The American Pageant Key Terms & People Chapters 1-41
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The American Pageant Key Terms & People Chapters 1-41 Chapter 1-New World Beginnings Chapter 2-The Planting of English America Chapter 3-Settling the Northern Colonies Terms: Canadian Shield Incas Aztecs Nation-States Cahokia Three-Sister Farming Middlemen Caravel Plantation Columbian Exchange Treaty of Tordesillas Conquistadores Capitalism Encomienda Noche Triste Mestizos Battle of Acoma Pope’s Rebellion Black Legend Terms: Protestant Reformation Roanoke Island Spanish Armada Primogeniture Joint-Stock Company Virginia Company Charter Jamestown 1st Anglo-Powhatan War 2nd Anglo-Powhatan War House of Burgesses Act of Toleration Barbados Slave Code Squatters Iroquois Confederacy Tuscarora War Yamasee Indians Buffer Terms: Calvinism Predestination Conversion Puritans Separatists Mayflower Compact Massachusetts Bay Colony Great Migration Antinomianism Fundamental Orders Pequot War King Phillip’s War New England Confederation English Civil War Dominion of New England Navigation Laws Glorious (bloodless) Revolution Salutary Neglect Quakers Blue Laws People: Ferdinand of Aragon Isabella of Castile Christopher Columbus Francisco Coronado Francisco Pizarro Bartolome de las Casas Hernan Cortez Malinche (Dona Marina) Montezuma Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot) Robert de La Salle Father Junipero Sera People: Henry VIII Elizabeth I Sir Francis Drake Sir Walter Raleigh James I Captain John Smith Powhatan Pocahontas Lord De La Warr John Rolfe Lord Baltimore Oliver Cromwell James Oglethorpe Hiawatha People: Martin Luther John Calvin William Bradford John Winthrop Anne Hutchinson Roger Williams Charles II Sir Edmund Andros William III & Mary II Henry Hudson William Penn Chapter 4 – American Life in the Seventeenth Century Chapter 5 – Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution Chapter 6 – The Duel for North America Terms: Indentured servants Headright System Scarcity of Women Tobacco Bacon’s Rebellion Royal African Company Middle Passage Slave Codes New York Slave Revolt SC Slave Revolt (Stono River) Congressional Church Jeremiad Town meetings (town halls) Halfway Covenant Salem Witch Trials Leisler’s Rebellion Terms: Paxton Boys Regulator Movement Scotch-Irish Colonial Professions Structure of Southern Society Structure of Northern Society Triangular Trade Molasses Act Arminianism Great Awakening Old Lights New Lights Harvard University Poor Richard’s Almanack Zenger Trial Royal Colonies Proprietary Colonies Terms: Huguenots Edict of Nantes Coureurs de bois Voyageurs King William’s War Queen Anne’s War War of Jenkins’ Ear King George’s War Acadians French and Indian War Albany Congress Regulars Battle of Quebec Pontiac’s Uprising Proclamation of 1763 People: William Berkeley Nathaniel Bacon Anthony Johnson People: Michel Crevecoeur Jacobus Arminius Jonathan Edwards George Whitefield John Trumbull John Singleton Copely Phillis Wheatley John Peter Zenger People: Louis XIV Samuel de Champlain Edward Braddock William Pitt James Wolfe Pontiac Chapter 7 – The Road to Revolution Chapter 8 – America Secedes from the Empire Chapter 9 – The Confederation and the Constitution Terms: Republicanism Radical Whigs Mercantilism Sugar Act Quartering Act Stamp Tax Admiralty Courts Stamp Act Congress Nonimportation Agreements Sons & Daughters of Liberty Declaratory Act Townshend Acts Boston Massacre Committees of Correspondence Boston Tea Party “Intolerable Acts” Quebec Act First Continental Congress The Association Lexington and Concord Valley Forge Camp Followers Terms: 2nd Continental Congress Battle of Bunker Hill Olive Branch Petition Hessians Common Sense Declaration of Independence Declaration of the Rights of Man Loyalists Patriots Battle of Long Island Battle of Trenton Battle of Saratoga Model