SOC 25 Syllabus
SOC 25: Sociology of Popular Culture
Lectures: Tues/Thurs 12:10-1:30pm, Everson Hall, Rm. 176
UC Davis, Fall 2009
http://www.gordonchang.net
Instructor: Gordon C. Chang, Ph.D.
Consultation Hours:
• Wednesday 2:00-4:00pm;
• Thursday after class;
• Or, by appointment
Office: Social Sciences & Humanities (SS&H),
Rm. 143 (Lower-Level)
Email: gcchangucsd@gmail.com
Teaching Assistants:
Jennifer Tyree-Hageman (jthageman@ucdavis.edu):
OH: Tues 1:30-2:30p, Thurs 11:00a-12:00p
Sections: Wed 4:10 - 6:00pm
Krysti Hilton (knhilton@ucdavis.edu):
OH: Mon11:30-1:30pm @ Delta of Venus Cafe (2nd
& B St)
Sections: Mon 2:10 - 4:00pm
Daniel Caeton (dacaeton@ucdavis.edu):
OH: TBA
Sections: Thurs 5:10 - 7:00pm
Content, Scope, and Objective:
This course critically considers how popular cultural forms saturating late-modern societies
change individuals, shape social relations, and contribute to the environmental challenge.
PART I: MAJOR OPPOSING THESES AND THEIR SYNTHESES (4-5 Weeks): We first
examine the arguments by scholars about the manipulative, delusional, and disempowering
qualities of popular cultural products. In doing so, we study semiotic and economic practices
exercised by capitalist conglomerates in the construction of popular culture—specifically, how
these practices purportedly produce and structure desires, needs, pleasure, disgust, stupidity, and
unhealthy social relations in people worldwide. We will also assess challenges to these
understandings by scholars and theorists who argue that late-modern popular culture is a
relatively open terrain for participatory interaction, free aesthetic expression, and two-way
political communication.
PART II: DECODING GLOBAL POPULAR CULTURE (2 Weeks): In this part of the course,
we practice the decoding of popular culture by looking at a particular a case together: Hollywood
vs. Hong Kong martial arts films. We will analyze how conceptions of race/ethnicity, class,
gender, and the nation are constructed (coded) in popular cultural texts.
PART III: ENVIRONMENTAL & MENTAL/SOCIAL ECOLOGIES (1-2 Weeks): Lastly, we
consider the material-environmental dimension of popular cultural products in the context of the
global capitalism and fast-approaching environmental crisis. Visions of personal and social
change will be examined.
Course Grading:
The grades will be based on (a) Participation (10%), (b) Assignments (10%), (c) One TakeHome Midterm (25%), and (d) One Take-Home Final (55%).
**With my permission, you can write an original research paper to substitute for the final exam.
Please come to my office hours to discuss this option. **
1
SOC 25 Syllabus
Textbooks:
(1) Course Reader (SOC 25: Sociology of Popular Culture). Available for purchase at
Copyland—231 G Street, Suite 6; Phone: (530) 756-2679; Email: copyland@sbcglobal.net.
(2) Ritzer, George. Editor. 2006. McDonaldization: The Reader. Second Edition. Thousand
Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press. [NOTE: You MUST get the Second Edition.] ISBN-10:
1412926009 (ISBN-13: 978-1412926003). Available for purchase at UCD Bookstore.
Supplementary readings are available from the Instructor.
GROUND RULES:
ATTENDANCE: In principle, attendance is mandatory because lectures may cover materials not
included in the readings. If you must miss a class, I advice you to get notes from a classmate and
come to office hours for help.
CLASSROOM BEHAVIOR: Be respectful and considerate. Laptops should be used for notetaking purposes only; do not reply to text messages in class.
READINGS/PARTICIPATION: Everyone should read enough to be able to raise questions and
participate in discussion during lecture.
LATENESS: Assignments/papers that are same-day late from stated due time will have 1% or
2% deducted from their assignment/paper grades; 4% will be deducted for each day’s late
thereafter.
Note: Penalties for lateness may be excused if you have written documentation of a medically
related or some other extraneous situations; examples include copies of doctor’s note, obituary
notice, police report, and auto-service record.
BACK-UP COPIES: Always save an extra copy of your completed assignment and paper.
