Purpose : Introduce Fundamentals of microscopy
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723)
Leeuwenhoek did not invent the
microscope. His achievement lay
rather in his skill in setting and
grinding the lenses
Electron microscopes
http://www.digitalsmicroscope.co
m/leeuwenhoek-microscope-5/
One of earliest was here at WSU
in Physics department and can
still be seen outside the
Franceschi Microscopy and
Imaging Center
http://www.microscopy.org/images/posters/washington.pdf
http://air-inspired.com/geographicalleeuwenhoek-s-labled-microscope/
Dissecting Microscope
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/biobookcell1.html
Compound Microscope
Ocular lenses
Head locking
nut screw
Arm
Objective lenses
Course focus
Fine focus
Base
Microscopes Do’s and Don’t’s
Do :
Check that set screw on head is tight
Carry level and upright with 2 hands; one on the arm and one
under the base
Store with head tightened and lowest power objective in place
ONLY USE FINE FOCUS knob when objective is NOT the 4X
objective
CLEAN WITH LENS PAPER
Don’t :
DO NOT put plastic bags underneath the microscope
DO NOT use the 100X objective – is only for oil immersion
DO NOT use Kim wipes or other materials
Taxonomic Hierarchy
• Domain
– Archae
– Bacteria
Class
Kingdom
Phylum
– Eukarya
• Kingdom
– Protista – no longer considered a Kingdom?
– Fungi
Class
Order
Phylum
– Animalia
– Plantae
Eukarya
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
All others are protists
• Species
Protists 5 Supergroups
• Rhizaria
- Chlorarachniophytes
• Excavata
– Diplomonads
– Parabasalids
– Euglenozoans*
• Chromalveolata
Correct PDF
– Alveolates
• Dinoflagellates*
• Apicocomplexans
• Ciliates*
– Stramenophiles
•
•
•
•
Diatoms*
Golden Algae
Brown Algae*
Oomycetes
p758 in text Chap28
Characteristics - category
- Forams*
- Radiolarians*
• Archaeplastida
- Red Algae*
- Chlorophytes*
- Charophytes*
Green Algae
• Unikonta
- Slime molds*
- Gymnamoebas
- Entamoebas
- Nucleariids
- Choanoflagellates
Protists
•General Characteristics – places in clades or groups
•Autotrophic – usually photosynthetic
•Heterotrophic – require complex organic
compounds
•Mixotrophic - photosynthetic & require organic
compounds
Other Vocabulary
Phagocytosis - engulfing solid particles by the cell
membrane
Flagellum(a) - tail-like projection that protrudes from the
cell body and functions in locomotion
Excavata
Characteristics
Presence of modified mitochondria or flagella
• Trypanosoma brucei
– African sleeping sickness
– Chagas disease
First described in the fourteenth century in
what is now the country of Mali.
Excavata
Characteristics
Presence of modified mitochondria or flagella
• Euglena
Drawings
Chromalveolata
(Alveolates)
Characteristics
Membrane bounded sacs beneath plasma membranes
Paramecium
• Large numbers of cilia
• Typically 2 types of nuclei
– Micronuclei
• Contains the genetic information –
transcriptionally inactive
– Macronuclei
• Responsible for routine cellular
functions – transcriptionally active
– Vacuoles
• Food
• Contractile
Trichocysts – produces threads when irritated
Asexual vs sexual reproduction
Chromalveolata
(Alveolates)
Characteristics
Membrane bounded sacs beneath plasma membranes
Apicomplexans – retained a
modified plastid called an apicoplast
Plasmodium
Causative effect of Malaria
Chromalveolata
(Alveolates)
Characteristics
Membrane bounded sacs beneath plasma membranes
• Dinoflagellates
– Unicellular – will aggregate though
– Cellulose plates – in the Dinoflagellates
– Two flagella in perpendicular grooves
– Varied biology
• Autotrophic and heterotrophic
• Bioluminescent
• Symbiotic with coral
Chromalveolata
Characteristics
Hairy and smooth flagella
(Stramenophiles)
• Diatoms
– Shape
• Pennate – bilaterally symetrical
• Centrate – round
– Synedra
Chromalveolata
Characteristics
Hairy and smooth flagella
(Stramenophiles)
• Diatomaceous earth
– Indicator of time by depth
– Economic importance
• Cosmetics
• Fabrics
• Frustules – (shells) incorporated into paints and
clothing
Chromalveolata
Characteristics
Hairy and smooth flagella
(Stramenophiles)
• Brown algae
– Primarily marine
– Structurally complex – filamentus to multicellular
– Pigment – fucoxanthin
– Size range from microscopic to kelps 50 m
Sargassum
Rhizaria
Characteristics
Amoebas with threadlike pseudopodia
• Radiolarian
– Secrete their test
– Marine
– Silicon dioxide shells
Rhizaria
Characteristics
Amoebas with threadlike pseudopodia
• Foraminifera
– Secrete their test
– Marine
– Calcareous shells
Unikonta
Characteristics
Amoebas with lobe shaped pseudopodia
• Amoeba
– Phagocytic
– Have different types of
vacuoles
• Food
• Contractile – helps to maintain
the cells water balance
• Difflugia
– Protects itself with grains of
sand called a test
Unikonta
Characteristics
Amoebas with lobe shaped pseudopodia
• Entamoeba histolytica
– parasite responsible for
dysentery
Unikonta
Characteristics
