LAB MANUAL: 11th Edition
LABORATORY EXERCISE 12
BONE STRUCTURE AND CLASSIFICATION
Figure Labels
FIG. 12.1
1.
2.
3.
4.
Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage)
Spongy bone (red marrow)
Medullary cavity
Yellow marrow
5.
Compact bone
6.
7.
8.
9.
Periosteum
Proximal epiphysis
Diaphysis
Distal epiphysis
FIG. 12.2
1.
Spongy bone
6.
Perforating canal
2.
3.
4.
5.
Compact bone
Osteon
Periosteum
Central canal
7.
8.
9.
10.
Blood vessels
Nerve
Canaliculus
Osteocyte
Critical Thinking Application Answer
The closest blood supply to an osteocyte is located in the central canal of an osteon unit. Nutrients and wastes can move from one
cell to another via small cellular processes located in minute tubes in the matrix called canaliculi. In this way, all of the osteocytes
of one osteon are tied together to a blood source.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
2.
flat
short
8.
Hyaline cartilage covers the articular ends of a
long bone.
3.
long
9.
4.
irregular
Dense connective tissue comprises the
periosteum that encloses the bone except for its
articular ends
5.
round or sesamoid
6.
flat
10.
7.
Epiphysis refers to the expanded end of a long
bone; diaphysis refers to the shaft between the
ends of such a bone.
Periosteum forms the outer covering of a bone,
whereas endosteum lines its hollow, internal
chambers.
PART B
1.
2.
Compact bone has osteons closely packed
together, and spongy bone has large spaces
between thin bony plates called trabeculae.
reduces the weight of the bone and provides
spaces occupied by red marrow.
The marrow in the medullary cavity of an adult is
yellow, but marrow in the spaces of spongy bone
is red.
3.
Compact bone provides strength in the shaft and
along the borders of the bone. Spongy bone
PART C (figure 12.5a and b)
1.
Epiphysis (distal)
4.
Medullary cavity
2.
Diaphysis
5.
Compact bone
3.
Epiphysis (proximal)
6.
Spongy bone
16
LABORATORY EXERCISE 13
ORGANIZATION OF THE SKELETON
Figure Labels
FIG. 13.1a
1.
2.
Cranial bones (cranium) 5.
Facial bones (face)
6.
3.
4.
Skull
Clavicle
Sternum
Rib
Vertebral column
(vertebra)
7.
8.
Coxa (hipbone)
19.
Radius
9.
10.
Carpals
Metacarpal
13.
14.
Tarsals
Metatarsal
11.
12.
Phalanx
Patella
15.
Phalanx
22.
Fibula
24.
Sacrum
23.
Vertebral column
(vertebra)
25.
Coccyx
FIG. 13.1b
16.
Scapula
17.
Humerus
20.
Femur
18.
Ulna
21.
Tibia
Critical Thinking Application Answer
The largest foramen in the skull is the foramen magnum in the occipital bone. The largest foramen in the human body is the
obturator foramen in the coxae (hipbones).
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
sutural bones (wormian bones)
sesamoid
skull
hyoid
coccyx
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
sternum
twelve
pectoral girdle
ulna
carpals
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
sacrum
pelvis
patella
tarsals
phalanges
PART B
1.
2.
c
f
3.
4.
a
e
5.
6.
g
b
7.
d
3.
4.
g
e
5.
6.
b
d
7.
f
12.
13.
Tibia
Rib
PART C
1.
2.
c
a
PART D (figure 13.2)
1.
Coxa (hipbone;
innominate)
4.
5.
Fibula
Ulna
8.
9.
Clavicle
Humerus
2.
Sternum
6.
Scapula
10.
Patella
3.
Sacrum
7.
Radius
11.
Femur
17
LABORATORY EXERCISE 14
SKULL
Instructional Suggestion
You might want to have the students use colored pencils to color the bones in figures 14.1 and 14.2. They should use a
different color for each of the individual bones in the series. This activity should cause the students to observe the
figures more carefully and help them to locate the various bones that are shown from different views in the figures.
The students can check their work by referring to the corresponding full-color figures in the textbook.
Figure Labels
FIG. 14.1
1.