ACADEMIC MISCONDUCT, DISHONESTY, PLAGARISM, ETC.: UC Davis Academic
Senate policy requires instructors to report any suspected plagiarism to Student Judicial Affairs
(SJA) on campus. If you are confused or unknowledgeable about campus policies, visit:
http://sja.ucdavis.edu.
2
SOC 25 Syllabus
SCHEDULE OF READINGS & LECTURES:
Below is the rough schedule of this 10-week course. A closer approximation is contained in the
course calendar on this syllabus. (Content and Schedule are Subject to Change).
PART I: MAJOR OPPOSING THESES AND THEIR SYNTHESES
Week 1: Popular Culture: Hegemonic Standardization Perspective
Douglas Kellner, n.d., “T.W. Adorno and the Dialectics of Mass Culture,” focus on pp. 7-12,
the “Adorno and the Culture Industry” section (Reader)
George Ritzer, “An Introduction to McDonalization.” (Book Ch. 1, focus on pp. 11-24).
George Ritzer and Michael Ryan, 2004, “Americanisation, McDonaldisation, and
Globalisation.” (Reader)
[Supplementary]
 Schiller (1996), Information Inequality.
 Marcuse (1964), One-Dimensional Man.
 Adorno and Max Horkheimer (1944), “The Culture Industry: Enlightenment as
Mass Deception.”
Week 2: The McDonaldization Dynamics in Consumer Society: Institutional Examples
Joel I. Nelson, “On Mass Distribution: A Case Study of Chain Stores in the Restaurant
Industry.” (Book Ch. 4., pp. 41-45).
Ian Heywood, “Urgent Dreams: Climbing, Rationalization, and Ambivalence.” (Book Ch. 7,
pp. 64-69).
Kathryn Hausbeck and Barbara G. Brents. “McDonaldization of the Sex Industries? The
Business of Sex.” (Book Ch. 12, pp. 103-118).
Andrew J. Knight, “Supersizing Farms: The McDonaldization of Agriculture.” (Book Ch. 19,
183-196).
John Drane, “From Creeds to Burgers: Religious Control, Spiritual Search, and the Future of
the World.” (Book Ch. 20, pp. 297-203).
Week 3: The “Disneynization”/Thematization Dynamics in Society
Alan Bryman, “The Dysneyization of Society.” (Book Ch. 6, pp. 54-63).
George Ritzer, 1999, Enchanting a Disenchanted World (excerpts). (Reader)
• “Reenchantment: Creating Spectacle through Extravaganzas and Simulations” (pp. 93114).
• “Reenchantment: Creating Spectacle through Implosion, Time, Space” (pp. 115-119).
[Supplementary]
 Baudrillard ([1981] 1994), Simulacra and Simulations
 Debord (1967), Society of the Spectacle
 Goldman and Papson (1996), Sign Wars: The Cluttered Landscape of Advertising
 Holt (2004), How Brands Become Icon: The Principles of Cultural Branding
 Zukin (2004), Point of Purchase: How Shopping Changed American Culture
3
SOC 25 Syllabus
Week 4: The Creative Localization/Hybridization Thesis: Individual-Object Relations
Daniel Miller, n.d., “What's Wrong with Consumption?” (Reader)
Daniel Miller, 2008, The Comfort of Things (Excerpts). (Reader.)
• “Prologue” (excerpt) (p. 1).
• “Portrait 2: Full” (pp.18-31).
• “Portrait 4: Starry Green Plastic Ducks” (pp. 46-56).
• “Portrait 13: McDonald’s Truly Happy Meals” (pp.125-132).
• “Portrait 20: A Thousand Places to See Before You Die” (pp. 186-192).
Richard A. Peterson, 2005, “In Search of Authenticity.” Journal of Management Studies 42(5):
1083-1098. (Reader).
[Supplementary]
 Holt (1995), “How Consumers Consume: A Typology of Consumption Practices.”
 Holt (1998) “Does Cultural Capital Structure American Consumption?”
 Miller (2001), “The Poverty of Morality.”
 Miles, “McDonaldization and the Global Sports Store.” (Book Ch. 23, pp. 216-220).
Week 5 & 6: The Creative Localization/Hybridization Thesis: Group- and OrganizationLevels
Jan Nederveen Pieterse, “Globalization and Culture: Three Paradigms.” (Book Ch. 30, pp.
278-283).
James L. Watson (editor), 1997, Golden Arches East: McDonald’s in East Asia (excerpts).
Malcolm Waters, “McDonaldization and the Global Culture of Consumption.” (Book Ch. 31,
pp. 284-291).
