14 dpm/g
1 pm =
10-12m
Bohr radius
53 pm
Atom
~100 pm
1 fm = 10-15 m
Proton radius
~ 1.3 fm
1 attometer
= 1 am
= 10-18 m
Electron radius
~1 am
Baryons: 3 quarks
Mesons: 1 quark and
1 antiquark
Energy equivalents to mass
Up quark I = 1/2h
and charge +2/3
3 quarks aligned to spin 3/2
Down quark I = ½
charge -1/3
Strange quark I=1/2
charge = -1/3
It has not been possible to isolate a single quark. That is, there are not
things running around the universe with +2/3 or -1/3 q. And, there is no
idea how the electron and positron have unit charges.
Maybe we fouled up in the first place, and the charge on the electron
should be -3???
What do you need to know.
Protons and neutrons have magnetic moments, thus, there MUST be
some substructure
The standard model of Particle Physics is now accepted as providing an
excellent description of the particle world
The quark universe includes six (12 with the anti) quarks and six
antiquarks, up, down, strange, charm, bottom, top
Up, charm, and top have charge + 2/3, down, strange and bottom have charge -1/3
Baryons, heavy particles, include protons and neutrons and are
composed of three strongly interacting quarks
Mesons are light particles that consist of a quark and an anti quark pair
and they interact strongly
Proton is uud neutron is udd
Beta-minus decay of the neutron and others involved the quark
transition from d (-1/3) to u(+2/3) with is Δq = 1.
Leptons are “very light particles’ and DO NOT INTERACT
STRONGLY, but only via the weak interaction.
The include three particles electrons, muons and taons with the
appropriate antiparticles
They are accompanied by three neutrinos, light, medium and heavy
Beta decay in any form involves the production of a lepton and an
antilepton via the weak interaction.
Everything with a charge has an electromagnetic interaction, and Everything with mass has a gravitational interaction.