APEC Conference on Capacity Building for Policies and Monitoring of
Cross-border Education in the APEC Region
STUDENT MOBILITY AND CUSTOMER
PROTECTION ON INDONESIAN HIGHER
INSTITUTIONS
Purwanto Subroto
Directorate General of Higher Education
Ministry of National Education
Indonesia
APEC Conference on Capacity Building for Policies and Monitoring of
Cross-border Education in the APEC Region
Education in
Indonesia – the
Scale
Kindergarten: 8 million
Primary: 24 million
Junior Secondary: 7,8 million
Senior Secondary: 5 million
Higher Education: 5.2 million
APEC Conference on Capacity Building for Policies and Monitoring of
Cross-border Education in the APEC Region
Early Development of Indonesian Higher Education System
– Started at the turn of the 20th
Century, with circa 200 students
Development started after
independence
Education Law 1961 : 23 HE
Significant expansion 1970’s
1975: 230,000 students
1985: 1,100,000 students
1995: 2,500,000 students
2001: 3.4 million students
2009: 4.6 million students
(GER improve from 2% in 1975 to
~18.3% in 2009)
Number of HEI (2011):
Public : 92
Private : 3,015
APEC Conference on Capacity Building for Policies and Monitoring of
Cross-border Education in the APEC Region
Distribution of Higher Education Institutions
Source: pdpt.dikti.go.id, 2011
APEC Conference on Capacity Building for Policies and Monitoring of
Cross-border Education in the APEC Region
Distribution of Students
4.846
12.985
2.633
5.543
4.846
3.550
1.685
4.393
1.035
3.089
2.202
761
4.393
3.626
7.446
1.713
2.266
1.038
7.596
8.033
9.588
2.231
2.851
1.531
32.380
10.644
43.021
37.476
3.891
3.452
Legend:
4.496
4.679
Source: pdpt.dikti.go.id, 2011
Gross Enrollment Rate of Higher Education
Year
Components
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2010 *)
Age 19 - 23
21.190.000
21.184.100
21.174.900
21.171.200 21.170.300 21.184.000
19.844.485
Students
3.868.358
4.285.645
4.375.505
4.501.543
4.657.547
5.226.450
5.226.450
Public
805.479
824.693
978.739
965.970
1.011.721
1.030.403
1.030.403
Private
2.243.760
2.567.879
2.392.417
2.410.276
2.451.451
2.886.641
2.886.641
Special
48.493
51.318
47.253
47.253
66.535
92.971
92.971
Islamic
508.545
518.901
506.247
556.763
503.439
571.336
571.336
Open University
262.081
322.854
450.849
521.281
624.401
645.099
645.099
APK (%)
18,26%
20,23%
20,66%
21,26%
22,00%
24,67%
26,34%
Total Students
6,000,000
4,000,000
2,000,000
0
3,868,358
15.26%
4,285,645
4,375,505
17.75%
16.91%
2005
*) Population Census, 2010
2006
4,501,543
2007
2008
4,657,547
5,226,450
18.36%
2009
2010
APEC Conference on Capacity Building for Policies and Monitoring of
Cross-border Education in the APEC Region
INTERNATIONALIZATION OF
INDONESIAN HIGHER INSTITUTIONS
APEC Conference on Capacity Building for Policies and Monitoring of
Cross-border Education in the APEC Region
2000’s: Internationalization of HE
- Emergence of Bilingual programs
-
Internationalization of curriculum
International quality standard
Joint programs (institutional partnership/ collaboration)
Government scholarships to study abroad
University & DGHE programs for internationalization:
promote academic collaboration  joint program,
twinning/double degree program
World Class University
 High concentration of talent (staff
& students)  Interesting for best lecturers and students
 Abundant of resources
 Having good financial resources
 Favorable governance
 Strong Leadership
 Good management
 Culture of academic excellence
 Strong academic and research enviroment
Challenge and Opportunity of Globalization
Globalization & internationalization,
cross border trades of goods and services, student mobility, increased
competition
Development of knowledge-based economy,
knowledge capital replacing physical capital as main source of wealth, survival
of the fittest
Rapid development & increasing use of ICT,
bridging geographical and quality divide
Rapid change in labor market,
higher education becoming more important and in greater demand
Live-long learning & education,
learning new skills and knowledge, learning to improve the quality of live
Global crisis
Global financial/economic crunch, Global climate changes, Food crisis,
Energy crisis, Global injustice, terrorism, wars & instability
APEC Conference on Capacity Building for Policies and Monitoring of
Cross-border Education in the APEC Region
INTERNATIONAL
STUDENT MOBILITY
APEC Conference on Capacity Building for Policies and Monitoring of
Cross-border Education in the APEC Region
Number of Foreign Students in Indonesian Universities
No.