Parietal bone
9.
Supraorbital foramen
2.
Frontal bone
10.
Nasal bone
3.
Coronal suture
11.
Sphenoid bone
4.
Temporal bone
12.
Zygomatic bone
5.
Perpendicular plate (of ethmoid bone)
13.
Middle nasal concha (of ethmoid bone)
6.
Infraorbital foramen
14.
Inferior nasal concha
7.
Vomer bone
15.
Maxilla
8.
Mandible
16.
Mental foramen
FIG. 14.2
1.
Parietal bone
12.
Coronal suture
2.
Squamous suture
13.
Frontal bone
3.
Lambdoid suture
14.
Sphenoid bone
4.
Temporal bone
15.
Lacrimal bone
5.
Occipital bone
16.
Nasal bone
6.
Temporal process (of zygomatic bone)
17.
Zygomatic bone
7.
External acoustic meatus
18.
Maxilla
8.
Mastoid process
19.
Mandible
Styloid process
20.
Coronoid process
9.
10.
Mandibular condyle
11.
Zygomatic process (of temporal bone)
FIG. 14.3
1.
Maxilla
8.
Occipital condyle
2.
Zygomatic bone
9.
Temporal bone
3.
Sphenoid bone
10.
Palatine process (of maxilla)
4.
Vomer bone
11.
Palatine bone
5.
Zygomatic arch
12.
Foramen magnum
6.
Styloid process
13.
Lambdoid suture
7.
Mastoid process
14.
Occipital bone
18
FIG. 14.4
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Ethmoid bone
Foramen magnum
Crista galli
Cribriform plate (olfactory foramina)
Frontal bone
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Sphenoid bone
Temporal bone
Sella turcica
Parietal bone
Occipital bone
FIG. 14.5
1.
Coronal suture
10.
Lambdoid suture
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone
Frontal sinus
Nasal bone
Maxilla
Parietal bone
Temporal bone
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Occipital bone
Sella turcica
Styloid process
Sphenoidal sinus
Vomer bone
Mandible
9.
Squamous suture
Critical Thinking Application Answer
The cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone with numerous olfactory foramina is a weak location of the cranium. Excessive pressure
on the cribiform plate could result in a skull fracture.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
2.
d
a
4.
5.
f
c
7.
8.
f
a
10.
11.
e
f
3.
a
6.
f
9.
c
12.
b
PART B
1.
2.
coronal
sagittal
4.
5.
squamous
frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid
3.
lambdoid
6.
maxillary bone
PART C
1.
e
4.
h
7.
h
10.
c
2.
c
5.
d
8.
a
11.
f
3.
c
6.
g
9.
d
12.
b
3.
4.
g
f
5.
6.
d
b
7.
e
PART D
1.
2.
c
a
19
PART E (figures 14.7–14.11)
FIG. 14.7
1.
2.
3.
Frontal bone
Nasal bone
Zygomatic bone
6.
7.
8.
Mandible
Middle nasal concha (of ethmoid bone)
Inferior nasal concha
4.
Infraorbital foramen
9.
Mental foramen
5.
Maxilla
FIG. 14.8
1.
2.
3.
Parietal bone
Squamous suture
Temporal bone
8.
9.
10.
Mandibular condyle
Coronal suture
Frontal bone
4.
Lambdoid suture
11.
Zygomatic process (of temporal bone)
5.
6.
Occipital bone
External acoustic meatus
12.
13.
Zygomatic bone
Maxilla
7.
Mastoid process
14.
Mandible
FIG. 14.9
1.
Maxilla
7.
Palatine process of maxilla
2.
3.
4.
5.
Zygomatic bone
Sphenoid bone
Temporal bone
Occipital bone
8.
9.
10.
11.
Palatine bone
Vomer bone
Occipital condyle
Foramen magnum
6.
Incisive foramen
FIG. 14.10
1.
Frontal bone
5.
Ethmoid bone
2.
3.
Temporal bone
Parietal bone
6.
7.
Sphenoid bone
Sella turcica
4.
Occipital bone
8.
Foramen magnum
FIG. 14.11
1.
Parietal bone
5.
