 Public Spending
‐ Education
‐ Health
Central and local expenditure on Central
and local expenditure on
education
Central and local expenditure on health
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Pengaruh pendapatan non-market sangat besar, terutama untuk
kelompok paling miskin (US$ using PPP 2008)
7
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Cash transfers and benefits in-kind cenderung propoor, kecuali subsidi (US$ using PPP 2008)
Deciles
Lowest
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
Sixth
Seventh
Eighth
Ninth
Highest
Benefits In‐Kind
Cash Transfers
Subsidies
Health
Education
121.7
87.1
83.4
41.2
19.8
19.7
19.5
18.5
18.8
16.4
294.9
224.6
233.9
253.3
269.3
279.0
301.0
350.0
424.1
656.2
51.7
52.3
41.9
45.3
37.7
37.5
33.8
29.6
30.5
17.5
266.7
173.0
169.8
167.6
169.6
170.5
177.1
180.4
187.9
208.4
Total
735.0
537.0
529.1
507.4
496.5
506.6
531.5
578.5
661.3
898.5
8
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REPUBLIK INDONESIA
Education, basic health and social security are pro-poor (US$
using PPP 2008)
Ed
Education
i
Deciles
Lowest
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
Sixth
Seventh
Eighth
Ninth
Highest
B i H lh
Basic Health
BOS
Scholarships
Puskesmas
Hospital
14.1
14.2
14.1
13.6
13.3
13.3
13.8
13.4
13.6
13.4
19.7
2.3
0.7
0.3
0.1
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
1.8
2.2
1.9
1.8
1.4
1.4
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.5
7.0
6.7
5.3
6.0
5.0
5.0
4.6
4.1
4.3
2.5
SSocial Security
i lS
i
Un‐
Conditional
conditional
63.5
61.8
61.5
19.6
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
15.6
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
‐
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Semua subsidi adalah pro-rich, kecuali beras (US$ using PPP
2008)
Energy
Deciles
Lowest
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
Sixth
Seventh
Eighth
Ninth
Highest
Food
Fuel
Electricity
Fertilizer Rice/Paddy
171.3
125.8
130.5
141.1
149.4
153.5
163.9
194.9
235.1
374.6
90.8
67.2
71.6
80.0
88.5
94.0
104.6
121.3
153.7
238.3
18.3
15.6
16.3
17.4
17.5
18.0
19.5
21.4
24.0
32.7
12.4
14.7
14.0
13.2
12.0
11.5
11.0
9.9
8.3
5.6
Public P
bli
Service Obligation
2.1
1.4
1.5
1.7
1.9
1.9
2.0
2.5
2.9
5.0
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Subsidi BBM adalah pro-rich (US$ using PPP 2008)
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Distribusi pendapatan per kapita cenderung
menyempit, %
Market Income
Market Income Deciles
Gross All Market Net Income
Income Income
Market Income and Non‐Market Income
Market Income and Non‐Market Income
Actual Income
Income Disposible After Taxes Income
Final Income
LLowestt
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
Sixth
Seventh
Eighth
i hh
Ninth
Highest
1.5
15
3.5
4.6
5.6
6.7
7.9
9.4
11.3
11 3
14.7
34.8
1.5
15
3.5
4.6
5.7
6.8
8.1
9.6
11.5
11
15.0
33.7
2.2
22
4.2
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.1
9.6
11.4
11
14.5
32.0
8.1
81
6.8
7.1
7.6
8.2
8.5
9.2
10.2
10 2
12.1
22.2
8.8
88
7.5
6.9
7.4
8.0
8.4
9.1
10.1
10 1
11.9
21.9
9.3
93
7.8
7.2
7.5
7.9
8.3
9.0
9.9
99
11.7
21.4
9.7
97
7.9
7.4
7.7
8.1
8.4
9.0
10.0
10 0
11.7
20.1
Total
100.0 100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
12
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40
30
30
30
20
20
20
10
10
10
0
0
0
Gross income
Equality line
Actual income
Equality line
Final income
Highest
40
Ninth
40
Eighth
50
Seventh
50
Sixth
50
Fifth
60
Fourth
60
Third
60
Second
70
Highest
70
Ninth
70
Eighth
80
Seventh
80
Sixth
80
Fifth
90
Fourth
90
Third
100
Second
100
90
Lowest
100
Lowest
Perbaikan distribusi pendapatan dapat dilihat pada
Lorentz Curve
Equality line
Gross Income Actual Income Final Income Gini Coefficient
0.42
0.21
0.17
Percentile Ratios
P90/P50
P10/P50
3.39
0.34
2.06
0.83
1.82
0.87
13
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Kesimpulan (1)
• Non
Non-market
market income
– Ignoring the non-market income component seriously
overestimates the degree of income inequality.
inequality
– For example: Indonesian official Gini coefficient in
2008 is 0.35
0 35 using household consumption
consumption, but I found
that Gini coefficient can be 0.21 using household
market and non-market income
14
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Kesimpulan (2)
• Cash transfers and benefits in-kind
in kind
– Government programs in health and education
improve income distribution
distribution, but not subsidies
subsidies.
– Most of subsidies are price subsidies which apply to all
consumers and rich households consume more
more.
15
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Policy Responses
• Calculation of income inequality need to accommodate
non-market income to avoid misleading results which
could lead p
poor p
policy.
y
• Maintaining and increasing further cash transfers and
public
pub
c spe
spending
d go
on health
ea t a
and
d educat
education.
o
• Reform the subsidy system from price subsidies to
targeted subsidies or other pro-poor
pro poor programs.
16
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T i k ih
Terimakasih
17
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