Uri Ram, “Glocommodification: How the Global Consumes the Local—McDonald’s in
Israel.” (Book Ch. 36, pp. 325-334).
[Supplementary]
 Chun (2002), “Flushing in the Future: The Supermodern Japanese Toilet in a
Changing Domestic Culture.”
 Turner, “The McDonald’s Mosaic: Glocalization and Diversity.” (Book Ch. 33, pp.
300-306).
 Caldwell, “Domesticating the French Fry: McDonald’s and Consumerism in
Moscow.” (Book Ch. 34, pp. 307-318).
 Ritzer, “Some Thoughts on the Future of McDonaldization.” (Book Ch. 39, pp.
361-372).
PART II: DECODING GLOBAL POPULAR CULTURE
Week 7: The Case of Martial Arts Films: Ethnocentric Multiculturalism or McDonaldized
Hybridization?
Christina Klein, 2004, “Martial Arts and the Globalization of US and Asian Film Industries.”
Comparative American Studies 2(3): 360-384. (Reader).
4
SOC 25 Syllabus
Koichi Iwabuchi, Stephen Muecke, and Mandy Thomas, 2004, Rogue Flows: Trans-Asian
Cultural Traffic (Excerpt). (Reader).
Week 8: The Case of Martial Arts Films: Global Ideologies of Race/Ethnicity, Gender, and the
Nation.
Sean M. Tierney, 2006, “Themes of Whiteness in Bulletproof Monk, Kill Bill, and The Last
Samurai.” Journal of Communication 56(3): 607-624. (Reader)
Molly Haskell, 2004, “Lethal Lovelies Attack Gender Bias.” (Reader).
Amanda Davis, 2007, “Beatrix Kiddo: Popular Culture’s Deadliest Super-Mom.”
Dialogues@RU: A Journal of Undergraduate Research 6: 14-23. (Reader).
[Supplementary]
 Ferris and Young (editors) (2008), Chick Flicks: Contemporary Women at the Movies.
 Kooijman (2008), Fabricating the Absolute Fake: America in Contemporary Pop Culture.
 Clark ([1995] 2001), “Commodity Lesbianism.”
PART III: ENVIRONMENTAL & MENTAL/SOCIAL ECOLOGIES
Week 9 & 10: Popular Culture Objects, Meaning, and the Environment: Challenges and
Efforts
Masao Miyoshi, 2005, “The University, the Universe, the World, and ‘Globalization.’”
Concrescence 6: 29-41. (Reader). (**read selected parts only**)
Lester R. Brown, 2001, Eco-Economy: Building an Economy for the Earth (excerpts). (Reader).
Fred Pearce, 2008, Confessions of an Eco-Sinner (excerpts). (Reader).
You’ll be Assigned Either:
• Ch. 17. Pp. 143-152. “My Beer Can: Giant Footprints in Bloke Heaven.”
• Ch. 21. Pp. 183-193. “My Rubbish: Down the River Across the World.”
Or:
• Ch. 24. Pp. 209-214. “Unexpected Heroes: The Queen of Trash and Other Chinese Titans
of Recycling.”
• Ch. 25. Pp. 215-227. “E-Waste: What to Do With That Old Computer.”
Mary Grigsby, 2004, Buying Time and Getting By (excerpts). (Reader).
Cecile Andrews, 1997, The Circle of Simplicity: Return to the Good Life (excerpts). (Reader).
[Supplementary]
 Guattari ([1989]2000), The Three Ecologies.
 Worldwatch Institute (2008), State of the World: Innovations for a Sustainable
Economy.
5
SOC 25 Syllabus
TENTATIVE LECTURE SCHEDULE:
Tuesday
Week 0
--
Thursday
9-24 Introduction
Week 1
9-29
R: Kellner, Ritzer
10-1
R: Ritzer & Ryan
Week 2
10-6
R: Nelson, Heywood
10-8
R: Hausbeck & Brent, Knight, Drane
Week 3
10-13 Assignment #1 Due
R: Bryman
10-15
R: Ritzer
Week 4
10-20
R: Miller, Miller
V:
10-27 Assignment #2 Due
R: Pieterse, Watson
10-22
R: Peterson
Week 6
11-3
R: --
11-5
R: --
Week 7
11-10 MIDTERM DUE
R: Klein, Iwabuchi
V: Karate Kid II (Clips)
11-17
R: Haskell, Davis
V: Once Upon a Time in China (Clips)
11-24
R: Miyoshi, Brown
11-12
R: Tierney
V: Kill Bill 1 & 2 (Clips)
11-19 Assignment #3 Due
R: --
12-1
R: Pearce, Grigsby
12-3 Assignment #4 Due
R: Andrews
Week 5
Week 8
Week 9
Week 10
10-29
R: Waters, Ram
11-26 Thanksgiving Holiday
R: --
Finals
R: Readings
V: Video materials
**Content and Schedule are Subject to Change**
6
SOC 25 Syllabus
Assignments
Reflect
upon
the
following
questions
in
about
1
or
1.5
single‐spaced
pages
each.
