VOL. 6, ISSUE 1 JAN - MAR 2013

TechTalk@KPITCummins is a quarterly journal of
Science and Technology published by
KPIT Cummins Infosystems Limited, Pune, India.
Dr. Tim Leverton, FREng
Head - Advanced and Product Engineering
Tata Motors Limited
Pune, India
Dr. Vinay G. Vaidya
CTO-Engineering, VP
KPIT Cummins Infosystems Limited,
Pune, India vinay.vaidya@kpitcummins.com
Priti Ranadive
Kanchan Chivate
Pranjali Modak
Reena Kumari Behera
Aditi Athavale
Ashay Shah
Pramit Mehta
Mind’sye Communication, Pune, India
Contact : 9673005089
crest@kpitcummins.com
The individual authors are solely responsible for infringement, if any.
All views expressed in the articles are those of the individual authors and neither the company nor the editorial board either agree or disagree.
The information presented here is only for giving an overview of the topic.
For Internal Circulation Only
TechTalk@KPIT Cummins

Guest Editorial
Dr. Tim Leverton
Editorial
Dr. Vinay Vaidya
Satyendra Nath Bose
Prasad Pawar
Myths of Innovation
Mayurika Chatterjee
Journey From Caves
Pranjali Modak and Rohini Lipare
Flying Over Barriers
Pallavi Kharade
From Columbus to Voyager
Dr. Vinay Vaidya
Mysterious Bosons
Pranjali Modak and Vaishali Patil
The God Cells
Kanchan Chivate
Future News
Isheet Patel, Amol Surwade, Rajaram Patil, Mahesh Tupe &
Shillpa Kahuthekar
A Peek Into the Unseen World
Aditi Athavale
21
33
40
2
3
4
10
16
22
28
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TechTalk@KPITCummins, Volume 6, Issue 1, 2013 1

It is a fact that most of us take the basis of our modern lifestyles for granted most of the time. Local and worldwide mobility, medical science, communications or instant access to information and data, are all things which are based on breakthrough innovations and the extraordinary efforts of individuals and teams over the years. This issue of TechTalk is a celebration of these achievements of the human spirit and presents some good examples.
Dr. Tim Leverton, FREng
Head - Advanced and
Product Engineering,
Tata Motors Limited,
Pune, India
Earlier this year I had the opportunity to fulfill a long held ambition and pay a visit to the
Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum in Washington DC, USA. I spent several hours absorbing the exhibition which catalogues in one location Man's progress from first achieving flight through to the exploration of space - and of course the Apollo project itself. However one exhibit stood out from the others for me - the
Wright Brothers Flyer.
This superb exhibit tells how the Wright Brothers realized that the co-efficient in the aerodynamic equations that had been in accepted use for the previous fifty years were wrong. They were undaunted by the need to design and build their own test equipment and wind tunnel in order to experimentally determine new values. They had the insight to focus on the specific problem of 'three axis control' in order to enable a heavier than air machine to fly safely and controllably. Above all they put themselves at stake to realize their dream knowing how dangerous the test programme was!
What I believe makes this story so inspiring is that it has all the elements of human innovation, imagination and perseverance - not to mention courage. The Wright
Brothers didn't graduate from high school or receive formal academic training. Yet they possessed the intuitive engineering skills and character required to master the challenge they had set themselves and venture into the unknown.
The Wright Brothers story is an example to all of us in our own projects not to be deflected from our vision, and that every difficulty can eventually be overcome somehow. We should be prepared to think about the biggest goals however impossible they may seem, and work step by step towards achieving them.
In the industry in which I work – the automotive business – the challenges presented by sustainability appear daunting. We are faced with demands to reduce the footprint of the carbon emissions of our products not by incremental amounts but ultimately by whole orders of magnitude. For example, in Europe it is estimated that by 2050 carbon emissions from vehicles will have to be reduced by 95% from 1995 levels. This objective, forced by regulation, has resulted in a period of innovation unmatched since the early years of the automobile, as our human ingeniuity is brought to bear on the problem. Already new vehicle and driveline concepts have merged offering fuel economy and emissions levels scarcely credible even ten years ago.
I am more than confident that our teams will meet these challenges and go beyond them.
th As you read this, NASA's Voyager 1 space probe, launched on September 5 1977, may well have finally left our solar system and become the first manmade object to enter interstellar space. It's another reminder of how such missions stretch human imagination to go beyond the known limits. Who knows what awaits us there?!
2 TechTalk@KPITCummins, Volume 6, Issue 1, 2013

Dr. Vinay G. Vaidya
CTO - Engineering, VP
KPIT Cummins
Infosystems Limited,
Pune, India
Every barrier that humans have crossed is a sign of their ability to focus incessantly and work until reaching the finish line. Our history is full of examples stressing the fact that barriers are meant to be broken. It is a history full of struggle. It is a history filled with heroes, with more unsung heroes than the glorified ones. Barriers are beckons for like minded people. It is for those who would never take no for an answer. It is for those who are obsessed and driven to achieve the end goal. More often, it is for generations together trying to overcome the barriers. These innovators neither share any genealogy nor share any state or national boundary. They share the dream of breaking the barrier.
Tracing the past barriers is like tracing the history of a civilization. Perhaps it starts with our fear of uncontrolled fire to the ability to tame it for own benefit. We started with living in caves and progressed to comfortable, warm houses of the modern times. We have gone through using animals to cover distance at slow speed to the speeds that would rival cheetahs by going in an automobile. We have enviably observed birds dominate the sky and reached heights that birds could never reach by going in a jet airplane. We have gone through humiliating Copernicus, Galileo and out casting them socially for making statements related to the structure of our solar system to the most exciting times of our era when the Voyager 1 is at the edge of our solar system. Today our representative, the Voyager I, is at the juncture of exiting the solar system.
Understanding barriers is the perfect starting point for innovators. Moore’s law stated that we can double the number of transistors in an Integrated Circuits (IC) every 18 to
24 months. Today we are facing the challenge that the width of a track in an IC is getting closer to the diameter of an atom. Pushing the width of a conductor down is resulting in going in a world where we have never been before.
Energy is another major barrier. Problems lie in energy conversion, extraction, and storage. For example, why can’t we have better conversion efficiency than 15 to 18% for solar panels? How can we redesign an automotive engine with efficiency of at least
75% as opposed to the present 33%? Why do we have to use electricity or lose it? How can we store all the electricity generated at power stations so that we can use it anytime, anywhere?
Traffic congestions in all major cities around the world are making mobility difficult. If every person on planet earth has a car, we will not have space for anything else. Can we have a better transport method that is faster, cheaper, using renewable energy sources, and with zero pollution?
Barriers call upon great minds to come together and work on overcoming them to the point of making them look like a part of everyday life. History has witnessed breaking of barriers. Today’s barriers will be broken tomorrow, only to increase our understanding of new barriers to be broken!
Please send your feedback to : vinay.vaidya@kpitcummins.com
TechTalk@KPITCummins, Volume 6, Issue 1, 2013 3

4

CREST,
KPIT Cummins Infosystems Ltd.,
Pune, India
Intellectual Property Rights, Patents
KPIT Cummins Infosystems Ltd.,
Pune, India
Algorithm development,
Mathematical Computational Problem solving
TechTalk@KPITCummins, Volume 6, Issue 1, 2013 5

PAST
Imagine a world without fire, a few minutes of your life without any kind of communication and a few hours without electricity. What is unimaginable for us today is what our early ancestors faced each day of their lives. They lived without fire, without any kind of c o m m u n i c a t i o n m e a n s a n d w i t h o u t electricity for a long time, until discoveries were made and solutions invented to overcome these basic barriers. This article briefly looks at these early barriers faced by our ancestors, how it affected their life and how they were overcome.
There are no written records available that tell us when exactly fire was discovered and who discovered it. To find accurate answers for these questions, we need to go back to that era using a time machine! Since there were no written records at those early times, it is difficult to pinpoint the exact discovery of fire and its evolution. Fire, undoubtedly, came by way of nature. Fire occurs spontaneously due to lightning. The trick was to nurture it, control it, and make it available when needed.
Figuring out how to manage it, maintain it and use it would have been a prehistoric human task.
Prehistoric people knew only fire that was lit by nature. Although they were initially terrified of fire for a long time, there was always a curiosity to know about the lightning by nature.
This curiosity made them go back and look over the charred forests due to fires. There they found roasted meat that tasted better than the raw meat that they were eating.
Therefore, a thought struck their mind; that these mammoth flames might be useful for something, like cooking. Once man realized that fire could be useful, his next task was to figure out how to control the fire according to his needs, when given a little fire to start with.
Following this, he took a step ahead and started exploring how he could start a fire on his own, whenever required, rather than waiting for nature to start it for him.
The discovery of fire, or more precisely, the controlled use of fire, was one of the earliest of human discoveries. A human, being a species
6 TechTalk@KPITCummins, Volume 6, Issue 1, 2013 endowed with brain, was never one who could just sit around waiting for things to happen.
After careful observations, he noticed that fire fed on wood. Following this, he figured out that, given a little fire to start with, he could then control it as per his own needs. Then the search began towards nature to find out substances having such properties. He observed that some dried fungi have properties that enable them to smolder for a long time, if kept dry. They can then be blown into a glowing ember sufficient to ignite fine moss and produce flame. After knowing this, the next challenge was probably finding the trick of making sparks on demand by rubbing two pieces of flint stones together.
Controlled fire helped humans evolve
Some claims have evidence saying controlled use of fire by Homo erectus was about 0.2 to
0.7 million years ago [1]. History shows that, discovery of controlled fire was the turning point in the cultural aspect of human evolution that allowed human to cook food and obtain warmth and protection. Discovery of controlled fire made the days longer, as a light source was now available even at night, allowing man to carry out certain tasks at night that he otherwise could not. Dental anthropologist suggests that a steady decrease in size of teeth of humankind was a result of the advent of cooking and preparing food to make it easier to chew. As the food size was made smaller and softer to chew, the human jaw shrank to adequately fit all of the teeth [1]. As time passed and men started living in houses, fire helped them to create a homely atmosphere, using hearth. They could build