Maxilla
2.
3.
4.
Sphenoid bone
Temporal bone
Zygomatic bone
6.
7.
Frontal bone
Mandible
20
LABORATORY EXERCISE 15
VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND THORACIC CAGE
Figure Labels
FIG. 15.1
1.
Cervical vertebrae
5.
Coccyx
2.
Thoracic vertebrae
6.
Intervertebral foramina
3.
Lumbar vertebrae
7.
Intervertebral discs
4.
Sacrum
FIG. 15.2a and b
1.
Facet that articulates with occipital condyle
5.
Body
2.
Transverse process
6.
Superior articular facet
3.
Transverse foramen
7.
Fovea dentis (facet for dens)
4.
Dens (ordontoid proces)
8.
Transverse foramen
FIG. 15.3a–c
1.
Lamina
6.
Lamina
2.
Spinous process (bifid)
7.
Vertebral foramen
3.
Lamina
8.
Superior articular process
4.
Pedicle
9.
Body
5.
Body
5.
Superior articular process
FIG. 15.4
1.
Superior articular process
2.
Anterior sacral foramen
6.
Tubercle
3.
Coccyx
7.
Posterior sacral foramen
4.
Sacral canal
8.
Sacral hiatus
Critical Thinking Application Answer
The four curvatures allow more resiliency and flexibility, which will enable the vertebral column to function more like a spring
instead of a rigid rod.
FIG. 15.5
1.
2.
3.
4.
True ribs
False ribs
Thoracic vertebra
Manubrium
5.
Body
6.
7.
8.
9.
21
Xiphoid process
Sternum
Costal cartilage
Floating ribs
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
spinal cord
9.
axis
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
26
bodies
intervertebral discs
spinous process
spinal nerves
vertebral arteries
atlas
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
dens
lumbar
five
sacroiliac
sacral promontory
sacral hiatus
PART B
Vertebra
Number
Size
Body
Spinous Process
Cervical
Thoracic
7
12
Smallest
Intermediate
Smallest
Intermediate
Lumbar
5
Largest
Largest
C2 through C5 are forked
Pointed and angled
downward
Short, blunt, and nearly
horizontal
Transverse
Foramina
Present
Absent
Absent
PART C
1.
2.
3.
206
floating
transverse
4.
hyaline cartilage
5.
6.
clavicles
a. supports shoulder girdle and upper limbs
b. protects visceral organs
c.
functions in breathing
PART D (figure 15.6)
1.
Spinous process
2.
3.
Atlas
Axis
4.
5.
6.
22
Transverse process
Intervertebral disc
Body (of sixth cervical vertebra)
LABORATORY EXERCISE 16
PECTORAL GIRDLE AND UPPER LIMB
Figure Labels
FIG. 16.1
1.
Clavicle
7.
Ulna
2.
3.
Rib
Sternum
8.
9.
Radius
Acromion process
4.
5.
Costal cartilage
Scapula
10.
11.
Head
Coracoid process
6.
Humerus
FIG. 16.2
1.
Acromion process
6.
Glenoid cavity
2.
Coracoid process
7.
Acromion process
3.
Spine
8.
Coracoid process
4.
Supraspinous fossa
9.
Glenoid cavity
5.
Infraspinous fossa
Critical Thinking Application Answer
The clavicles brace the freely movable scapulae, helping to hold the shoulders in place. If an excessive lengthwise force occurs on
this structurally weak bone, as when a person breaks a fall with an outstretched rigid upper limb, it is likely to fracture.
FIG. 16.3a and b
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Head
Greater tubercle
Lesser tubercle
Deltoid tuberosity
Medial epicondyle
Coronoid fossa
Lateral epicondyle
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Capitulum
Trochlea
Greater tubercle
Anatomical neck
Surgical neck
Medial epicondyle
Olecranon fossa
FIG. 16.4
1.
Head of radius
5.
Trochlear notch
2.
3.
Radial tuberosity
Styloid process
6.
7.
Coronoid process
Head of ulna
4.
Olecranon process
FIG. 16.5
1.
Olecranon process
4.
Head of radius
2.
Humerus
5.
Radius
3.