• State
your
name,
assignment
number,
and
section
time/number
on
top
of
the
page.
• Please turn in your assignments at the end of lecture on the listed due dates.
• These assignments will be graded as either “Pass” or “No Pass.” Most assignments will
likely receive a “Pass” (equivalent to “C- or above”). Works of unacceptably low
quality, if turned in at all, will receive a “No Pass.” Penalties apply for late assignments. 1.
(Due
10­13)
Practicing
McDonaldization
Identify
a
feeling
or
meaning
of
a
positive
sort.
Then,
try
to
“McDonaldize”
it
so
that
you
can
experience
this
more
efficiently,
in
higher
quantity,
in
a
more
predictable
capacity,
and
in
more
controllable
manners.
Then,
discuss
how
you
may
convert
this
idea
into
a
business.
2.
(Due
10­27)
Designing
“De­McDonaldization”/
“De­Disneyized”
Institutions
We
have
surveyed
McDonalized
and/or
Disneyized
institutions
in
different
popular
cultural
arenas—e.g.,
food,
sports,
films,
sex,
religion,
entertainment,
theme
parks,
“art.”
Identify
one
such
institution,
then
(1)
try
to
“De‐McDonaldize”/
“De‐Disneyized”
it
by
designing
an
alternative
institution
and
(2)
assess
what
“irrationalities”
may
your
institution
rectify?
3.
(Due
Nov
19)
Decoding
Popular­Cultural
Texts
Tierney and Davis
have
decoded
Kill
Bill
1
&
2
in
different
ways.
In
what
manners
do
you
agree
or
disagree
with
their
analyzes
of
the
conceptions
of
ethnicity,
gender,
and
the
nation?
Your
are
encouraged
to
discuss
Karate
Kid
2,
Once
Upon
a
Time
in
China,
or
other
assigned
readings
in
this
assignment.
4.
(Due
12­3)
A
New
Way
of
Life
and
A
New
Way
of
Popular
Culture?
Tell a believable story that forecasts how
your
life
(or
the
life
of
a
certain
someone
you
know
personally)
changes
as
a
result
of
following
Grigsby’s
and
Andrews’
advices
to
live
‘simply’
and
‘authentically.’ Make it fun (i.e., be specific). Ask also: can this “new way
of life” grow into a “new way of popular culture,” and what might it entail?
7
SOC 25 Syllabus Appendix
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL
SOURCES
Adorno,
Theodor
and
Max
Horkheimer.
1944.
“The
Culture
Industry:
Enlightenment
as
Mass
Deception”
(from
Dialectic
of
Enlightenment).
http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/adorno/1944/culture‐
industry.htm
Andrews,
Cecile.
1997.
Pp.
48‐65,
71‐98
in
The
Circle
of
Simplicity:
Return
to
the
Good
Life.
New
York:
HarperCollins
Publishers.
Baudrillard,
Jean.
[1981]
1994.
Simulacra
and
Simulations.
Translated
by
Sheila
Faria
Glaser.
Ann
Arbor:
The
University
of
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Press.
[Originally
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in
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in
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by
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Galilee.]
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Alan
and
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1999.
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The
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The
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47:
228‐257.
Brown,
Lester
R.
2001.
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50‐57
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&
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(45
pages)
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Colin.
[1987]2003.
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and
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B.
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and
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Housiaux.
London,
UK:
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(Original
Source:
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Ethic
and
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Spirit
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Modern
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Allen.
2002.
“Flushing
in
the
Future:
The
Supermodern
Japanese
Toilet
in
a
Changing
Domestic
Culture.”
Postcolonial
Studies
5(2):
153‐170.
Clark,
Danae.
[1995]
2001.