furnaces by using iron or variety of other substances, mixed with charcoal to feed fire.
Using bellows, they could make fire hotter, which helped them to use it in different ways.
If controlled fire were not discovered, human beings would certainly not evolve the way they have evolved today. For starters, there would be no cooked food available. Without cooked, soft, and easily digestible food, man would still have long, sharp teeth, broad jaws and a broad face. Therefore, in terms of physical appearance, without controlled fire, we would h a v e p e o p l e w i t h p r i m i t i v e a n d unrecognizable looks all around us. As a result, human development would probably be closer to chimpanzees.
Without controlled fire, there would be no warmth. He would not have been able to protect himself from wildlife, from the dark, from cold, etc. Man would not have been able to settle in permanent homes and have societies and social life, probably, leaving him a nomad even in today's world. Humans, most likely, would have remained in the tropical areas of the world.
Without controlled fire, man would not have been able to forge metals and there would be fewer tools available that form the basis of most of today's industries. Since there would be fewer tools, there would be very limited furnaces and industries, lesser manufacturing and limited growth related to that.
Without fire, there would be no fire exits and fire drills!
Invention of the light bulb is of utmost importance to world. Prior to the invention of light bulb, the sources of light were candles, oil lamps, etc. The day-to-day activities and working hours were restricted only to the daytime.
The founder of first electric light is Humphry
Davy. In 1800, his experimentations with electricity gave birth to electric battery. When he connected wires to his battery and a piece of carbon, the carbon glowed, producing light. This is called an electric arc and the lamp called as arc lamp [2]. Though it was not useful for lighting a home, it could find other industrial applications such as electric generators were developed which could help sustain the lamp.
In 1802, the light bulb produced by Warner Rue, was not commercially feasible as it used costly platinum coil in empty tube by passing electric current through it. Frederick de Moleyns from
England was credited the patent for incandescent lamp in 1841. His design used powdered charcoal, which was heated in between two platinum wires in vacuum bulb.
Much later, in 1860, the English physicist Sir
Joseph Wilson Swan (1828-1914) was the first one to invent a long lasting electric light.
Followed by him, Charles Francis Brush in 1877 manufactured some carbon arcs to light a public square in Cleveland, Ohio, USA [3].
It was Thomas Alva Edison who is commonly known for invention of light bulb. While Swan was busy with his experimentations in England,
Edison was working in the United States.
Though Swan came up with a device for demonstration, it lacked in good vacuum and adequate electricity supply resulting in a shorter life. He used a carbon filament that simply burned out too quickly. Edison continued to improve the light bulb with his main aim being finding materials that light well as well as last long. After numerous experimentations using different types of filaments, Edison eventually had a breakthrough producing a bulb that could glow for over 1500 hours. People rushed to see his invention when he publicly demonstrated his incandescent light bulb on December 31, 1879, in Menlo Park for the first time [4].
Although Edison did not exactly invent the light bulb, he improved the existing light bulb designs, inventing a practical and commercial light bulb that could be used on a massive scale.
Historical evidences state that over twenty inventors worked
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PAST on the design of light bulb among which
Edison's improved version was the most efficient one for many practical applications.
After Swan and Edison, many continued to work on light bulb. However, today's modern light bulb finds many similarities with Edison's light bulb design.
One can only imagine what would have happened if there was no electricity or the practical light bulb. The recent havoc that the hurricane Sandy has created, leaving most of the U.S. in dark for hours gives us a more than fair idea of what life would have been without these inventions. Without electricity and the light bulb, we would feel helpless and paralyzed with most of the work coming to a standstill.
Without the electricity and the light bulb, we would be missing the plethora of comforts that are provided to us by the inventions. Without the light bulb, we would all be burning the midnight oil just like our ancestors even today.
Electricity and the light bulb have become the basic need of our life. It would be no exaggeration to say- where there is light there is life.
Where there is light, there is life!
In the early era of telecommunications, prior to electric and electronic telecommunication, people used smoke signals and drums for long distance communication. Talking drums were used to do more than just making an announcement to a group. Smoke signals were used to communicate coded signals over a long distance. However, these methods had limitations like weather conditions, uninterrupted line of sight for communication, feasibility, etc.
8 TechTalk@KPITCummins, Volume 6, Issue 1, 2013
The non-electric telegraph, invented by Claude
Chappe (in1794) was visual and semaphore was used for it. Semaphore is a flag-based alphabet, which depended on a line of sight for the communication. However, this system was very slow and inefficient during night. Following this, an electrochemical telegraph was invented in Bavaria by Samuel Soemmering in
1809. It was based on the concept of electrolysis. Message was read by the amount of gas caused by electrolysis. Later, in 1828, based on the concept of sending electric sparks through chemically treated paper tape for burning dots on dashes, the first telegraph was invented by Harrison Dyar.
In electrical telegraph, electrical signals were usually conveyed via telecommunication lines or radio. For human-to-human transmission of coded text, electromagnetic telegraph was used. William Sturgeon was the first to introduce the electromagnet in telegraph systems. Three Electromagnet based
Telegraph Systems [5] are as follows:
1. In 1830, for long distance communication, an
American, Joseph Henry (1797-1878), demonstrated the potential of William
Sturgeon's electromagnet. He presented it by sending an electronic current over one mile of wire to activate an electromagnet that made a bell to strike.
2. In 1837, British physicists, William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone used same principle of electromagnetism for telegraph.
3. However, it was Samuel Morse (1791-1872) who successfully powered up electromagnet and gave Joseph Henry's invention a great meaning. He used Henry's work and made sketches of a magnetized magnet, famously known as the 'Morse code'. This telegraph was the first practical model and achieved great commercial success.
Telegraph systems quickly spread across
Europe and the United States following many improvements. Duplex circuit in Germany was one of the improved version of telegraph that made it possible for messages to travel simultaneously in opposite directions on the same line. Quadruplex version in 1874 by
Thomas Edison enabled four messages to travel at once. Multiplex version of telegraph by
Jean-Maurice-Emile Baudot in 1872 was one of the most innovative one.

The origin of the telephone lies in an era when people communicated via a device commonly known as "lover's telephone.” It comprised of two diaphragms connected by a taut string or wire. History shows that there were many claims made for invention of telephone by a number of scientists. While Charles Grafton
Page is famous for “galvanic music,” many
Italians consider Innocenzo Manzetti as the telephone inventor. Johann Philipp Reis, a
German scientist, first came up with the idea of the transmission of sound through electricity. He built an apparatus that could transmit sound, which is known as the Reis
Telephone. However, this apparatus had many shortcomings and was never improved further.
Next name that comes up prominently in the history of telephones is Elisha Gray. It was always a topic of debate as to who actually invented telephone, as Elisha Gray was also working on the same project at the same time as Graham Bell. Although Alexander Graham
Bell is commonly known to be first inventor of a practical telephone, some people still believe that Elisha Gray was the one who first designed and developed it [6].
Graham Bell's telephone was the result of improvements over telegraphs. Major drawback of the Morse code was limitation of receiving and sending one message at a time, which influenced Bell for improvement. Bell's extensive knowledge of the nature of sound and his understanding of music made him think about the possibility of transmitting multiple messages over the same wire at the same time. During experimentations, he was struck with the idea of transmitting speech through electricity. With the help of his assistant and electrician, Thomas A. Watson, he continued working upon building a device that could transmit sound. Finally, on 10
March 1876, Bell spoke the historic first words through a telephone, “Mr. Watson, come here,
I want to see you,” which were clearly heard on other side.
“Mr. Watson. come here, I want to see you”
In today's age, we are all so addicted to communication devices that they are 'ON' all the time. We need to be in constant touch with the world while working, eating, driving, and even while sleeping. The telephone is the foundation of long distance communication. If the telephone were not invented, vocal communication over long distance would have been just a term in the dictionary. We would not be able to connect with people located remotely. Like our ancestors, we would have to rely on post cards, birds, messengers, etc. for all our communication.
Businesses would move frighteningly slow as telegraph would most likely be the major form of communication. Courier services would be booming. The world would not have progressed to what it is today. On a lighter note, we would not have the 'overcommunication' and 'over-connected' problems and the stress of being connected all the time that we seem to face today.
For our ancestors, the discovery of fire and invention of the telephone and the light bulb was as important as the invention of computers, internet, mobile phones, wireless technologies, faster transportation and agricultural and textile developments have been for our generation. Discovery of fire was so important for the early man that they started worshiping fire and it is continued even today.
Invention of telegraph and telephone plays a vital role in area of telecommunication, because of which we could see faster growth of industries. Without electricity and the light bulb, we would all be having a candle light dinner every day! Each of these discoveries and inventions has been a stepping-stone to all the further inventions that are happening all around us today. These inventions have made our lives easier, safer and faster.
References
[1] “Control of fire by early humans”, Wikipedia, available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans
[2] “The Invention of the Light Bulb”, Enchanted learning, available at http://www.enchantedlearning.com/inventors/edison/lightbulb.shtml
[3] “Who invented the light bulb”, online article in Catalogs.com, available at http://www.catalogs.com/info/gadgets/who-invented-the-light-bulb.html
[4] “Thomas Edison”, online article in Catalogs.com, available at http://www.thomasedisonelectric.com/home/educational/thomas-edison
[5] “The History of the Electric Telegraph and Telegraphy”, online article available at http://inventors.about.com/od/tstartinventions/a/telegraph.htm
[6] “Invention of The Telephone”, online article available at http://www.buzzle.com/articles/invention-of-the-telephone.html
TechTalk@KPITCummins, Volume 6, Issue 1, 2013

10 TechTalk@KPITCummins, Volume 6, Issue 1, 2013

CREST,
KPIT Cummins Infosystems Ltd.,
Pune, India
Image Processing
TechTalk@KPITCummins, Volume 6, Issue 1, 2013