Treaty Armed Neutrality Treaty of Fort Stanwix Privateers Battle of Yorktown Treaty of Paris Terms: Society of the Cincinnati Disestablished Virginia Statute for Religious freedom Civic Virtue Republican Motherhood Articles of Confederation Old Northwest Land Ordinance 1785 Northwest Ordinance Shay’s Rebellion Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Great Compromise Common Law Civil Law Three-Fifths Compromise Anitfederalists Federalists The Federalist People: John Hancock George Grenville Charles Townshend Crispus Attucks George III Lord North Samuel Adams Thomas Hutchinson Marquis de Lafayette Lord Dunmore People: Ethan Allen Benedict Arnold Richard Montgomery Thomas Paine Abigail Adams Richard Henry Lee Lord Charles Cornwallis Williams Howe John Burgoyne Benjamin Franklin Comte de Rochambeau Nathaniel Greene Joseph Brant George Rogers Clark Admiral De Grasse People: Lord Sheffield Daniel Shays Patrick Henry Chapter 10 – Launching the New Ship of State Chapter 11 – The Triumphs and Chapter 12 – The Second War for Travails of the Jeffersonian Republic Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism Terms: Bill of Rights Judiciary Act 1789 Funding at Par Assumption Strict Construction Loose Construction “Necessary & Proper” Clause Tariff Excise Tax Bank of the United States Whiskey Rebellion Reign of Terror Neutrality Proclamation Battle of Fallen Timbers Treaty of Greenville Jay’s Treaty Pinckney’s Treaty Farewell Address XYZ Affair Convention of 1800 Alien Laws Sedition Act Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions Terms: Revolution of 1800 Patronage Judiciary Act of 1801 Midnight Judges Marbury v. Madison Tripolitan War Haitian Revolution Louisiana Purchase Corps of Discovery Orders in Council Impressment Chesapeake Affair Embargo Act Non-Intercourse Act Macon’s Bill No. 2 War Hawks Battle of Tippecanoe Terms: War of 1812 Battle of New Orleans Congress of Vienna Treaty of Ghent Harford Convention Rush-Bagot Agreement Tariff of 1816 American System Era of Good Feeling Panic of 1819 Land Act of 1820 Tallmadge Amendment Peculiar Institution Missouri Compromise McCullough v. Maryland Loose Construction Cohens v. Virginia Gibbons v. Ogden Fletcher v. Peck Dartmouth College v. Woodward Anglo-American Convention Florida Purchase Treaty (Adams-Onis Treaty) Monroe Doctrine Russo-American Treaty People: George Washington Alexander Hamilton Louis XVI Edmond Genet “Mad Anthony” Wayne John Jay John Adams Charles Talleyrand People: Thomas Jefferson Sally Hemmings Albert Gallatin John Marshall Samuel Chase Napoleon Bonaparte Robert Livingston Toussaint L’Ouverture Meriwether Lewis William Clark Sacajawea Aaron Burr James Wilkinson James Madison Tecumseh People: Isaac Brock Oliver Hazard Perry Thomas McDonough Francis Scott Key James Monroe George Canning Chapter 13 – The Rise of a Mass Democracy Chapter 14 – Forging the National Economy Chapter 15 – The Ferment of Reform and Culture Terms: Corrupt Bargain Spoils System Tariff of Abominations Nullification Crisis Compromise Tariff of 1833 Force Bill Indian Removal Act Trail of Tears Black Hawk War Anti-Masonic Party Pet Banks Specie Circular Panic of 1837 Divorce Bill Alamo Goliad Battle of San Jacinto Terms: “Self Reliance” Rendezvous Ecological Imperialism Ancient Order of Hibernians Molly Maguires Tammany Hall Irish & German Immigration Know-Nothing Party/Nativism Awful Disclosures Industrial Revolution Cotton Gin Patent Office/Limited Liability Commonwealth v. Hunt Factory Girls Cult of domesticity McCormick Reaper Turnpike Clipper Ships Pony Express Transportation Revolution Market Revolution Terms: The Age of Reason Deism Unitarians Second Great Awakening Burned-Over District Mormons American Temperance Society Marine Law of 1851 Seneca Fall Convention Wilderness Utopias Shakers Federal Style Greek Revival Hudson River School