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Lesbianism.”
Pp.
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in
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Production
and
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edited
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and
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D.
Bielby.
Malden,
MA
and
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UK:
Blackwell
Publishers.
Clarke,
David
B.,
Marcus
Doel,
and
Kate
M.
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Editors.
2003.
The
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New
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Glen
and
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Davis,
Amanda.
2007.
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Kiddo:
Popular
Culture’s
Deadliest
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A
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Research
6:
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http://dialogues.rutgers.edu/vol_06/essays/
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Guy.
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8
SOC 25 Syllabus Appendix
Grindstaff,
Laura.
2002.
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and
the
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of
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Chicago
and
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Mary.
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Pp.
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Journal
of
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Douglas
B.
2004.
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of
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MA:
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Iwabuchi,
Koichi,
Stephen
Muecke,
and
Mandy
Thomas.
2004.
“Introduction:
Siting
Asian
Cultural
Flows.”
Pp.
1‐10
in
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Trans­Asian
Cultural
Traffic,
edited
by
Koichi
Iwabuchi,
Stephen
Muecke,
and
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and
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MA
and
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UK:
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Christina.
2004.
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and
the
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of
US
and
Asian
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Studies
2(3):
360‐384.
(25
pages)
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Naomi.
[1999]
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and
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Ott.
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and
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and
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of
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Studies
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575‐599.
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Jaap.
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and
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Daniel.
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with
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http://www.ucl.ac.uk/anthropology/staff/d_miller/mil‐14
(accessed
15
September
2009)
9
SOC 25 Syllabus Appendix
Miller,
Daniel.
2001.
“The
Poverty
of
Morality.”
Journal
of
Consumer
Culture
1(2):
225‐243.
Miller,
Daniel.
2008.
The
Comfort
of
Things.
Cambridge,
UK:
Polity
Press.
Miyoshi,
Masao.
1993.
“A
Borderless
World?
From
Colonialism
to
Transnationalism
and
the
Decline
of
the
Nation
State.”
Critical
Inquiry
19
(4):
726‐751.
Miyoshi,
Masao.
2005.
“The
University,
the
Universe,
the
World,
and
“Globalization.””
Concrescence
6:
29‐41.
Mukerji,
Chandra
and
Michael
Schudson.
1991.
Rethinking
Popular
Culture:
Contemporary
Perspectives
in
Cultural
Studies.
Berkeley
and
Los
Angeles,
CA:
University
of
California
Press.
Pearce,
Fred.
2008.
Confessions
of
an
Eco­Sinner:
Tracking
Down
the
Sources
of
My
Stuff.
Boston,
MA:
Beacon
Press.
• Ch.
9.
Pp.
69‐81.
“Air
Miles:
Why
Eating
Kenyan
Beans
is
Good
for
the
Planet.”
• Ch.
10.
Pp.
85‐92.
“Drought
and
Dirty
Secrets
in
the
World
of
King
Cotton.”
• Ch.
17.
Pp.
143‐152.
“My
Beer
Can:
Giant
Footprints
in
Bloke
Heaven.”
• Ch.
18.
Pp.
153‐163.
“Shock
and
Ore:
Where
My
Metals
Comes
From.”
• Ch.
20.
Pp.
175‐179.
“My
Electricity:
Old
King
Coal
Lives
On
at
Drax.”
• Ch.
21.
Pp.
183‐193.
“My
Rubbish:
Down
the
River
Across
the
World.”
• Ch.
24.
Pp.
209‐214.
“Unexpected
Heroes:
The
Queen
of
Trash
and
Other
Chinese
Titans
of
Recycling.”
• Ch.
25.
Pp.
215‐227.
“E‐Waste:
What
to
Do
With
That
Old
Computer.”
Peterson,
Richard
A.
2005.
“In
Search
of
Authenticity.”
Journal
of
Management
Studies
42(5):
1083‐1098.
Ritzer,
George.
1999.
“Reenchantment:
Creating
Spectacle
through
Extravaganzas
and
Simulations”
&
“Reenchantment:
Creating
Spectacle
through
Implosion,
Time,
Space.”
Pp.
93‐114
&
Pp.
115‐149
in
Enchanting
a
Disenchanted
World:
Revolutionizing
the
Means
of
Consumption.
Thousand
Oakes,
CA:
Pine
Forge
Press.
Ritzer,
George.
Editor.
2006.
McDonaldization:
The
Reader.