PAST
th th
Imagine yourself living in the 18 or 19 century. Now, look at the difficulties you would face while traveling from America to Europe.
You would need to take a ship, and it would take up to a month, which would cause major delay in your business plan. You would need to change the mode of transport many times while traveling through the mountains, oceans and rivers. Therefore you would try to avoid such travel plans. Expenses would be very high owing to the transport of any your goods across the country or sometimes would be impossible. Visiting remote places like Alaska,
Canada, Siberia, Mongolia etc. would be difficult even with ships and other vehicles. It would be very difficult to get the help of expert surgeons from countries. Overall economic growth of the country would slow down because of the geographical difficulties in the world. Exchange of social and cultural thoughts among the people around the world will not happen. You would be exhausted of living such tedious life. You would often dream of flying like a bird to remove all the above constraints. However, it would seem impossible to have such a thing in reality.
Invention of the airplane is the world's most wonderful scientific creation in the 20th century. The world has really become a small village where any place in the world can be visited in the least amount of time. Several people thought that it was impossible to convert the dream of flying like a bird into the reality. In 1895, Lord Kelvin, President, Royal
Society said “Heavier-than-air flying machines are impossible [1].”In 1902,
Canadian-born American astronomer - Simon
Newcomb said “Flight by machines heavier than air is impractical and insignificant, if not utterly impossible [2].”Just after 18 months, the Wright Brothers of the United States astonished the world when their experiment of flying the fully-controlled and powered strange machine (airplane) turned out to be successful. They proved to the world that heavier-than-air flight was possible. After the
Wrights proved their critics wrong, the field of aeronautical engineering was born.
Governments, universities and inventors began investinghuge resources to understand their technology and methods of building improved flying machines.
Aviation experts thought that flying beyond the speed of sound was just impossible. The shock waves and infinite pressure generated on the aircraft's body, affected the control of
12 TechTalk@KPITCummins, Volume 6, Issue 1, 2013 drag and lift. Airplanes sometimes broke apart because of the unbreakable speed limit. In
1947, Bell X-1 designed with powerful engines and a design that minimized drag could break the sound barrier for the first time in the history.
Airplanes now routinely fly faster than the speed of sound.
Another major challenge was to fly over the oceans. Limitations of aircraft such as unreliable engines, limited fuel carrying capacity became significant obstacle to fly over the oceans like Atlantic. Other difficulties were in navigating over longer distances over water, fewer stops in between for landing for fuel, and unpredictable and violent weather conditions. Charles Lindbergh in 1927 set out on the first transatlantic nonstop flight from
New York to Paris. Later on transatlantic flights became routine and common; and thus aviation became a more established industry.
Exponential growth has been shown in the history of aviation. The names like SPAD,
Fokker Tri-plane, Vega, Comet Racer, Zero,
Spitfire, MiG, Pitts, Star-fighter, Blackbird, and
Concorde, to name just a few have become popular. But what were the major milestones in the history of airplane that had really made a difference? Some of them are discussed further in this article.
In 1900, Wilbur and Orville Wright built the first glider (shown in figure 1) to test their wing warping theory. Airplane wing must be curved on top to produce lift. They used Otto
Lilienthal's tables of lift which were considered as the most accurate guide to define precise shape and the amount of lift it would produce to determine the curvature of the wings. They planned to test a glider as a kite. They spent so many hours in testing at Kitty Hawk. The glider performed like a kite but it could lift a pilot only in very strong winds which made it difficult to control and dangerous to fly. Wright brothers decided to build an improved glider. For greater lift, they increased the size of the wings. In 1901, they returned to Kitty Hawk to test their improved design. The new glider performed worse than the 1900 glider. Lift was slightly improved but the machine was almost impossible to control in the air [3].

Figure 1: Wright 1900 Glider [Source: NASA]
After several trials, they headed back to
Dayton in discouragement. They realized that previous work on aerodynamics was very wrong and they would have to start everything from scratch. However, they never gave up on their task. They gathered more information about the design and behavior of wings. With this knowledge, they returned to Kitty Hawk with all the necessary information to design successful glider. They designed a completely new glider based on their wind tunnel discovery. At that time, it was the largest machine with flied for the longest time in the air.
After this success, they raised the bar by designing one more powered machine 'Flyer' that weighed 247 kilograms. For building this, they required an engine with certain horsepower and some constraints on its weight. Since they did not get any reply from any of the manufacturers that they wrote to, they decided to build their own engine. They built the four-cylinder 'Wright engine' in their cycle shop. The engine weighed slightly less than 200 pounds and developed 12 horsepower. They also designed highly efficient propeller for Flyer. Finally, on the
December 17, 1903, Brothers made four successful flights (figure 2). Wilbur completed the longest flight, a distance of 260 meters, just in 59 seconds [4].
could not make much impact and engineers stuck on the propeller technology. They realized that propellers could not overcome certain limitations of the speed.
Whittle, born in 1907, graduated from Royal
Air Force College at Cranwell in 1926 and was posted to a fighter squadron. In his spare time he worked on the modern turbojet engines. He presented his work to the air ministry and a private turbine engineering firm, but both discarded his idea as impractical. He patented his jet engine concept and formed the company Power Jets Ltd. He tested his first jet engine (figure 3) on the ground in 1937 which had a single-stage centrifugal compressor coupled to a single-stage turbine. The historic first flight of his first aircraft took place on May
15, 1941 [6]. Whittle's aircraft achieved a top speed of 370 mph at 25,000 feet, faster than any other conventional propeller driven machine. The British government took over
Power Jets Ltd. in 1944. After the World War II, this new invention was applied to passenger planes. Journey became quicker and this powerful engine allowed passenger planes to get bigger to carry large number of passengers at a time. The first jet engine passenger airliner was the De Haviland
Comet. Later, Boeing took over the lead in jetpowered airliners. The Boeing 707 entered service in 1958. It allowed people to travel at high speed that would had been impossible just 10 years before [7].
Figure 2: Wrights' first flight [Source: NASA]
Most of the airplanes were propeller driven from the Wright brother's first flight to the first jet flight in 1939. Some of the attempts were m a d e i n b e t w e e n w h i c h r e m a i n e d unsuccessful. In 1910, the French inventor
Henri Coanda tried to build a jet-propelled bi plane, but it crashed and never flew again. It
Figure 3: Whittle W2/700 Engine flew in the
Gloster E.28/39 [Source: Wikipedia]
first broke the sound barrier
Man attempted to fly faster and faster ever since the Wrights made their first flight.
Breaking through the barrier of sound was another major challenge at that time. The term
“sound barrier” seemed to imply a physical wall that could not be overcome. Bullets and
Cannon balls had already exceeded the speed of sound, but the question was whether
TechTalk@KPITCummins, Volume 6, Issue 1, 2013

PAST a plane could ever break a sound barrier. The shock-waves are formed over any part of the aircraft's structure when it reaches the speed of sound. Thinner designs of wings managed to delay these shock wave effects and get few extra miles per hour; but many experts had doubted that airplanes would ever break this sound barrier [8]. Another theoretical assumption was that the pressures generated on a body as it neared the speed of sound would be infinite. The assumption lead to another assumption that the drag would therefore be so great that no aircraft could pass through the barrier [9].
To discover if a specially designed aircraft with more powerful engine would be able to exceed the speed of sound, in USA a small bullet shaped rocket powered aircraft known as Bell
X-1 was designed (figure 4). The pilot chosen for this aircraft was U.S. Air-force caption
Chuck Yeager. To save fuel, X-1 was taken up to 20,000 feet and dropped from converted bomber Boeing B-29 in the Mojave Desert in
California. Yeager's first test launch took place on August 29, 1947 [10]. Each time he flew he approached nearer to the speed of sound.
Mach is a unit of measuring the speed of sound. Mach 1 is equal to 1,220 kilometers per hour. On the sixth flight Yeager reached 0.86
Mach. Suddenly, X-1 became unstable due to the shock waves formed by the compression of the air. On the seventh flight he lost his ability to control plane's elevator. Shock waves caused the nose to pitch up and down.
Somehow he landed safely in the desert. On
October 14, 1947, Yeager when dropped from
B-29, quickly accelerated away. He used horizontal stabilizer to keep the plane stable.
He looked at the Mach needle which passed
0.94, 0.96, and 0.98 suddenly instead of getting worse the hammering stopped. The plane accelerated to Mach 1.06 and remained supersonic for almost 20 seconds [11]. Yeager finally had proved that the barrier does not really exist.
world's only supersonic passenger airliner
Concorde was considered as a marvel of aviation technology. The average speed of
Concorde was Mach 2.02 (about 2,140
Kilometers per hour) with a maximum cruise altitude of 18,300 meters which was more than twice the speed of conventional aircraft [12]. It was a unique experience of traveling at twice the speed of sound, and at an altitude so high that you can see the darkness of space and the curvature of the earth. Concorde (figure 5) entered commercial service with British
Airways and Air France in 1976. After 25 years of commercial flights, Concorde went out of service in 2003. It retired due to a crash which killed all of the passengers and crew in addition to its high operating costs. But the dream of supersonic flight has not yet disappeared. Aviation manufacturers such as
Boeing, Lockheed Martin and Aerion are working on supersonic technology. It could have a supersonic business jet in service as early as 2020 [13].
Figure 5: British Airways Concorde G-BOAC [Source: Wikipedia]
The Atlantic Ocean was a significant obstacle th to the aviation pioneers of 20 centuries.
Aircraft engines were not reliable for crossing.
They did not have sufficient power to carry the required fuel. Also there were difficulties in terms of navigation over thousands of miles of water, unpredictable and violent weather.
In 1927, a young pilot named Charles
Lindbergh set out on an historic flight across the Atlantic Ocean, from New York to Paris. It
Figure 4: Bell X-1 broke the sound barrier [Source: NASA]
14 TechTalk@KPITCummins, Volume 6, Issue 1, 2013