Minstrel Shows Romanticism Transcendentalism “The American Scholar” People: John Quincy Adams Andrew Jackson Denmark Vesey John C. Calhoun Black Hawk Nicholas Biddle Daniel Webster Henry Clay Martin Van Buren Stephen Austin Sam Houston Santa Anna William Henry Harrison People: Samuel Slater Eli Whitney Elias Howe Isaac Singer Samuel F.B. Morse John Deere Cyrus McCormick Robert Fulton DeWitt Clinton Cyrus Field John Jacob Astor People: Peter Cartwright Joseph Smith Brigham Young Horace Mann Dorothea Dix Neal S. Dow Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Cady Stanton Susan B. Anthony Lucy Stone Amelia Bloomer Robert Owen John. J. Audobon Chapter 16 – The South and the Slavery Controversy Chapter 17 – Manifest Destiny and Its Legacy Chapter 18 – Renewing the Sectional Struggle Terms: West Africa Squadron Breakers Black Belt Responsorial Nat Turner’s Rebellion Amistad American Colonization Society Liberia The Liberator American Anti-Slavery Society Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Mason-Dixon Line Gag Resolution Terms: Tariff of 1842 Caroline Creole Aroostook War Manifest Destiny Election of 1844 “Fifty-four forty or fight” Liberty Party Walker Tariff Spot Resolutions Mexican-American War California Bear Flag Republic Battle of Buena Vista Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Conscience Whigs Wilmot Proviso Terms: Popular Sovereignty Free Soil Party Election of 1848 California Gold Rush Underground Railroad 7th of March Speech Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Law Election of 1852 Clayton-Bulwer Treaty Ostend Manifesto Opium War Treaty of Wanghia Treaty of Kanagawa Gadsden Purchase Kansas-Nebraska Act People: William T. Johnson Nat Turner William Wilberforce Theodore Dwight Weld William Lloyd Garrison David Walker Sojourner Truth Martin Delany Frederick Douglass People: John Tyler James K. Polk Stephen W. Kearny John C. Fremont Winfield Scott Nicholas Trist David Wilmot People: Lewis Cass Zachary Taylor Harriet Tubman Millard Fillmore Franklin Pierce William Walker Caleb Cushing Matthew C. Perry Chapter 19 – Drifting Toward Disunion Chapter 20 – Girding for War: The North and the South Chapter 21 – The Furnace of the Civil War Terms: Uncle Tom’s Cabin The Impending Crisis of the South New England Emigrant Aid Company Lecompton Constitution Bleeding Kansas Election of 1856 Dred Scott v. Stanford Panic of 1857 Tariff of 1857 Lincoln-Douglass Debates Freeport question Freeport Doctrine Harper’s Ferry Constitutional Union Party Election of 1860 Confederate States of America Crittenden Amendments Terms: Fort Sumter Border States Southern Advantages Northern Advantages West Virginia Trent Affair Alabama Laird Rams Dominion of Canada Writ of Habeas Corpus New York Draft Riots Morrill Tariff Act Greenbacks National Banking System Homestead Act U.S. Sanitary Commission Terms: B. of Bull Run Peninsula Campaign Merrimack & Monitor Second B. of Bull Run B. of Antietam Emancipation Proclamation 13th Amendment B. of Gettysburg Gettysburg Address B. of Shiloh Siege of Vicksburg Sherman’s March Congressional Committee on the Conduct of War Copperheads Election of 1864 The Man Without a Country Union Party Appomattox Courthouse Reform Bill 1867 People: Harriet Beecher Stowe Henry Ward Beecher James Buchanan Charles Sumner Preston Brooks Dred Scott Roger B. Taney Stephen A. Douglas Abraham Lincoln John Brown John C. Breckinridge John Jordan Crittenden People: Charles Francis Adams Naopleon III Maximilian Jefferson Davis Elizabeth Blackwell Clara Barton Sally Tompkins People: Stonewall Jackson George McClellan Robert E. Lee John Pope A.E. Burnside Joe Hooker George G. Meade George Pickett Ulysses S. Grant William T. Sherman Salmon Chase John Wilkes Booth Chapter 22 – The Ordeal of Reconstruction Chapter 23 – Political Paralysis in the Gilded Age Chapter 24 – Industry