Member
2009
2010
Public
Private
Public
Private
2,502
320
2,026
201
1
Malaysia
2
East Timor
51
1,629
160
2,097
3
China
23
154
13
107
4
Korea
29
10
97
72
5
Japan
63
15
91
21
6
Germany
71
86
63
8
7
Australia
37
12
48
2
8
Thailand
2
27
4
19
9
Turkey
43
29
1
24
10
Vietnam
14
8
11
16
11
Others
87
98
168
139
2,922
2,388
2,682
2,706
SUB TOTAL
TOTAL
5,310 (0.13%)
5,388 (0.12%)
Program Internasional
1 credit unit: 50 min contact
hours, 60 min structured tasks, 60
min self study
M-I-T
STUDENT
MOBILITY
PROGRAM
MIT Student Mobility
UPDATED NUMBER OF PARTICIPATING STUDENTS, 2010
FIELD OF STUDY
SENDER UNVERSITY
TO THAILAND
TO MALAYASIA
AGRICULTURE
IPB
UGM
UNS
UNSRI
3 (KASSESART UNIV.)
2 (KASSESART UNIV.)
5 (KASSESART UNIV.)
2 (KASSESART UNIV.)
2 (UPM)
5 (UPM)
-
FOOD TECH.
IPB
2 (MFLU)
8 (UPM, MARA)
INTERNATIONAL
BUSINESS
UI
UBINUS
3 (MAHIDOL UNIV.)
3 (MAHIDOL UNIV.)
1 (MARA)
6 (MARA, USM)
HOSPITALITY AND
TOURISM
STP TRISAKTI
UPI
UBINUS
3 (PSU)
3 (PSU)
1 (PSU)
2 (UPM, MARA)
5 (MARA)
CULTURE AND
LANGUAGE
ISI DENPASAR
UAD
UK MARANATHA
UI
ISI SURAKARTA
2 (THAMASAT U)
3 (TU)
1 (TU)
3 (USM)
7 (UM,UKM,MARA)
5 (USM,UM)
TOTAL
33
44
Total MIT Students : Outbound/Inbound
90
77
80
70
60
50
40
27
30
20
19
10 11
10
0
14
19
15
9
7
0
Agriculture
0
Food Science
Hospitality
Outbound
Int Business
Inbound
Language
Total
International Program
IROs (International Relations offices)
FACILITATE THE FLOW OF STUDENT
MOBILITY
MIT
Student Mobility Programme
INTERNATIONAL OFFICE (I- AWARD PROGRAM)
Costumer Protection
• Quality Assurance  World Class University
• Improving services of International Office  better
services for student mobility/exchange staff
• Improving human resources at higher institutions
• National Regulation on International Collaboration
• National Regulation on establishment of new
higher institutions and/or new study programs
• Development of inter-connectivity among the
higher institutions  ICT Base Development
APEC Conference on Capacity Building for Policies and Monitoring of
Cross-border Education in the APEC Region
QUALITY ASSURANCE
Expansion with Quality Care

Quality Assurance System
◦ External: National Accreditation Board est. in 1997
Compulsory for study program accreditation
Institutional accreditationsince 2008
◦ Internal: mandatory Internal Quality Assurance System
◦ Indonesia Qualification Framework
◦ Entry to HE: past 12 year elementary & high school
◦ Dual track system: Academic & Vocational tracks
◦ S1: 4 year (140-150 Sem. Credit units)
◦ S2: 2 year (40-50 Sem. Credit Units)
◦ S3: 3 year research
◦ Diploma I, II, III, IV, Specialists
Indonesian Qualification Framework
S3
S2
S3(Applied)
Specialist
8
S2(Applied)
Profesional
S1
D IV/
S1(Applied)
D III
D II
General High
School (3)
9
Expert
7
6
5
Technician/A
nalyst
4
DI
3
Vocational
High School
(3)
2
1
Operator
Providing Large Scale Program for Upgrading
Qualification of University Lecturers
Master/PhD
No.