was the first transatlantic nonstop flight in an airplane. He joined the Robertson Aircraft
Corporation to fly mail between St. Louis and
Chicago. He decided to fly his transatlantic flight himself without a navigator so he could carry more fuel. The trip took approximately 33hrs; he landed safely in Paris on May 21 [14]. Lindbergh became an instant
American hero. Transatlantic flights became routine and common, for commercial, military, diplomatic, and other purposes. The sleek supersonic passenger aircraft 'Concorde' was flying from London to New York in about three and a half hours.
It has been hardly more than a century since the Wrights made their first flight in 1903.
References
[1] Eric W. Weisstein, “Kelvin, Lord William
Thomson (1824-1907)”, 1996-2007, [Online].
Available: http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Kelvin.ht
ml
[2] Wikipedia contributors, “Incorrect predictions.”
Wikipedia, November 2012, [Online]. Available: http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Incorrect_predictions
[3] National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian
Institution, “Inventing a flying machine”,[Online]
Available:http://airandspace.si.edu/wrightbrothers/fly
/1903/index.cfm
[4] "The Wright Brothers - First Flight, 1903",
EyeWitness to History, 2003,[Online] Available: www.eyewitnesstohistory.com
[5] Robert Q. Riley Enterprises, “Wright Brothers'
Conquest of the Air”, 1999 – 2011, [Online].
Available: http://www.rqriley.com/wrights.htm
[6] “First Allied jet flies”, 2012, The History Channel website, 2012, [Online]. Available: http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/first-alliedjet-flies
[7] Chris Trueman BA (Hons), “The Jet Engine”,
2000-2012,[Online] Available: http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/jet_engine.htm
[8] Roger Darlington,” BREAKING THE SOUND
BARRIER: FROM MACH 1 TO MACH 10”, 28 April
2011, [Online]. Available:
Since then, aviation technology has exponentially grown up, with first propellerdriven planes to jets to the planes that can fly into space. The concept of distance and speed has changed and impossible things made possible. Today, aviation has become a safest, f a s t e s t a n d c o s t - e ff e c t i v e m o d e o f transportation. The recently launched 'Airbus
380 – the biggest passenger airplane' is a double-deck, wide-body, four-engine jet airliner. It can carry 853 passengers and travel at a speed of 900 kilometers per hour. Aviation has also contributed to overall economic growth of nations, provided significant revenues, and delivered extensive benefits to international trade and tourism. http://www.rogerdarlington.me.uk/Mach.html
[9] Jeff Scott, “Chuck Yeager & the Sound Barrier”,
January 2001, [Online]. Available: http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/history/q0011 a.shtml
[10] Nola Taylor Redd, “Breaking the Sound Barrier |
The Greatest Moments in Flight”, [Online]. Available: http://www.space.com/16709-breaking-the-soundbarrier.html
[11] Fiddlers green, “Bell X-1 Manned Rocket”,1994-
2001, [Online]. Available: http://www.fiddlersgreen.net/models/aircraft/Bell-
X1.html
[12] Wikipedia contributors, “Concorde”,Wikipedia,
2012, [Online]. Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde
[13] Tim Hume, “Beyond Concorde: The next generation of supersonic flight”, CNN, August 23,
2012, [Online]. Available: http://edition.cnn.com/2012/08/23/tech/innovation/bey ond-concorde-supersonic-flight/index.html
[14] Nola Taylor Redd, “Charles Lindbergh & the First
Solo Transatlantic Flight | The Greatest Moments in
Flight”, [Online]. Available: http://www.space.com/16677-charles-lindbergh.html
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Columbus set out in search for an alternate route to come to India. His search was full of unknowns. These unknowns were about our own planet, Earth. His challenges were insurmountable for that time, because his instruments were crude, and his knowledge of the world was incomplete and limited. Yet he found something he did not have on his mind at the time of starting the journey. What he found was the unexpected treasure, the 'New
World', as they called the America at that time.
His voyage considerably improved our understanding of Earth.
About 500 years after Columbus, two spacecrafts named Voyager I and II left to explore Jupiter and Saturn. In this voyage, they found what they were looking for. To top it all they also continued to explore something that was unplanned. The Voyager 1 is now on the verge of going outside of our solar system.
No other human-made object has ever gone that far from the Sun and the Earth. This journey has improved our understanding of the Universe.
Columbus discovered the mass of land on
Oct. 12, 1492. He called the people on the island Indians since he was of the firm belief that he had found India. His search lasted from August 3, 1492 to October 12, 1492 or for
70 days. The Voyager on the other hand is continuing its journey for over 35 years.
Perhaps one would argue that the Voyager is an unmanned vehicle and one cannot compare the journey of a manned vessel with it. It is certainly true that there are inherent limitations in what one can do when lives are involved. What Columbus did was a major leap of faith in one's convictions. He overcame all the barriers that came in the pursuit of his dream 'to explore the unknown'.
He signifies the spirit of humankind. The same spirit has continued in the next
18 TechTalk@KPITCummins, Volume 6, Issue 1, 2013 generations.
Today times have changed but the dreams have not. The dream to explore the unknown will never cease to exist. The Voyager is one such journey that certainly owes its inspiration to the journey of Columbus.
The journey of Columbus and that of the
Voyager are spaced apart in history by 485 years.
Columbus travelled in a ship of the size 29.6 meters by 7.9 meters. The ship weighed about 108 tons. The Voyager, on the other hand, is of the size of a sub-compact car and it can fit in a cube of 4-meter size. Its present weight is 735 Kg. At the time of the launch, its weight was 815 Kg. The loss of weight is due to the use of hydrazine (N2H4), a flammable liquid. Hydrazine is used whenever the mission control from NASA wants to change the directionality, called attitude, of the
Voyager.
Let us look at the odds against which
Columbus started his journey. Columbus estimated the distance from Canary Islands to
Japan to be 3700 Km. In reality, this distance th is 19,600 Km! Ships built in the 15 century were unable to carry food and fresh water supply required for 19000 Km. Additionally, navigating in unchartered waters posed many challenges. Thus, most Europeans concluded that it was not feasible to go from the west to
Asia. Many experts told Columbus that his d i s t a n c e c a l c u l a t i o n s w e r e w r o n g .
Nevertheless, Columbus decided to explore that route. Columbus departed from Palos de la Frontera, Spain on August 3, 1492. He was aboard the Santa Maria. The other two ships that sailed along were the Pinta and the Santa
Clara. The Santa Maria was the largest ship amongst the three. Wind was it’s means of propulsion.

On the other hand, the Voyager 2 was launched on August 20, 1977 followed by the
Voyager 1 on September 5, 1977. Both were launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida. The mode of launch was Titan-Centaur rocket and solid rocket fuel was used as the means of propulsion.
Fig. 1: Replica of the Santa Maria at the Launch Pad. (Credit NASA)
The Computer Command System carries out instructions from the ground to operate the spacecraft. Additionally, it takes care of any problems or malfunction. It issues commands to the AACS for moving the spacecraft at the desired attitude. It directs the Flight Data
System computer for any changes in instrument configuration as well as telemetry rates. Fault protection algorithms are also part of the CCS.
The Flight Data System Computer is responsible for controlling the operations of the scientific instruments and collecting data.
The engineering and science data is formatted for storage as well as real time transmission.
It would be a good exercise for all present day software engineers to estimate the time required for completing the code for the above specs. With abundance of memory, people have lost the ability to write optimized code.
One can venture to say that not even 1 percent of today's software engineers would be able to accomplish the functionality within memory as limited as 68 KB.
Fig. 2: The Voyager Spacecraft, Credit NASA.
The Voyager spacecraft was launched 35 years ago. It has archaic computers by today's standards. There are in all 6interrupt driven computers. The total number of words is only
32K. The computers are Computer
Command System (CCS), Flight Data System
(FDS), and Attitude and Articulation Control
System (AACS). Each type has two computers. Word length for CCS ad AACS is
18 bit whereas for FDS it is 16 bit word. The total memory is 68 KB. However, let us not underestimate its capabilities.
Fig. 3: The Golden Record
How do we go about contacting the extraterrestrials or the ETs? The solution proposed by NASA is to use the golden record. The golden record aboard the Voyager is a phonograph disc 12 inch in size. It is made of copper and plated with gold. Old technology of
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PRESENT recording music was used here to ensure that it could pass through severe magnetic storm.
It contains sounds and images portraying diversity of life on Earth. Dr. Carl Sagan, a
Cornell University professor and a well-known astrophysicist, headed the committee that selected contents. It has natural sounds from wind and surf as well as images of birds and other animals. They have also added music on the disk.
There is a recorded greeting in 55 languages around the world. Some of those languages are Bengali, English, French, German,
Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Marathi, Nepali,
Oriya, Punjabi, Rajasthani, Russian,
Sinhalese, Spanish, Telugu, and Urdu.
Through the Voyager mission, we have discovered multiple things. They range from active volcanos to the rings of Jupiter.
All this time we thought we were unique since we had not seen any volcanic activity anywhere else in our solar system. We have now discovered volcanos on 'lo', a Satellite of
Jupiter.
Because of the Voyager, we found three new satellites of Saturn using earth based instruments. The Voyager is also credited for discovering the rings of Jupiter and providing the first images of the rings of Uranus and
Neptune. We also got the first detailed report on the atmosphere of Uranus, Neptune, and
Saturn.
The interest in Voyager and the space is growing. Thus, there are two more missions coming up. The one is called the Galileo
Mission to Jupiter and the other is Cassini to
Saturn.
On Sept. 18, 1977, the Voyager took a memorable picture. Figure 4 is the picture of crescent Earth and the Moon. This was the first time ever that such a picture was taken.
The Voyager 1 was 11.66 million Km from
Earth and it was directly above Mt. Everest when the picture was taken.
As of Dec. 18, 2012, the Voyager 1 was over
18 billion 486 million kilometers away from the
Earth and 18 billion 367 million kilometers
Fig. 4: A Picture of Crescent Earth and the Moon, taken from the Voyager 1. Credit NASA JPL.
away from the Sun. Another indicator of distance is the time it takes for light to travel.
The time for light to travel from the Voyager 1 to the Sun and back is about 34 minutes.
Voyager travels at 62,136 kilometers per hour.
The Earth moves around the Sun at the rate of
107,000 kilometers per hour. Thus, there are times when the Voyager is closer to the Earth than the Sun.
The Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 are currently in the Heliosheath. This is the outermost layer of the heliosphere. Soon the Voyager 1 would be leaving our solar system.
The Voyager 1 will soon leave our solar system. It will start going forward towards the constellation Ophinuchus. Give another 38 thousand years and it will come within 1.7 light years of a star in the Ursa Minor constellation, which is the Little Dipper. This will happen in
40272 AD!
Way before that someone will write an article on how crude the Voyager was and expand on the progress humans have made in the 500 years! New frontiers will be conquered and new barriers will be explored.
References
[1] Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_program/
[2] Official NASA website http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/
[3] Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Space_Network/
20 TechTalk@KPITCummins, Volume 6, Issue 1, 2013