Comes of Age Terms: Post Civil War Problems Freedmen’s Bureau “10%“ Reconstruction Plan Wade-Davis Bill Black Codes Pacific Railroad Act 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Ex parte Milligan Redeemers Woman’s Loyal League Union League Scalawags Carpetbaggers Ku Klux Klan Force Acts Tenure of Office Act Seward’s Folly Terms: “waving the bloody shirt” Tweed Ring Credit Mobilier Scandal Panic of 1873 Gilded Age Patronage Election of 1876 Compromise of 1877 Civil Rights Act of 1875 Sharecropping Jim Crow Plessy v. Ferguson Chinese Exclusion Act Pendleton Act Homestead Strike Grandfather clause Terms: Wabash, St. Louis and Pacific Railroad Company v. Illinois Interstate Commerce Act Vertical integration Horizontal integration Trust Interlocking directorates Standard Oil Company Social Darwinists Sherman Anti-Trust Act National Labor Union Knights of Labor Haymarket Square American Federation of Labor Closed shop People: Jay Gould Horace Greeley Rutherford B. Hayes James A. Garfield Chester Arthur Grover Cleveland Thomas B. Reed Tom Watson William Jennings Bryan J.P. Morgan People: Cornelius Vanderbilt Alexander Graham Bell Thomas Alva Edison Andrew Carnegie John. D. Rockefeller Samuel Gompers People: Oliver O. Howard Andrew Johnson Thaddeus Stevens Hiram Revels Edwin M. Stanton Benjamin Wade William Seward Chapter 25 – America Moves to the City Chapter 26 – The Great West & The Agricultural Revolution Chapter 27 – Empire & Expansion Terms: New Immigrants Settlement houses Liberal Protestants Tuskegee Institute Land-grant colleges Pragmatism Yellow Journalism National American Women Sufferage Association (NAWSA) Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) Realism Naturalism Regionalism City beautiful movement World’s Columbian Exposition Terms: Reservation system Battle of the Little Bighorn Battle of the Wounded Knee Dawes Severalty Act Mining Industry Homestead Act Mechanization of Agriculture Farming issues – Late 1800s Populists Pullman Strike Election of 1896 Fourth party system Gold Standard Act Terms: Big Sister policy Great Rapprochement McKinley Tariff Insurrectos Maine Teller Amendment Rough Riders Anti-Imperialist League Foraker Act Insular Cases Platt Amendment Open Door Note Boxer Rebellion Hay-Pauncefote Treaty Roosevelt Corollary Root-Takahara Agreement People: Jane Addams Charles Darwin Booker T. Washington W.E.B. Du Bois Joseph Pulitzer William Randolph Hearst John Dewey Carrie Chapman Catt Horatio Alger Mark Twain Henry James Winslow Homer Augustus Saint-Gaudens Frederick Law Olmstead People: Frederick Jackson Turner Jacob S. Coxey William McKinley Helen Hunt Jacskon Marcus Alonzo Hanna William Jennings Bryan People: Josiah Strong Alfred Thayer Mahan James G. Blaine Richard Olney Liliuokalani “Butcher” Weyler Dupuy de Lome George Dewey Emilio Aguinaldo William H. Taft John Hay Theodore Roosevelt Chapter 28 – Progressivism & The Republican Roosevelt Chapter 29 – Wilsonian Terms: Social gospel Muckrakers Initiative Referendum Recall Australian ballot Muller v. Oregon Lochner v. New York Womens Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) Elkins Act Meat Inspection Act Pure Food and Drug Act Hetch Hetchy Valley Dollar diplomacy Payne-Aldrich Bill Election of 1908 Terms: Election of 1912 New Freedom New Nationalism Underwood Tariff Federal Reserve Act Federal Trade Commission Clayton Anti-Trust Act Holding companies Workingwomen’s Compensation Act Adamson Act Jones Act Tampico Incident Central Powers Allies U-boats Lusitania Election of 1916 People: Henry Demarest Lloyd Thorstein Veblen Ida Tarbell Lincoln Steffens Jacob A. Riis Robert “Fightin’ Bob” LaFollete Hiram W. Johnson Florence Kelley Frances E. Willard Gifford Pinochet People: Herbert Croly Louis D. Brandeis Victoriano Huerta Venustiano Carranza Francisco “Pancho” Villa John “Black Jack” Pershing