Citation Styles
Citation and Reference
Citation and Reference
Citation
in text
should aid reader in identifying source
Citation and Reference
Citation
in text
should aid reader in identifying source
Reference
complete bibliographic entry
typically at the end of the paper
aid reader in finding source
acknowledge those who contributed
Citation and Reference
Citation
in text
should aid reader in identifying source
Reference
complete bibliographic entry
typically at the end of the paper
aid reader in finding source
acknowledge those who contributed
Required Features
Required Features
correctness
Required Features
correctness
completeness
Required Features
correctness
completeness
consistency
Desired Features
all authors in reference list
all editors in reference list
reference list with page range of source
Most Popular
Most Popular
Chicago Manual of Style
http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html
• author-date style
• notes style (verbose, in arts and humanities)
Most Popular
Chicago Manual of Style
http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html
• author-date style
• notes style (verbose, in arts and humanities)
Harvard Style
Most Popular
Chicago Manual of Style
http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html
• author-date style
• notes style (verbose, in arts and humanities)
Harvard Style
APA (American Psychological Association) Style
http://apastyle.org
Most Popular
Chicago Manual of Style
http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html
• author-date style
• notes style (verbose, in arts and humanities)
Harvard Style
APA (American Psychological Association) Style
http://apastyle.org
MLA (Modern Language Association of America)
http://www.mla.org/style
Most Popular
Chicago Manual of Style
http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html
• author-date style
• notes style (verbose, in arts and humanities)
Harvard Style
APA (American Psychological Association) Style
http://apastyle.org
MLA (Modern Language Association of America)
http://www.mla.org/style
House Styles
Each publisher has a house style
Often minuscule differences
Tedious to modify
Common Traits
one author: (Tomlin 1992)
two authors (Tomlin and Tomlinson 1993)
three or more authors: (Tomlin et al. 1994)
More Common Traits
More than one publication by same author in same
year: (Tomlin 1995a) and (Tomlin 1995b)
Two consecutive citations: (Tomlin 1995; Tomlin and
Tomlinson 1996)
IEEE Style
in-text citation by number [11], which refers to
number in reference list
more than one citation in a row: [3, 5-7, 12]
IEEE Style
Sequence in reference list:
• alphabetical order (number preceding author)
• sequence of citation in text
Citations à la LaTeX
single author: first 3 characters of last name
[Tom92]
two or three authors: first character of each last
name [TT93] or [TTT94]
more than three authors: first character of first three
authors’ last names + [ABC+96]
Citations à la LaTeX
Two citations in a row: [Tom92, TT93]
More than two publication in the same year:
[Tom92a, Tom92b, TT93a, TT93b]
References compiled in alphabetical order,
abbreviations precede authors’ names
Some Personal Guidelines
Some Personal Guidelines
Authors by full last name, but only initial of first
name in reference list
Some Personal Guidelines
Authors by full last name, but only initial of first
name in reference list
Journals with volume, number, and page range
Some Personal Guidelines
Authors by full last name, but only initial of first
name in reference list
Journals with volume, number, and page range
Books and theses without page numbers
Some Personal Guidelines
Authors by full last name, but only initial of first
name in reference list
Journals with volume, number, and page range
Books and theses without page numbers
Most authoritative source (journal ranks higher than
URL)
Some Personal Guidelines
Authors by full last name, but only initial of first
name in reference list
Journals with volume, number, and page range
Books and theses without page numbers
Most authoritative source (journal ranks higher than
URL)
Go for original publication, not reprint
Some Personal Guidelines
Authors by full last name, but only initial of first
name in reference list
Journals with volume, number, and page range
Books and theses without page numbers
Most authoritative source (journal ranks higher than
URL)
Go for original publication, not reprint
Avoid redundancies (journal in lieu of journal and
URL)
Use Endnote (www.endnote.com)
www.zotero.org/
www.mendeley.com/
or some other bibliography management system
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Comparison_of_reference_management_software