Second
Edition.
Thousand
Oaks,
CA:
Pine
Forge
Press.
• Ritzer,
George.
“An
Introduction
to
McDonaldization”
(Ch.
1.,
pp.
4‐25).
• Nelson,
Joel
I.
“On
Mass
Distribution:
A
Case
Study
of
Chain
Stores
in
the
Restaurant
Industry.”
(Ch.
4.,
pp.
41‐45).
• Bryman,
Alan.
“McDonald’s
as
a
Disneyized
Institution”
(Ch.
6.,
pp.
54‐63).
• Heywood,
Ian.
“Urgent
Dreams:
Climbing,
Rationalization,
and
Ambivalence.”
(Ch.
7,
pp.
64‐69).
• Hausbeck,
Kathryn
and
Barbara
G.
Brents.
“McDonaldization
of
the
Sex
Industries?
The
Business
of
Sex”
(Ch.
12,
pp.
103‐118).
• Knight,
Andrew
J.
“Supersizing
Farms:
The
McDonaldization
of
Agriculture.”
(Ch.
19,
183‐196).
• Drane,
John.
“From
Creeds
to
Burgers:
Religious
Control,
Spiritual
Search,
and
the
Future
of
the
World.”
(Ch.
20,
pp.
297‐203).
• Ritzer,
George.
“Cathedrals
of
Consumption:
Rationalization,
Enchantment,
and
Disenchantment.”
(Ch.
22,
pp.
209‐215).
• Miles,
Steve.
“McDonalization
and
the
Global
Sports
Store:
Constructing
Consumer
Meanings
in
a
Rationalized
Society.”
(Ch.
23,
pp.
216‐220).
• Pieterse,
Jan
Nederveen.
“Globalization
and
Culture:
Three
Paradigms.”
(Ch.
30,
pp.
278‐283).
• Waters,
Malcolm.
“McDonaldization
and
the
Global
Culture
of
Consumption.”
(Ch.
31,
pp.
284‐291).
• Turner,
Bryan
S.
“The
McDonald’s
Mosaic:
Glocalization
and
Diversity.”
(Ch.
33,
pp.
300‐306).
• Caldwell,
Melissa
L.
“Domesticting
the
French
Fry:
McDonald’s
and
Consumerism
in
Moscow.”
(Ch.
34,
pp.
307‐318).
• Ram,
Uri.
“Glocommodification:
How
the
Global
Consumes
the
Local—McDonald’s
in
Israel.”
(Ch.
36,
pp.
325‐334).
• Ritzer,
George.
“Some
Thoughts
on
the
Future
of
McDonaldization.”
(Ch.
39,
pp.
361‐372).
10
SOC 25 Syllabus Appendix
Ritzer,
George
and
Mike
Ryan.
2004.
“Americanisation,
McDonaldisation,
and
Globalisation,”
Pp.
41‐60
in
Issues
in
Americanisation
and
Culture,
edited
by
Neil
Campbell,
Jude
Davies,
and
George
McKay.
Edinburgh,
Scotland:
Edinburgh
University
Press.
Szasz,
Andrew.
2007.
Shopping
Our
Way
to
Safety:
How
We
Changed
from
Protecting
the
Environment
to
Protecting
Ourselves.
Minneapolis,
MN:
University
of
Minnesota
Press.
Schiller,
Herbert
I.
1996.
Pp.
19‐23
and
Pp.
62‐74
in
Information
Inequality:
The
Deepening
Social
Crisis
in
America.
New
York:
Routledge.
Schor,
Juliet
and
Douglas
Holt.
Editors.
The
Consumer
Society
Reader.
Boston,
MA:
New
Press.
Tierney,
Sean
M.
2006.
“Themes
of
Whiteness
in
Bulletproof
Monk,
Kill
Bill,
and
The
Last
Samurai.”
Journal
of
Communication
56(3):
607‐624.
Watson,
James
L.
Editor.
1997.
Golden
Arches
East:
McDonald’s
in
East
Asia
(excerpts).
Palo
Alto,
CA:
Stanford
University
Press.
Worldwatch
Institute.
2008.
State
of
the
World:
Innovations
for
a
Sustainable
Economy.
New
York
and
London:
W.W.
Norton
&
Company.
Zukin,
Sharon.
2004.
Point
of
Purchase:
How
Shopping
Changed
American
Culture.
New
York:
Routledge.
11