Charles Evans Hughes Progressivism at Home & Abroad Chapter 30 – The War to End War Terms: Zimmermann Note Fourteen Points Committee on Public Information Espionage Act Schneck v. United States War Industries Board National War Labor Board Industrial Workers of the World Nineteenth Amendment Sheppard-Towner Maternity Act Battle of Chateau-Thierry Meuse-Argonne Offensive League of Nations Irreconcilables Treaty of Versailles Election of 1920 People: Arthur Zimmermann George Creel Eugene V. Debs William D. “Big Bill” Haywood Bernard Baruch Herbert C. Hoover Henry Cabot Lodge David Lloyd George Chapter 31 – American Life in the “Roaring Twenties” Chapter 32 – The Politics of Boom and Bust Chapter 33 – The Great Depression & The New Deal Terms: Bolshevik Revolution Red Scare Criminal Syndicalism Laws American Plan Ku Klux Klan Bible Belt Immigration Act of 1924 18th Amendment & Volstead Act Racketeers Fundamentalism Scientific Management Fordism United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) Modernism Flappers “Lost Generation” Harlem Renaissance Terms: Adkins v. Children’s Hospital Nine-Power Treaty Kellogg-Briand Pact Fordney-McCumber Tariff Teapot Dome Scandal McNary-Haugen Bill Election of 1924 Dawes Plan Election of 1928 Agricultural Marketing Act Hawley-Smoot Tariff Black Tuesday Hoovervilles Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) Norris-La Gaurdia Anti Injuction Act Bonus Army People: Mitchell Palmer Sacco & Vanzetti Horace Kallen Randolph Bourne Al Capone John T. Scopes Frederick W. Taylor Henry Ford Charles A. Lindbergh Sigmund Freud Margaret Sanger H.L. Mencken F. Scott Fitzgerald & T.S. Eliot Hemmingway & Faulkner Langston Hughes People: Warren G. Harding Albert B. Fall Calvin Coolidge John W. Davis Robert “Fightin Bob” LaFolette Albert. E. Smith Terms: Election of 1932 Brain Trust New Deal Hundred Days Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) National Recovery Administration (NRA) Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) Dust Bowl Roosevelt & Native Americans Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) Social Security Act Wagner Act Fair Labor Standards Act Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) Court-Packing Plan Keynesianism People: Franklin Delano Roosevelt Eleanor Roosevelt Harry L. Hopkins Father Charles Coughlin Francis E. Townsend Huey P. “Kingfish” Long Frances Perkins Mary McLeod Bethune Robert F. Wagner Chapter 34 – Franklin D. Roosevelt & The Shadow of War Chapter 35 – America in World War II Chapter 36 – The Cold War Begins Terms: London Economic Conference Good Neighbor Policy Reciprocal Trade Agreements Rome-Berlin Axis Johnson Debt Default Act Neutrality Acts of 1935, 36, 37 Abraham Lincoln Brigade Quarantine Speech Appeasement Munich Agreement Hitler-Stalin Pact Neutrality Act of 1939 Election of 1940 Kristallnacht War Refugee Board Lend-Lease Bill Atlantic Charter Pearl Harbor Terms: ABC-1 Agreement Executive Order No. 9066 War Production Board (WPB) Office of Price Administration (OPA) National War Labor Board Smith Connally Anti-Strike Act WACs (Women’s Army Corps) WAVES (Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service) SPARs (U.S. Coast Guard Women’s Reserve) Bracero Program Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) Costs of World War II Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) Code Talkers Battle of Midway D-Day Election of 1944 V-E (Victory in Europe) Day Potsdam Conference Manhattan Project V-J (Victory in Japan) Day Terms: Taft-Hartley Act Operation Dixie Employment Act of 1946 GI Bill Sunbelt Levittown Baby boom Yalta Conference Cold War Bretton Woods Conference United Nations (U.N.) Nuremberg War Crimes trial Berlin Airlift Containment Doctrine Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) Election of 1948 Dixiecrats Fair Deal National Security Council