The recent experiments at CERN and its success has made the Higgs theory well known to many. In 1964, Peter Higgs proposed a particle that allows multiple identical particles to exist in the same place in the same quantum state, which has no spin, electric charge or color. This particle is now known as Higgs Boson particle. The name 'Higgs' is named after Peter Higss, but very few people know that 'Boson' owes its name to the pioneering work of the late Indian physicist, Satyendra
Nath Bose.
Satyendra Nath Bose was born in Calcutta on the first of January,
1894. After his schooling from Hindu School he joined the science course at the Presidency College, Calcutta, where he was taught by teachers such as Jagadish Chandra Bose and Prafulla Chandra Ray.
As a student of the Hindu School, Bose once was awarded 110 marks out of 100 in mathematics because he had solved some problems in the exam paper by more than one method. He also constructed a telescope and other scientific instruments along with his friends. Later
Satyendra Nath Bose chose mixed applied mathematics for his B.Sc. and passed the examinations standing first in 1913 and again stood first in the M.Sc. mixed mathematics exam in 1915. That was a record in the history of the university.
He started his career in the University of Calcutta as a Lecturer in 1916 and worked for five years. Later he joined Dacca University as a reader in Physics. Once when Bose was explaining a concept of quantum theory he made a mistake. However, he later thought that it was not a mistake because he could explain some facts that were not explained by the older theory. The issue was how to measure radiation emerging from a small aperture in the wall of an enclosure present at thermal equilibrium, since nature of the distribution could not be explained by any existing theory. Planck provided a solution later interpreted by
Einstein called as Planck's hypothesis, but Planck's formula was not entirely satisfying because he had combined classical electrodynamics with an ad hoc hypothesis. Bose individually worked on the same concept and came across a self-contained derivation of the Planck formula. Bose actually derived a formula, later named as
Bose Statistics now known as Bosons, which was a new concept in physics.
He then wrote a paper on the same concept where he derived Max
Planck's Hypothesis without any reference to classical physics by using a novel way of counting states with identical particles. He sent those concepts with description for publication but it was rejected after which he sent his paper to Albert Einstein. Einstein agreed that whatever was explained in the article is true and it is not by mistake. He then translated the same article into German and submitted it to the prestigious Zeitschrift für Physik. Additionally, by knowing the significance of Bose formula, Einstein immediately applied it to the case of ideal gas and found a new relation known as Bose-Einstein
Statistics. Based on the new research, Bose worked in European X-ray and crystallography laboratories for two years. While his stay in Europe he worked with Louis deBrogli, Marie Curie, and Einstein S.N. Bose and
Einstein worked together and developed several principles that apply in quantum physics. If an atom is cooled to a temperature that is close to absolute zero (273.15°C), it will collapse into a new state of matter. This is called the Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC). Many people thought BEC was just an idea. It took seventy years to prove the concept of BEC practically. In 1995, Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman, of the University of
Colorado cooled rubidium atoms to near absolute zero. The detector indicated the formation of a BEC, proving Bose & Einstein correct.
After returning from Europe in 1926, Bose developed a well-equipped Xray crystallographic laboratory at the Dacca University from scratch. He spent his time in visiting various laboratories of France and Germany, so that similar experiments could be done in his own country. He did not restrict himself only to the subject of his own specialisation, mathematical physics. He encouraged his colleagues and students to do different experiments and helped them with new ideas. The Physics Department at
Dacca University developed special facilities for research in X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, magnetic properties of matter, optical spectroscopy, wireless, etc. in presence of S N Bose.
While mentioning S.N. Bose, one interesting story often told is that once the great scientist Niels Bohr was delivering a lecture. During the lecture,
Bohr had some difficulty in explaining. He turned to Bose and said, "Can
Professor Bose help me?" All this while Bose had been sitting with his eyes closed. The audience chuckled at Professor Bohr's words. However, everybody was surprised when Bose opened his eyes and quickly solved
Bohr's difficulty. Then he sat down and once again closed his eyes.
In 1929, Bose gave the presidential address of the physics and mathematics section at the Indian Science Congress. In his speech he mentioned about the “Tendencies in Modern Theoretical Physics”. Later in
1944, he became the General President of the Indian Science Congress.
The presidential address that he delivered on 'The Classical Determinism and the Quantum Theory' is still considered influential as it was then.
Professor Bose received various national awards and honours after
Independence. In 1952, Professor Bose was nominated as a member of the Rajya Sabha and he continued until 1958. In 1954, the Government of
India honoured him with the title of Padma Vibhushan. In 1958, he became a Fellow of the Royal Society. In 1959, he was appointed as the National
Professor, the highest honour in the country for a scholar, a position that he held for 15 years.
Although S N Bose did research and introduced the concept of the boson,
Bose–Einstein statistics and Bose–Einstein condensate, he was never awarded a Nobel Prize. Ironically, Eric Allin Cornell, Carl Edwin Wieman and Wolfgang Ketterle who worked for advancing the theory of
Bose–Einstein condensates received the Noble Prize in 2001.
CREST, KPIT Cummins Infosystems Ltd.,
Areas of Interest
Parallel computing , OS ,
Algorithms and Network Security .
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Mathematicians have their zero and infinity, biologists have their DNA, chemists have their alchemy and now physicists have their Higgs-
Boson particle.
I. Introduction
Looking at the stars in the sky at night, every person in the world would have at one point of time wondered- where have these stars come from? What all constitutes the universe? How was the universe created and when did it begin? Has the universe existed forever?
Where does matter and mass come from?
Where do all the particles come from?
Scientists all over the world have been trying to find answers to these questions over a number of decades. Until the 1900s, most of the people believed that the universe was fixed in size and has been in existence forever, from time unknown and with an unknown creation and evolution. People believed the universe to be formed by some unknown and unseen force or power, like God. The first step in trying to find answers to the creation and evolution of universe was with the proposition of the Big Bang Theory.
The next step that has brought us a lot closer to answering these questions is the recent historic experiments done to find the “Higgs-
Boson” particles. Though the experimental results do not officially confirm the presence of the Higgs-Boson particles, the importance of the experiment does not decrease. In the further sections of the article let us learn more about these mysterious particles.
II. Big Bang and Cosmic Background
Radiation
The Big Bang theory was developed from observation of the structure of the universe and from theoretical considerations.
According to Big Bang theory, the universe began by expanding from an infinitesimal volume with extremely high density and temperature. With the big bang, the fabric of space itself began expanding like the surface of an inflating balloon. The big bang is not like an explosion of matter in otherwise empty space; rather, space itself began with the big bang and carried matter with it as it expanded.
In 1915, when Albert Einstein formulated his famous general relativity theory that describes the nature of space, time, and gravity, it
24 TechTalk@KPITCummins, Volume 6, Issue 1, 2013 allowed for expansion or contraction of the fabric of space. In 1917, astronomer Willem de
Sitter applied this theory to the entire universe and boldly went on to show that the universe could be expanding. Three main observational results led astronomers to become certain that the universe began with the big bang. First, it was observed that more galaxies are going away from us than approaching us - meaning that the separation between galaxies is becoming larger and larger. This led them to deduce that everything used to be extremely close together prior to Big Bang. Second, the big bang perfectly explains the abundance of helium and deuterium (an isotope of hydrogen) in the universe, which otherwise cannot be explained. Third, the most strongest and conclusive evidence was that, astronomers could actually observe the cosmic background radiation—the afterglow of the explosion—from every direction in the universe. As the radiation had a black body spectrum and a temperature of about 3 degrees Kelvin, as was predicted, it was confirmed that the radiation was from the Big
Bang. This last evidence conclusively confirmed the Big Bang theory of the universe's beginning. Physicists think that even time began with the Big Bang [1].
III. Higgs Boson & the Standard Model of Particle Physics
In the first billionth of a second after the Big
Bang which occurred 13.7 billion years ago, the universe was a gigantic soup of massless particles zooming around at the speed of light.
The Standard Model of Physics describes the basic building blocks for all the matter in the universe created by the Big Bang. According to the Standard Model of Physics, this matter is made up of 12 sub atomic particles and 6 force carriers. These sub atomic particles are classified as Leptons, the particles which exist on their own and Quarks, the particles which only exist when bound together [2]. All of the
12 subatomic particles and 5 force carriers out of the 6 were known and discovered, until now.
The sixth force carrier, 'Higgs Boson' was the only one to be known only in theory and was yet to be discovered. Experiments were conducted at the Large Hadron Collider at the
CERN laboratory to discover this missing particle.

Decades after it was proposed, the Higgs
Boson has finally emerged in the particle collisions at the world's most powerful accelerator, the Large Hadron Collider at the
CERN laboratory near Geneva. The last missing piece of the Standard Model has now been found, completing the Standard Model of
Physics. This is vital since Higgs Boson gives matter mass and holds the universe together.
The Higgs field is a theoretical and invisible energy field that pervades the whole cosmos.
A group of scientists suggest that the cosmic background radiation from the Big Bang congealed into the Higg's field fraction of seconds after the Big Bang. When the universe began to cool, particles acquired mass from the Higg's field, slowed down and began to bunch up to form composite particles, and eventually, atoms [3].
Without the Higgs, all the known particles would be massless particles zipping around at the speed of light.
The 'Higgs' in the Higgs boson is named after
Peter Higgs, who along with some other scientists proposed the mechanism that suggested such a particle, in 1964. 'Boson' owes its name to Satyendra Nath Bose, who proposed how the particles are governed. The layman term for Higgs Boson is the 'God particle', after the title of Leon Lederman's book on the topic.
IV. The Large Hadron Collider
According to theory, the Higgs boson particle e x i s t s o n l y f o r a p p r o x i m a t e l y a zeptosecond–a thousandth of a billionth of a billionth of a second. So, to find and prove the
Higgs Boson, scientists had to recreate the high energies that existed when the universe was only a thousandth of a billionth of a billionth of a second old. This was exactly what was being tried to create in the Large Hadron
Collider (LHC) which is the world's largest scientific instrument ever built and a highest energy particle accelerator. It was built by the
European Organization for Nuclear Research
(CERN) from 1998 to 2008, with the aim of allowing physicists to prove or disprove the existence of the hypothesized Higgs Boson.
The USD 10 billion dollar collider is contained in a circular tunnel, with a circumference of 27 kilometers, at a depth ranging from 50 to 175 meters underground. It spans the border between Switzerland and France [4].
Conditions present a billionth of a second after the Big Bang were artificially recreated in the
Large Hadron Collider particle accelerator.
Two beams of subatomic particles called
"hadrons" – either protons or lead ions – travel in opposite directions inside the circular accelerator, at the speed of light, gaining energy with every lap and eventually colliding head-on. When the two beams collide, they interact with each other, and some process occurs. Since the first collisions in 2009, 800 trillion interactions have taken place, and only about 200 were identified to be possibly due to
the proposed Higgs-like particle. A team of physicists from around the world then analyzed the interactions and particles created in the collisions using special detectors in a number of experiments dedicated to the LHC. As the Higgs Boson particle exists only for a zeptosecond, it cannot be actually seen as a particle, but the experiments at the LHC confirmed the footprints of the particle. On 4 July 2012, the teams at the Large Hadron Collider confirmed and declared that the 'spikes' observed in the data gathered during the experiments represented the Higgs Boson particle [5]. The
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PRESENT particle's mass is around 125 billion electron volts, or about 133 times the mass of a proton.
CERN captured the Higgs in two huge experiments, each of which independently confirmed the discovery of the Higgs Boson particle.
In year 2008, at the start of these experiments, safety issues were raised all over the world about the powerful and mammoth reactions and collisions that were to be carried out at the
LHC. Various fears raised included, the reactions producing globe-gobbling black holes, magnetic monopole, radiations, neverbefore-seen strains of matter, etc. It was thought that the particle collisions might produce doomsday phenomena and would destroy the earth and convert it into a lifeless hulk. However, CERN assured that the LHC is extremely safe, with thick shielding and several automatic safety mechanisms [6].
The discovery of the Higgs Boson particle now completes the Standard Model of Physics and confirms the understanding of the particles that make up the universe and the forces that govern them. The next immediate mission after the discovery of this particle is to pin down the properties of this particle by studying and analyzing the data generated from the experiments. The LHC experiments represent about 150 million sensors delivering data 40 million times a second. The data flow is about
700 MB/s, or about 15,000,000 GB per year!
To prepare for the deluge of data, CERN built the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid - sort of a super-fast, private internet connecting some
80,000 computers to analyze the generated data [7]. Analysis of data from the experiments at the LHC would reveal whether the particle's properties match with those predicted by the standard model, or whether new physics might be at work.
The discovery also opens up new areas to explore, including alternate versions of the standard model that could explain some of the biggest unanswered questions about the cosmos. Another theory that would be affected by the discovery of the Higgs is called
“Supersymmetry”. This theory proposes that every known particle has a "superpartner" particle with slightly different characteristics.
Supersymmetry is attractive because it could help unify some of the other forces of nature,
26 TechTalk@KPITCummins, Volume 6, Issue 1, 2013 and even offer some explanation for the dark matter. The newly detected Higgs Boson particle is in the low-mass range, at 125.3
GeV, that lends credence to Super symmetry
[8]. Another area to explore would be the possibility of light speed travel by “unmassin g” objects or allowing huge items to be launched into space by “switching off” the
Higgs field. However, practically, to turn off the
Higgs field in a region the size of a small marble would require as much energy as would be produced by letting the Moon collide with an anti-matter Moon and releasing pure energy, which does not sound very practical
[9].
Although the Higgs particle provides crucial clues about the working of the universe, some scientists suggest that it might not be of much use for technological applications. One reason being, if you produce a Higgs, it will decay in about a zeptosecond. So, essentially, the particle will not hang around long enough to be put to some use. Probably, the next task for scientists would be figuring out how to tap that fraction of second when the particle appears so that it can be made to stay and put to some use. The discovery of the Higgs
Boson may not change lives but will help explain the underpinning of the universe. The quest for Higgs may not be about improved technology, but it is about improved knowledge. It will help answer some of the mysteries of the universe like- evolution of the universe, various particles existing in the universe, the properties of these particles, mass of the fundamental particles, extra dimensions of space, the nature of dark matter and so on- and that counts for a lot!
Peter Higgs, whose theories led to the discovery of the particle, admits that he has
“no idea” what practical applications it could have. He also refused to be drawn on whether the discovery proved that there was no God, stating that the name 'god particle' by Leon
Lederman was originally called the 'goddamn particle' because it was so hard to find! [10]
Although there are no apparent practical applications for the Higgs Boson today, there is no telling what role a subatomic particle that gives mass to everything else in the universe, may play in the coming future.