Amoebas with lobe shaped pseudopodia
• Slime Molds
– Phagocytic nutrition
– Lack hyphae of fungi
– Lack chitin in cell wall
Archaeplastida
Characteristics
Plant type chloroplasts
Red algae
•
•
•
•
•
•
Typically warm marine water
Autotrophic
Pigments – phycoerytherin
Free floating or attached
Filamentous or parenchymous (fleshy)
Economic
– Agar
– Carrageenan – thickening, gelling, foaming
Archaeplastida
Characteristics
Plant type chloroplasts
Green algae
•
•
•
•
Most diverse
Autotrophic
Mainly freshwater
Ancestral to land plants
– Chlorophyll α
– Chlorophyll b
– Starch as storage
– Cell wall of cellulose
Survey of the Kingdom Fungi
Objectives
• Describe the characteristics of Fungi
• Variation of asexual & sexual reproduction
– Structure
– Sequence of events
• Terms and Definitions
p636 text Chap 31
General Characteristics
• Basic structures
– Spore – reproductive structure
– Hypha
• Haustorium – modifications allowing penetration of
living cells
• Coenocytic - multinucleate
• Septate – separate nuclei via crosswalls
– Mycelium
– Cell wall composed of chitin - polysaccharide
General Characteristics
General Characteristics
• Filamentous strands of cells
• Secrete enzymes and feed on
– Organic matter
– Parasitic
• Classified as
– Absorbative heterotrophs
– saprophytes
Reproductive Characteristics
• Asexual
– Mitotic production of haploid spores in the
sporangia and conidiophores
– Pilobolus points it’s sporangia towards the sun
and ejects it as far as 2 meters in a behavior called
phototaxis
– Budding and fragmentation (yeasts) – duplicate
nucleic material – uneven cytoplasm detatches
and form new cells
Reproductive Characteristics
• Sexual
– Occurs when hyphae of two genetically different
individuals meet
• 4 important features
– Individuals of the mycelium are haploid during most of the
life cycle
– Gametes are produced by mitosis
– Meiosis follows formation of the only diploid stage - the
zygote
– Meiosis produces the haploid spores of the vegetative
state of the hyphae
Fungi Classification
• Modification of the hyphae into specialized
reproductive cells
• Major phyla
– Glomeromycota
– Chytridiomycota
– Zygomycota
– Ascomycota
– Basidiomycota
Characteristics
Glomeromycota
• Form endomycorrhizal symbiotic
relationships with the roots of higher plants
• Obtain phosphorus - exchange for plantassimilated carbon
http://comenius.susqu.edu/bi/202/Fungi/GLOMEROMYCOTA/default.htm
http://comenius.susqu.edu/bi/202/Fungi/GLOMEROMYCOTA/default.htm
Characteristics
Chytridiomycota
• Oldest of the Fungi
• Flagellated gametes – aquatic
• Freshwater and marine
http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Chytridiomycota
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/fungi/allomyces.jpg
Zygomycota
(Molds)
Characteristics
• Get their name from sexual structures called
zygosporangia
• Most are saprophytic
• Lack septa – multinucleate
• Rhizopus - bread mold
– Modified hyphae – rhizoids (holdfasts)
Zygomycota Life Cycle
Characteristics
Ascomycota
(sac fungi)
Characteristics
• Named for the reproductive structure
ascus
• Spores called conidia made in
conidiophores and formed on the surface
and not in sporangia
Ascomycota
Characteristics
(sac fungi)
Basidiomycota
(club fungi)
Characteristics
• Named for the reproductive structure
basidia (basidium – singular)
• Spores called basidiospores formed in the
basidium
Basidiomycota
Characteristics
(club fungi)
Lichens
Characteristics
• Formed by an ascomycete plus a
photosynthetic alga or cyanobacterium
• Symbiotic relationship
Crustiose
fruticose
foliose
Summary
Know the 2 different microscopes we will be using
Proper use and components
Taxonomic hierarchy
Know the different super groups of the Protists
Know the examples of organisms that are characteristic of the super
groups
Know the characteristics of the organism that places them in their
super group
Know the different Phyla of the Fungi
Know the examples of organisms that are characteristic of the Phyla
Know the characteristics of the organism that places them in their
Phylum
Exercises
Page 2-3 Dissecting microscope
Page 3-5 Compound microscope
Slides –
p7 Trypanosoma brucei , Wet mount of Paramecium, 1 of the 3 experiments p7-8,
p8 dinoflagellates, diatoms, wet mount of Navicula & diatomaceous earth, p9-10
Foraminifera & Radiolarians, p10 prepared and wet mount Spirogyra, p11
Basidiomycota, p13 Rhizopus, p14 Peziza, wet mount penicillium
Other Visuals –
p8 toxoplasma life cycle, p9 Physarum (not Dictyostelium) plate, p12
Chytridomycota
Preserved Specimens –
Brown algae, Red algae, Ulva (green algae), morels, Peziza
Live Specimens –
Chara, Pilobolus crystallinus, Lichens
Cool Links
Trypanosoma brucei bloodstream form
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EnsydwITLYk
Pilobolus
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TrKJAojmB1Y
Pilobolus
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9CRNmde0WUc&feature=related