Memorandum Number 68 (NSC-68) Korean War People: Benito Mussolini Adolf Hitler Francisco Franco Cordell Hull Wendell L. Willkie People: Douglass MacArthur Chester Nimitz Dwight D. “Ike” Eisenhower A. Philip Randolph Harry S. Truman Albert Einstein People: Benjamin Spock Joseph Stalin Jiang Jieshi George F. Kennan Reinhold Niebuhr George C. Marshall Chapter 37 – The Eisenhower Era Chapter 38 – The Stormy Sixties Chapter 39 – The Stalemated Seventies. Terms: The Feminine Mystique Rock ‘n’ Roll Checkers Speech McCarthyism Army-McCarthy Hearings Jim Crow Montgomery Bus Boycott Brown v. Board of Education SNCC (Student…) Operation Wetback Federal Highway Act of 1956 Policy of Boldness Hungarian Uprising Battle of Dien Bien Phu Suez Crisis OPEC (Organization…) Sputnik Kitchen Debate Election of 1960 International Style Beat Generation Southern Renaissance Terms: New Frontier Peace Corps Apollo Berlin Wall Flexible Response European Economic Community (EEC) Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuban Missile Crisis Freedom Riders Voter Education Project March on Washington Civil Rights Act of 1964 Affirmative Action Election of 1964 Great Society Freedom Summer Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party Voting Rights Act of 1965 Black Panther Party Black Power Six-Day War Stonewall Rebellion Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) Terms: Vietnamization Nixon Doctrine Silent Majority My Lai Massacre Kent State University Pentagon Papers Détente Miranda Warning Philadelphia Plan Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Earth Day Southern Strategy Election of 1972 War Powers Act Watergate “Smoking gun” tape Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) Roe v. Wade Malaise Speech SALT II Iranian hostage crisis People: Dwight D. “Ike” Eisenhower Richard M. Nixon Betty Friedan Elvis Presley Joseph McCarthy Rosa Parks Martin Luther King Jr. Earl Warren John Foster Dulles Nikita Krushchev Ho Chi Minh Gamal Abdel Nasser Fidel Castro John F. Kennedy Lyndon B. Johnson Jackson Pollock Andy Warhol Eero Saarinen Jack Kerouac Allen Ginsberg Arthur Miller Ralph Ellison People: Robert F. Kennedy Robert S. McNamara Ngo Dinh Diem James Meredith Lee Harvey Oswald Malcolm X Eugene McCarthy George Wallace People: Henry A. Kissinger Warren E. Burger Rachel Carson George McGovern Gerald Ford John Dean III James “Jimmy” Carter Leonid Brezhnev Chapter 40 – The Resurgence of Conservatism Chapter 41 – America Confronts the Post Cold-War Era Terms: Proposition 13 Boll Weevils Supply-side economics Reaganomics Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) Sandinistas Contras Glasnot Perestroika Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces Treaty Iran-Contra Affair Moral Majority Election of 1984 Black Monday Election of 1988 “New World Order” Commonwealth of Independent States Operation Desert Storm Americans with Disabilities Act Terms: Weapons of Mass Destruction Democratic Leadership Council Don’t Ask Don’t Tell Oklahoma City Bombing Contract with America Welfare Reform Bill North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) World Trade Organization Whitewater Lewinsky Affair Kyoto Treaty 9/11 & Al Qaeda USA Patriot ACT Department of Homeland Security Guantanamo Bay Abu Ghraib Prison No Child Left Behind Act Hurricane Katrina Deleveraging American Relief and Recovery Act Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act People: Ronald Reagan Margaret Thatcher Mikhail Gorbachev Saddam Hussein Jerry Fallwell Sandra Day O’Connor George H. W. Bush Boris Yeltsin Nelson Mandela Manuel Noriega Norman Schwartzkopf Clarence Thomas People: William Jefferson “Bill” Clinton H. Ross Perot Hillary Rodham Clinton Newt Gingrich John McCain Sarah Palin Monica Lewinsky George W. Bush Richard “Dick” Cheney John Kerry Nancy Pelosi Barack Obama Joseph R. “Joe” Biden