References
[1] Yuki D. Takahashi, “Big Bang: How did the universe begin?” Spring 2000
Available at: http://www.ugcs.caltech.edu/~yukimoon/BigBa ng/
[2] The Modern Rationalist, “Higgs Boson A
Brief”, July 2012
Available at: http://new.modernrationalist.com/2012/08/higg s-boson-a-brief/
[3] “Higgs Boson: Q & A”, The Telegraph
Available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/largehadron-collider/9372661/What-is-Higgs-Bosonthe-God-Particle.html
[4] “Large Hadron Collider”, Wikipedia
Reference
Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_Hadron_Colli der
[5] “Higgs Boson”, Wikipedia Reference
Available at: http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higgs_Boson
[6] “Safety of particle collisions at the Large
Hadron Collider”, Wikipedia Reference
Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_of_particle_ collisions_at_the_Large_Hadron_Collider
[7] Blog, “10 Things About the Large Hadron
Collider You Wanted to Know But Were Afraid to Ask”, Sept 2008
Available at: http://www.neatorama.com/2008/09/12/10things-about-the-large-hadron-collider-youwanted-to-know-but-were-afraid-to-ask/
[8] “What's all the fuss about the Higgs boson particle?” Astral Projection
Available at: http://www.tenstepastralprojection.com/astralprojectionblog.php?title=What's+all+the+fuss+about+the
+Higgs+boson+particle%3F&id=116
[9] The Daily Beast, “After the Higgs Boson:
What Scientists Will Do With the Discovery”,
July 2012
Available at: http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/07/
06/after-the-higgs-boson-what-scientists-willdo-with-the-discovery.html
[10] The Telegraph, “Peter Higgs”, July 2012
Available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/9382004/Pr ofessor-Higgs-I-have-no-idea-what-the-Godparticle-is-for.html
A
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PRESENT
Asha, a little girl; bed ridden; in a hospital, her head covered with a scarf; the only item imparting color to the otherwise stark white room. The chatter of eager voices missing; doctors and nurses talking in hushed tones; not exactly what you would expect when the little girl is only 5 years old.
Leukemia: Just the name sends shudders down the spine. One cannot imagine the grief of her parents. The endless anguish, the trips to the hospital, the realization that their little girl is not coming home is hard to take. If only there were a miraculous cure available for their princess, they wondered.
She will not be the first one to succumb to this deadly disease. In the year 2000 alone, approximately 256,000 children and adults around the world developed some form of leukemia, and 209,000 died from it [1]. The statistics itself would inspire a scientist to search for a cure.
As the scientists and biologists researched this disease, its causes, and probable cure, they found that the bone marrow was a critical element in this. Bone marrow is a tissue found in bones responsible for creation of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Leukemia meant an increase in the white blood cells. As a result of these uncontrolled increase of white blood cells, the bone marrow is not able to produce healthy blood cells; this means that the bone marrow is not doing its job properly. The only possible cure is to regenerate a healthy bone marrow. Of course, it is easier said than done.
The scientists focused their attention on how this critical element is generated in the first place. They realized that there are special type of cells that that are responsible for the creation of bone marrow and other vital organs. Once created, each of the organs is responsible for creation and depletion of organ specific cells.
What would happen if we were able to study these cells and regenerate them in order to
30 TechTalk@KPITCummins, Volume 6, Issue 1, 2013 recreate some of the vital organs? The possibility definitely presented exciting opportunities. This led to research and evolution of stem cells technology.
Many scientists are responsible for the discovery of stem cells most notably among them are Alexander Maksimo Martin Evans and Mathew Kaufman.
This article talks about the Stem Cell technology, its evolution; it's usage in its current form and its future potential.
Let us first see what these special cells are.
Stem Cells are the building blocks of all the organs in a body. However, scientists and biologists have started their study only recently after their regeneration capabilities became known.
Stem Cells are cells that have the ability to divide and grow into unspecialized cells that later can then grow into specific organs.
Stem Cells have the remarkable potential to develop into many different cell types in the body during early life and growth. In addition, in many tissues they serve as a sort of internal repair system, dividing essentially without limit to replenish other cells as long as the person or animal is still alive. When a stem cell divides, each new cell has the potential either to remain a stem cell or become another type of cell with a more specialized function, such as a muscle cell, a red blood cell, or a brain cell.
So how are these cells different from the regular cells? First, these are unspecialized cells that can renew themselves through cell division and secondly under certain conditions, they can become organ specific cells with special functions.
In humans, these stem cells are categorized into two types; embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells.
Embryonic stem cells are the cells that are developed from the earlier stages of an

embryo. These embryos have been developed from eggs that have been fertilized in an IV clinic. These cells have the potential to develop / grow into any types of cells that can give rise to any of the below:
In short, these cells can give rise to any organ in the human body.
The second type of stems is the adult stem cells. These can be found in the umbilical cord blood. These cells are also found in many organs and tissues like the brain, bone marrow, peripheral blood, heart, liver etc. They are responsible for replenishing those cells that die in that particular tissue.
These cells can stay dormant for long periods of time and start dividing once there is a need for these cells in case of an injury to that particular tissue[2].
Cancer Stem Cells
Coming back to statistics about using stem cells to treat cancers, in the year 2006, there were 50, 417 stem cell transplants all over the world. Most of these transplants either took place in Europe or Americas. In addition, with the advanced research in stem cell technology, the numbers of stem cell transplants have gone up in the recent years
[3].
Let us talk about the future of stem cells.
Scientists and biologists believe that soon stem cell therapy would be able to cure diabetes, Parkinson's disease, cardiac failure etc. it may soon be possible to create healthy heart muscle cells in the laboratory and then transplant those cells into patients with chronic heart disease.
Currently, the adult stem cells are used to treat various life threatening diseases like leukemia
(uncontrolled increase of white blood cells), lymphomas (cancer of the white blood cells), anemia (sickle cell anemia, thalassemia etc), metabolic disorders, inherited immune system disorders, etc.
Stem cells can treat some of the major forms of cancer. In Chemotherapy, the dreaded but effective treatment during malignancy, aims at getting rid of all the growing cells and unfortunately cannot differentiate between the healthy cells and the bad ones. As a result, patient loses the functional healthy cells as well as the malignant cells. Stem Cell transplants aim to replace the healthy cells that are destroyed so that normal functions are resumed.
Brain Stem Cells
Alternatively, in case of diabetic patients, it could very well be possible to develop healthy insulin generating cells outside a human body using stem cells and then transfer these cells into a diabetic patient's body.
On the other hand, Stem cells can be used in case of brain related diseases like Parkinson or Alzheimer's.
TechTalk@KPITCummins, Volume 6, Issue 1, 2013