Member
Sandwich
Post Doc
2008
2009
2010
Subtotal
1 AUSTRALIA
262
222
110
594
148
172
111
431
68
42
110
2 MALAYSIA
259
50
35
344
184
0
2
186
3
1
4
534
3 JEPANG
147
95
69
311
68
47
42
157
42
49
91
559
4 INGGRIS
120
69
55
244
40
12
11
63
27
10
37
344
5 BELANDA
94
36
31
161
76
42
55
173
16
17
33
367
6 JERMAN
69
36
20
125
32
18
16
66
23
19
42
233
7 PERANCIS
19
14
57
90
11
3
3
17
4
3
7
114
8 USA
18
20
20
58
135
111
112
358
81
44
125
541
9 THAILAND
28
9
10
47
3
0
2
5
1
1
2
54
12
4
9
25
3
0
0
3
1
1
2
30
Other
76
35
26
137
82
38
41
161
18
19
37
335
TOTAL
1104
590
442
2136
782
443
395
1620
284
206
490
4246
10 Chinese Taipei
2008
2009
2010
Subtotal
2009 2010
Sub- TOTAL
total
1.135
21
APEC Conference on Capacity Building for Policies and Monitoring of
Cross-border Education in the APEC Region
INTERNATIONAL
COLLABORATIONS
APEC Conference on Capacity Building for Policies and Monitoring of
Cross-border Education in the APEC Region
700
Twinning
600
500
642
400
419
300
0
Transfer Kredit
404
200
100
472
40
96
Double Degree
Pertukaran Dosen/Staff
Tukar Mahasiswa
31
Joint Research
Lain-Lain
UNAIR
UNY 3%
UPI
3%
3%
UNAND
3%
PT Lain
11%
UGM
32%
IPB
4%
Univ.
Udayana
9%
ITB
13%
UI
13%
UNSYIAH
6%
Filipina,
Italia &
France Peru
3% 3% Singapura
China
Norway2% Japan
Netherlan 5%
2%
30%
d
8%
Germany
8% Korea
11%
•Number of International collaboration:
2.045
Australia
14%
Malaysia
14%
APEC Conference on Capacity Building for Policies and Monitoring of
Cross-border Education in the APEC Region
INTER-CONNECTIVITY
AMONG THE HIGHER INSTITUTIONS
Improving Connectivity of Indonesian Higher
Education and Research Network (INHERENT)
26
INHERENT
• National ICT backbone for Indonesian higher education
institutions
• Improve quality of and access to Indonesian HE
• Intensive development since 2006, aimed at:
–
–
–
–
ICT for research, education, and univ management
Resource sharing of research, education and academic community
Innovative ICT application development
Improve access and quality of HE
• Designed as a scale free intra-network
• End of 2007 bridged to the Global Development Learning
Network to become the largest in economy GDLN in the
world
27
INHERENT for Research & Education
INHERENT has been used for
• Software development for academic and administration application
based on open sources and open access:
–
–
–
–
Learning Management System (LMS)
Knowledge management system (KMS)
Digital Library (joint e-library service system)
MIS for academic/administration
• Distance learning
– Blended learning to full-fledged e-learning
– Remote laboratory work (virtual lab)
• Video-tele conferencing
– Coordination meeting, seminar, information dissemination,
workshop, training, course sharing (in economy & overseas)
• Grid computing initiatives for research
– To make use of national computer network for computationally intensive
application
28
APEC Conference on Capacity Building for Policies and Monitoring of
Cross-border Education in the APEC Region
To access research activities and
publications, DGHE has developed a portal
of Citation Index named “Garuda”. Garuda can be accessed at
http://garuda.dikti.go.id
Challenge for student mobility
• No student visa  MONE v.s. Immigration Office
• Massive higher institution development  low
quality control
• Not all universities are ready to provide
international program  lack of programs provided
in english
• Not all universities have good international offices
to provide better services for international student
mobility
• Low GER in HE v.s. International student mobility
capacity of the universities
THANK YOU