Module 3 Guided Reading: Neural and Hormonal Systems
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In the most basic sense, every idea, mood, memory, and behaviour that an individual has ever
experienced is a __________________phenomenon.
2. The theory that linked our mental abilities to bumps on the skull was ____________________.
3. Researchers who study the links between biology and behaviour are called ________________.
Neurons and Neural Impulses and Neural Communication
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We are each a ____________________, composed of ________________that are pats of larger
_______________. Our body’s neural system is built from billions of nerve cells, or __________.
The extensions of a neuron that receive messages from other neurons are the
________________.
The extensions of a neuron that transmit information to other neurons are the
__________________; some of these extensions are insulated by a layer of fatty cells called the
__________________________ ____________, which helps speed the neuron’s impulses.
The neural impulse, or _______________ _____________________, is a brief electrical charge
that travels down an ___________________.
The fluid interior of a resting axon carries mostly ____________________charged ions while the
fluid outside has mostly __________________charged ions. This polarization, called the
__________________ ____________________, occurs because the cell membrane is
_________________ _______________________.
An action potential occurs when the first part of the axon opens its gates and
____________________charged ions rush in causing that part of the neuron to become
___________________.
During the resting pause following an action potential, called the _______________
___________________, the neuron pumps ____________________ charged ions outside the
cell.
In order to trigger a neural impulse, ____________________signals minus
_________________signals must exceed a certain intensity called the _____________________.
Increasing a stimulus above this level ______________increase the neural impulse’s intensity.
This phenomenon is called an _______-_____-__________________response.
The strength of a stimulus _______________affect the speed of a neural impulse.
The junction between two neurons is called a _______________, and the gap is called the
______________ _________________.
The chemical messengers that convey information across the gaps between neurons are called
__________________________. These chemicals unlock tiny channels on receptor sites,
allowing electrically charged __________ions to enter the neuron.
Neurotransmitters influence neurons either by _______________or________________ their
readiness to fire. Excess neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the sending neuron in a process
called _________________.
Among the neurotransmitters that researchers have inpointd are __________________, which
influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion; _________________which affects
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mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal; ____________________, which helps control alertness and
arousal; _________________, which is an inhibitory neurotransmitter whose undersupply is
linked to seizures, tremors, and insomnia; and __________, which is involved in memory.
A neurotransmitter that is important in muscle contraction is __________________. The poison
___________produces paralysis by blocking the activity of this neurotransmitter.
Naturally occurring opiate like neurotransmitters that are present in the brain are called
______________. When the brain is flooded with drugs such as _____________or
___________, it may stop producing these neurotransmitters.
Drugs that produce their effects by mimicking neurotransmitters are called ________________.
Drugs that block the effects of neurotransmitters by occupying their ___________________are
called __________________.
The molecular shape of some drugs prevents them from passing through the _________________________ ________________ by which the brain fences out unwanted chemicals.
The tremors of __________________ disease are due to the death of neurons that produce the
neurotransmitter ____________________. People with this condition can be helped to regain
control over their muscles by taking __________________.
The Nervous System
1. Taken altogether, the neurons of the body form the ____________________________.
2. The brain and spinal cord comprise the __________________nervous system. The neurons that
link the brain and spinal cord to the body’s sense receptors, muscles, and glands form the
___________nervous system.
3. Sensory and motor axons are bundled into electrical cables called _________________.
4. Information arriving in the central nervous system from the body travels in
__________________neurons. The neurons that enable internal communication within the
central nervous system are called ______________________.
5. The central nervous system sends instructions to the body’s tissues by means of
_______________neurons.
6. The division of the peripheral nervous system that transmits sensory input to the central
nervous system and directs the movements of the skeletal muscles is the
___________________system.
7. Involuntary, self-regulating responses – those of the glands and muscles of internal organs – are
controlled by the ________________nervous system.
8. The body is made ready for action by the __________________division of the autonomic
nervous system.
9. The _____________________division of the autonomic nervous system produces relaxation.
10. Automatic responses to stimuli, called __________________, illustrate the work of the
___________________ __________________. Simple pathways such as these are involved in
the ________________-__________________response and in the _______________reflex.
11. To perform complex computations, neuron in the brain cluster into work groups called
_________________ ___________________.
The Endocrine System
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The body’s chemical communication network is called the ______________________
___________________________. This system transmits information through chemical
messengers called __________________ at a much __________________rate than the nervous
system.
2. In a moment of danger, the ________________glands release ________________and
___________________.
3. The most influential gland is the _________________, which, under the control of the brain area
called the __________________, helps regulate _________________and the release of
hormones by other endocrine glands.