PRESENT
Alternatively, in case of heart damage, stem cells can be used for generation of heart muscle cells and stimulation of growth of new blood vessels to repopulate damaged heart tissue.
Wouldn't it be nice if we could treat cancer the way we treat the common flu today? Stem
Cells could make it possible. You could just go to the nearest stem cell bank and get yourself injected with stem cells at the right place.
These cells would replicate themselves and replace the malignant cells with healthy cells and voila! C'est fini!
This would mark a significant breakthrough in overcoming another deadly disease like small pox, polio etc.
parents have found the concept of having one's own stem cells available for any emergencies at a later stage in life extremely attractive and they have chosen to store the stem cells from their child's umbilical cord in a stem cell bank
Of course, since this is an upcoming technology, it may not be affordable for everyone today but as the technology evolves, it will be accessible to one and all.
Many parents around the world are resorting to stem cell banking hoping that they don't have to use it but if it comes to that, they have the assurance that their children would be saved using this technology. Furthermore, as the technology is still evolving, these stem cells can be used for more purposes than we know today. There are endless possibilities.
And what happened to little Asha? Luckily, for her, her parents had opted to bank her stem cells and these cells can now be used for her treatment. Hopefully the treatment would be successful and the smiles on all the faces would be back.
Heart Repair with Stem Cells
On the other hand , stems cells can be used to cure baldness, deafness, blindness and vision impairment and sometimes neural and behavioral birth defects.
On a less serious note , imagine a world where stem cells can be used to defy the process of ageing! Wouldn't that be a boon for so many women out there? They would not have to worry about anti-ageing creams or expensive treatments like Botox and painful injections!
Looking young would not be so difficult now would it?
Stem Cells can be found in abundance in the umbilical cord blood. Since the main function of the umbilical cord is to transfer nutrients and blood between the mother and the baby, it is rich in stem cells. Hence, these cells can be used to cure genetic disorders.
The advancement in the science of cryogenics has enabled the storage of Stem Cells for many years. This has opened up a new line of business called stem cell banking. Many
32 TechTalk@KPITCummins, Volume 6, Issue 1, 2013
So is Stem Cell treatment some kind of a
Panacea? Is it something that cures all diseases and prolongs life indefinitely? Well, only time will tell.
References
[1] Mathers, Colin D, Cynthia Boschi-Pinto, Alan D Lopez and Christopher
JL Murray (2001). "Cancer incidence, mortality and survival by site for 14 regions of the world". Global Programme on Evidence for Health Policy
Discussion Paper No. 13 (World Health Organization). http://www.who.int/entity/healthinfo/paper13.pdf.
[2] Stem Cell Information (The National Institute of Health Resource for stem cell research: http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/)
[3] Charts from world marrow donor association annual report, 2009 http://www.worldmarrow.org/fileadmin/WorkingGroups_Subcommittees/DR
WG/Figures_WMDA_Website.pdf
[4] Figure 1: http://www.blazesports.org/2011/09/canadian-scientistsdiscover-new-stem-cells-c ould-lead-to-new-spinal-cord-treatments/cancerstem-cells/
[5] Figure 2: National Eye Institute
(http://www.nei.nih.gov/eyeonnei/snapshot/archive/0210.asp)
[6] Figure 3: Health News from the Telegraph; http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/healthnews/8888447/Heart-repair-withstem-cells-biggest-breakthrough-in-a-generation.html

Introduction
An apple falls down a tree landing on a person's head, who was taking a nap under the tree. May be the tree was overloaded so it let go the apple or the apple thought of serving the mankind by providing it’s sweet pulp. As simple as that! But what the apple didn't know, was, that it had created a history and was playing a central role in the story (which would be forever told) named “How did Newton come up with the idea of gravity”. What effect does this famous story have on our mind? May be it tells us that great ideas come to people who are lucky to be at the right place and at the right time. We miss out the part where
Newton gave 20 years of his life in order to prove gravity; his hard-work and diligence are rarely spoken of, just that the 'idea' was magnum opus. Berkun on the other hand, regards this famous anecdote to be a fine proof of Newton's deeply curious nature and considers him to be a keen observer.
This book gives a thought provoking insight towards the famous anecdotes on great innovations across history that we have known or more precisely believed. Author says, 'Innovation' means an idea that would bring about a significant positive change to either the recipient or to the creator. He intends to dispel the myths about the connotations of innovation.
Each chapter of his book explores one of the ten misleading myths on innovation, reveals the facts and offers advice and wisdom that we can apply to our work. The author mentions that big ideas are just a small part of the process of innovation and such ideas can be very well divided into a number of previously existing smaller ideas. Creativity is not instant; it is the byproduct of years of passionate work, it is a myth that great ideas are just the artifact of a sudden insight.
More often an idea gets its value due to circumstances.
Many ideas were considered disasters in history until technological and cultural barriers were eliminated to make it a business innovation. As conditions change notion are improved. Thus, there is no perfect recipe for a great innovation. He quotes Einstein “If I had 20 days to solve a problem, I would take 19 days to define the problem”. By this he urges us to look past our tendency to search just for the innovative solutions; problem definition requires as much vision and creativity as discovering any solution. He even discards the notion, that good ideas are hard to find.
He says a creative mind is always dedicated towards generating, working and playing with ideas.
The author highlights that history is not perfect, all breakthrough innovations have arrived through many failures, chance events, and have faced all sorts of perennial problems, but we fail to notice those as it would kill the easy romances we desire. Another point that this book has emphasized very clearly, is that no one knows what is achievable; it is the responsibility of the idea-pitcher to decide the life of his/her idea. If you truly believe in your idea, you need to stay motivated and keep working on it. A perfect work environment nurtures an idea, protects it, and helps it to blossom into something that is useful for the humankind.
Apart from the eye-opening insights that this book contains, Berkun's style of writing is witty and lively. In all his chapters Berkun has provided a pool of references that justifies his views in every aspect.
Adding his own experiences and sprinkling with regular life illustrations that all of us come across, makes the reader relate to the book easily.
CREST,
KPIT Cummins Infosystems Ltd.,
Pune, India
Areas of Interest
Mechatronics and Control Systems
TechTalk@KPITCummins, Volume 6, Issue 1, 2013

F U T U R E
34 TechTalk@KPITCummins, Volume 6, Issue 1, 2013

N E W S
TechTalk@KPITCummins, Volume 6, Issue 1, 2013

FUTURE
Correspondent
Who says you need a high level of telepathic ability for a feel transfer? Now, a 'Tele-Feel' song track is enough. Can't hold your breath?
KPIT Cummins has launched a technique of FEEL transfer which uses a 'Tele-Feel' song track to transfer a thought or a feeling from one person to another person.
The song track creates a electromagnetic field which helps you to tune to the person with whom you want to connect mentally. Just sit quietly, play the track, and think about the person with whom you want to get connected mentally.
Communication process takes place at the mental plane beyond the confines of space and time, and is therefore instantaneous, being a projection of energy in the form of vibrations.
This technique was successfully tested in three different situations.
In the first, both the persons were sitting in the same room where the
'Tele-Feel' track was played. The recipient got completely 'tuned in' with the sender and was able to experience the sender's feelings.
In the second, the sender and recipient were in the same city but at different locations, with the track played at both ends. In the third, the sender and recipient were geographically isolated with the track played at both ends.
‘Tele-Feel' ensures 98% accuracy, even when 5 or more person are playing the track and thinking about the same person, so you can enjoy a family get-together with every person at different place without saying a word!!
This technique will definitely help in improving relationships and will help build a strong world.
36 TechTalk@KPITCummins, Volume 6, Issue 1, 2013

Correspondents
the solar energy.” The idea hit when working on catalysts became too expensive and involved use of extremely rare materials. Its then the scientists used artificial photosynthesis, mimicking the way plants use sunlight to split water to make usable energy. "This discovery is simply ground-breaking, and probably the most important single discovery of the century," says Mr. Elma.
Automobile technology will now definitely take the right green path. After electrics and hybrids, it is time for photosynthesis car concepts. We expect to see revolutionary vehicle designs running on green power. Sounds very unnatural, doesn't it? But the concepts are already being tested by GM and Phosyn at
Washington.
Nature utilizes energy from the sun. We also know some plants produce hydrogen from water with the help of solar energy and feed themselves. So why not imitate nature to extract renewable energy without harming the environment?
This is what some scientists from
Washington, USA thought, and have been working since 2015 on a project called “Phosyn”. After ten years of photosynthesis-related studies and experiments, they are finally able to apply their knowledge for production of energy for the need of society.
Mr. Thomas Elma, Lead, Phosyn project says: “It's a cheap and easy way to store
TechTalk@KPITCummins, Volume 6, Issue 1, 2013

FUTURE
Correspondent
Finally, the most awaited first space power station delivered it first energy transmission from space to earth today.
Several years of efforts were rewarded today when whole city was lit by space power, the cleanest type of power. The concept is similar to the mobile phone servers in use. The amount of solar energy in space is very high as compared to solar energy available on earth. Energy absorbed on the “Space power station” is transferred to earth which can be used to run the vehicle, too.
Energy absorbed in space is converted into laser / infrared / radio rays. These rays are then transmitted to earth. On earth, there is currently one receptor active to collect the energy – the stationary service station on earth. The second way is to directly connect to vehicle receiving stations (on vehicles), which is yet to be fully developed.
Currently, there is only one station which has started, but several stations will be in operation soon. More advanced and compact power stations could be seen in the future. As the solar power is tapped directly in space, there won't be any effect of climatic conditions on availability of the power. These power stations have given a better option for all living beings on earth because they are not at all harmful to our planet. So we can expect a zero polluting environment within a few years from now, and we can ensure a breath of fresh air for our children!
38 TechTalk@KPITCummins, Volume 6, Issue 1, 2013

Correspondent
The new era technology of balloon residence has been launched today. The first 10,000 sets of balloons containing one small township which consists of around five hundred apartments, schools, hospitals, shops, and recreation centers launched in India today.
These balloons are made up of a special material using nano-technology, which can float in the sky carrying heavier weight than one can imagine. The larger balloons can carry almost a city inside it, which are under development. No energy is required for these balloons to be in the sky.
Inside the balloon, the atmosphere is same as we are having around us - rather it is cleaner than what we have today.
I n s i d e t h e b a l l o o n c i t y a l l t h e transportation modes are running on non conventional sources making it a cleaner city.
Within 10 years from now scientists are expecting every individual on the earth to be staying in the balloon cities and the earth will regain its natural condition wild life back.
All the balloons are interconnected with satellites so there is hardly need of travelling from one balloon to another balloon for communication or work.
Scientists are also designing balloon farms so there won't be any human presence on the ground. Also there won't be any boundaries amongst the countries so any balloon can be transferred to any place.
So pack your bags and wait for your turn to come; we will be meeting sooner in the floating world of balloon.
TechTalk@KPITCummins, Volume 6, Issue 1, 2013

40 TechTalk@KPITCummins, Volume 6, Issue 1, 2013

TechTalk@KPITCummins, Volume 6, Issue 1, 2013

FUTURE
About two centuries ago, in 2012, knowledge of science and technology was limited. We of course give due credit to our forefathers for doing some fundamental work. However, the progress we have made today would marvel anyone. Here is a brief account of the progress. Let us take a look at this leap and also think about where we are headed to in the
.
future
The World Health Organization (WHO) has targeted end of year 2250 for completely eradicating genetic and neuro - degenerative diseases. For all these years, these diseases were known for their permanent after effects that would typically linger across generations. Though the technology is available worldwide, even today in the year of 2150, it will still take 100 years to confirm the complete eradication of these diseases across generations. One of the major reasons for these diseases is protein mis-folding. Using modern bio-computing techniques, surgical robots can easily correct the protein mis-folding. Bio-computing has made it possible to work at the level of molecules. Bio-computing is a branch of computing, which is based on nanobiotechnology. It deals with the technology related to biological matter like DNA, proteins, etc., at nano-scale.
Some of the genetic and neuro -degenerative diseases are hereditary. The persons prone to these diseases are injected with surgical nano-robots. The robots remain with the person forever. They are dormant until the time they detect any kind of mis-folding in the protein structure. When the protein misfolding is detected, they become active and operate on the proteins to give them a shape according to the sequence of amino acids present in that person. This eliminates the possibility of mis-folded proteins becoming toxic and hence, cures the genetic diseases.
42 TechTalk@KPITCummins, Volume 6, Issue 1, 2013
The robots need to be generated according to the sequences of amino acids present in the person, and the type of the probable diseases t h a t t h e p e r s o n c a n s u f f e r f r o m .
Supercomputing technology developed at nano-scales is useful for correct matching of the mis-folding patterns and the way in which they should be treated. Embedding nanosupercomputing with the bio-computing aids has taken human beings far ahead in the progress of medical science.
Until the year 2010, Bio-computing was typically used for mundane tasks of computing like storing, processing, and retrieving data.
The first few bio-computers were built for detecting certain diseases, and for some specific tasks like growing certain type of grass.
A few centuries ago, there was a very renowned lab called 'CERN' in Europe. In the year of 2012, scientists at CERN declared that they had found a particle that is similar to
Higgs-Boson particle. Huge amount of information was generated in this experiment.
The available capacity of super-computers present at that time required two years to verify that the particles were truly Higgs-
Boson particles which would yield mass to the sub-atomic particles. The success of the experiment was celebrated as a breakthrough discovery at that time.
Keeping up the steady rate of success, scientists all over the world have proceeded towards some of the early experiments to create a new universe. 20 years back, the experiment of creating Higgs-Boson particles outside our universe was largely successful.
We are proud to announce that an explosion, named as 'Sci Bang,' similar to the 'Big Bang' has been performed outside the universe, where we reside. It required relentless efforts from scientists all over the world, to build the enormous set up way out in space. For conducting the experiment in space, extremely high precision of all the components and algorithms was an absolute necessity.
Using supercomputing techniques, numerous simulations were performed for considering all possible after effects by different groups of

scientist. Then, a final 'go ahead' was given to perform the experiment in the space. The results on the success of the experiment are yet to come. If the experiment were successful, we would still have to wait for another few years for the condensation of the particles slashed in this explosion.
?Here is Your Chance to
Program Human Brains
A community called 'Software Engineers' was much hyped more than 2 centuries ago. They were the only privileged ones to talk to computers and other machines in their specific languages. The languages were typically filled with technical jargons and would not reveal any meaning to the rest of the people. Only these engineers would program the computers and gadgets in their own way to get some specific tasks done.
At such time, very few experiments of human brain mapping had been successfully implemented. The mapping at that time would only mean representation of brain and the activities in certain types of images. The exact uses of brain mapping were to be proven.
BrainMap project was one of the early projects that published an online database of neuroimaging experiments and the tools to operate on the images. By mapping brains onto different kinds of maps, the project was supposed to study the brain for understanding how human memory works, how human beings learn new things, how they adapt to situations, and so on.
Recent advancements in reverse brain mapping have enabled the next level of programming. Reverse mapping means modifying the various representations of the brain in order to program the human brain.
This typically includes lot of computing including calculating the correlation factors between the representations at various time instances. Different correlation factors, time and the representations constitute a complex multi dimensional problem. Thanks to our modern practices in supercomputing and biocomputing, we are able to check the feasibility of any reverse brain mapping within seconds. The potential uses of such reverse mapping would be to program human brains to carry out some of the important and meticulous tasks like creating extremely c o m p l e x s u r g e r i e s , s e c u r i t y r e s c u e operations, taking decisions where large financial stakes are involved, and so on. The tasks that are dependent on the analytical and computational powers of computers, and creativity and skills of human beings, can be carried out with low risks and high probability of success. In order to ensure its usage only for constructive purposes, a certain set of neuro images has been cited as a prerequisite for such kind of programming.
Yesterday, on 10 September 2270, an earthquake of 6.4 Richter scale that struck off near a town in Tokyo was returned within few minutes. Earthquake deactivation system in
Tokyo and nearby towns consists of various stations, seismic intensity meters, and a real time communication network that connects all of these with the government bodies, housing societies, and the media. Earthquake monitoring system, which is a part of the deactivation system, had predicted the possibility of earthquake in the town 12 hours before the earthquake actually hit the town.
Based on the category of the severity (which was medium in this case), the simulation software in the system could tell in advance the areas that can get affected by the earthquake.
Every architecture in Tokyo and the nearby towns has a seismic-resistance index based on its layout and its vicinity from the epicenters. This information is a part of a database present in the earthquake deactivation system. Based on the indexes of the architectures present near these stations, and the severity of the earthquake, the stations actually send suppressing waves of appropriate strength to nullify the effect of seismic waves. Powerful reactors and generators are built into these stations. These are activated by the warnings of the monitoring system and are able to generate the power required to generate the suppressing waves.
Until last few decades, algorithms were like the orders that a master would demand from an obedient servant. With no questions or queries, the computers would typically execute the instructions written in the form of an algorithm. In short, a human being would turn his knowledge into an algorithm in order to get some computation done using a computer.
Last year, in 2341, a team of scientists, has come up with an intelligent algorithm 'Intellint' that creates knowledge in some specific domains, on its own. 'Intellint' has been trained to access an enormous database of the existing knowledge in those domains. “Many a times, one of the most innovative ideas just
TechTalk@KPITCummins, Volume 6, Issue 1, 2013

FUTURE next to us. When we read about such an idea from someone else, we wonder why we couldn't come up with that idea, when we had all the knowledge required to think of it. The same thought gave rise to build an algorithm that could create knowledge on its own,” said the principal owner of the idea and the head of the team that has built the algorithm.
Around 400 years ago, in 1930, Shannon had shown the possibility of generating a play, similar to those written by Shakespeare. He has conceptually proven the idea of how automatically constructed sentences will get closer to the ones present in Shakespeare's plays. He had also mentioned that he could not actually generate one such play because of the computational limitations. The era of supercomputing had not started then.
Shannon's idea was limited to creations in one domain at a time. However, when number of innovative solutions in various domains started spawning, the role of crossover innovations was highlighted.
As a part of 'Intellint' project, various kinds of solved problems from different domains like mathematics, physics, chemistry, computer science, biology, botany, medical sciences have been a part of this algorithm. By considering the similarities between these problems and tweaking the assumptions of the solved problems as per the understanding of unsolved problems, the system has reached the phase of testing. Until now, it has solved some of the famous Mathematical problems, like proving the existence of infinitely many palindromic primes, infinitely many Fibonacci primes, proving Goldbach's conjecture, etc. The testing of solutions of previously unsolved problems from Computer science is in progress.
Climate prediction systems have been around since a few thousand years. However, the accuracy of these systems was limited to th days. In the early 20 century, climate prediction was refined to make accurate predictions up to the accuracy of few hours.
Last century, in the year 2145, the Central
Weather Organization, a worldwide institution, came up with an extensive model to consider all the factors that may possibly affect the climate at any location in the world using the best of supercomputers that operated with a speed of few zeta flops.
Recently, an innovative service which offers personalized climate surroundings has been developed. The service offers a tiny wearable
44 TechTalk@KPITCummins, Volume 6, Issue 1, 2013 machine, which is of the size of a small grain. It detects the climate that would be preferred by its user and checks the current climate prediction for the next few hours. If the predicted climate is far different from the one that the user wishes to have, the wearable machine gives the user some options to choose. One can decide the rate of change of the weather with which the current climate would change into the form of the chosen one.
When the user wants to come out of the environment to the actual surroundings, the selected climate is gradually adapted to the actual climate. This facilitates the user to psychologically prepare for the change and avoid any illness that can arise due to sudden transition in the surrounding conditions.
While reading this article you might have gotten a hint of where the human beings are headed to in next few centuries. The advancements in computing as well as in other fields would take us in a world where the boundaries between human beings and the machines will start thinning. With the growing interdependence between human beings and the machines, we will see an accelerated growth of discoveries and inventions in every walk of life. According to a leading futurist,
“Today, we know 5 percent of what we will know in 50 years. In other words, in 50 years from now, 95 percent of what we will know will have been discovered in the last 50 years.”
BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] Stephanie Pappas, “Nine super cool uses for super computers,” th
30 April 2010, Available at: http://www.livescience.com/6392-9-supercool-supercomputers.html
February 2001, Available at: http://www.kurzweilai.net/the-comingmerging-of-mind-and-machine
[3] BrainMap Project, Available at: http://www.brainmap.org/
[4] “Higgs-Boson,” Wikipage Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higgs_boson
[5] “Frequently asked questions about the Higgs Boson,” published by
Fermi Lab, 2012, Available at: http://www.fnal.gov/pub/presspass/press_releases/2012/files/Higgs_B oson_FAQ_July2012.pdf
[6] Dave Evans, “Top 25 Technology Predictions,” Available at: http://www.cisco.com/web/about/ac79/docs/Top_25_Predictions_1214
09rev.pdf

About KPIT Cummins Infosystems Limited
KPIT Cummins partners with global automotive and semiconductor corporations in bringing products faster to their target markets. We help customers globalize their process and systems efficiently through a unique blend of domain-intensive technology and process expertise. As leaders in our space, we are singularly focused on co-creating technology products and solutions to help our customers become efficient, integrated, and innovative manufacturing enterprises. We have filed for 42 patents in the areas of Automotive Technology,
Hybrid Vehicles, High Performance Computing, Driver Safety Systems, Battery
Management System, and Semiconductors.
About CREST
Center for Research in Engineering Sciences and Technology (CREST) is focused on innovation, technology, research and development in emerging technologies.
Our vision is to build KPIT Cummins as the global leader in selected technologies of interest, to enable free exchange of ideas, and to create an atmosphere of innovation throughout the company. CREST is now recognized and approved
R & D Center by the Dept. of Scientific and Industrial Research, India.. This journal is an endeavor to bring you the latest in scientific research and technology.
Invitation to Write Articles
Our forthcoming issue to be released in July 2013 will be based on “Meeting of
.
We invite you to share your knowledge by contributing to this journal.
Format of the Articles
Your original articles should be based on the central theme of “ Meeting of
Minds” . The length of the articles should be between 1200 to 1500 words.
Appropriate references should be included at the end of the articles. All the pictures should be from public domain and of high resolution. Please include a brief write-up and a photograph of yourself along with the article. The last date for submission of articles for the next issue is March 31, 2013.
To send in your contributions, please write to crest@kpitcummins.com .
To know more about us, log on to www.kpitcummins.com .
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Innovation for customers You can make a difference initiative

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35 & 36, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park,
Phase - 1, MIDC, Hinjawadi, Pune - 411 057, India.