Olecranon fossa
6.
Ulna
23
FIG. 16.6
1.
2.
3.
4.
Scaphoid
Capitate
Trapezoid
Trapezium
5.
6.
7.
8.
Carpals (carpus)
Metacarpals (metacarpus)
Phalanges
Lunate
9.
10.
11.
12.
Triquetrum
Proximal phalanx
Middle phalanx
Distal phalanx
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
scapulae
5.
spine
2.
3.
manubrium (clavicular notch)
acromion processes
6
7.
acromion process
coracoid process
4.
clavicle
8.
head
PART B
1.
2.
3.
4.
a
b
b
b
5.
6.
7.
8.
c
d
b
a
9.
10.
11.
12.
b
e
a
f
13.
14.
15.
16.
Metacarpals
Carpals
Distal phalanx
Proximal phalanx
9.
10.
11.
12.
Metacarpals
Proximal phalanges
Middle phalanges
Distal phalanges
PART C (figures 16.7, 16.8, and 16.9)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Ulna
Humerus
Olecranon process
Head of radius
Radius
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Head of humerus
Humerus
Clavicle
Scapula
Rib
6.
Acromion process
12.
Phalanges
5.
6.
7.
8.
Hamate
Capitate
Trapezoid
Trapezium
PART D (figure 16.10)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform
24
LABORATORY EXERCISE 17
PELVIC GIRDLE AND LOWER LIMB
Figure Labels
FIG. 17.1
1.
2.
Coxa (hipbone; pelvic bone; innominate)
Sacrum
3.
Coccyx
FIG. 17.2a
1.
Ilium
7.
Ischial tuberosity
2.
3.
4.
5.
Posterior superior iliac spine
Greater sciatic notch
Ischial spine
Lesser sciatic notch
8.
9.
10.
11.
Iliac crest
Anterior superior iliac spine
Acetabulum
Pubis
6.
Ischium
12.
Obturator foramen
FIG. 17.2b
13.
Anterior superior iliac spine
17.
Iliac fossa
14.
Ilium
18.
Posterior superior iliac spine
15.
Pubis
19.
Ischial spine
16.
Iliac crest
20.
Ischium
Critical Thinking Application Answer
All the features examined are wider in the female pelvis which will result in a larger pelvic cavity and must also serve as a birth
canal for a vaginal delivery.
FIG. 17.3a and b
1.
2.
3.
4.
Head
Fovea capitis
Greater trochanter
Neck
5.
6.
7.
8.
Lateral epicondyle
Lesser trochanter
Lateral condyle
Medial condyle
FIG. 17.4
1.
Head of fibula
5.
Tibial tuberosity
2.
3.
4.
Fibula
Lateral malleolus
Medial condyle
6.
7.
Tibia
Medial malleolus
25
FIG. 17.5
1.
Medial condyle
4.
Fibula
2.
Femur
5.
Tibia
3.
Lateral condyle
FIG. 17.6
1.
Calcaneus
8.
Proximal phalanx
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Talus
Cuboid
Navicular
Lateral cuneiform
Intermediate cuneiform
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Middle phalanx
Distal phalanx
Tarsals (tarsus)
Metatarsals (metatarsus)
Phalanges
7.
Medial cuneiform
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1.
2.
3.
coxae (hipbones)
acetabulum
ilium
4.
5.
6.
ischial spines
symphysis pubis
iliac crest
7.
8.
9.
tuberosity
pubic arch
obturator foramen
10.
sacroiliac
PART B
1.
e
4.
a
7.
g
10.
b
2.
3.
a
g
5.
6.
f
f
8.
9.
f
a
11.
12.
d
c
PART C (figures 17.7, 17.8, and 17.9)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Obturator foramen
Symphysis pubis
Ilium
Sacrum
Head of femur
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Femur
Tibia
Lateral epicondyle
Lateral condyle
Head of fibula
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Tibia
Talus
Calcaneus
Metatarsal
Proximal phalanx
6.
Pubis
12.
Fibula
18.
Distal phalanx
PART D (figure 17.10)
1.
2.
Distal phalanges
Proximal phalanges
5.
6.
Intermediate cuneiform
Lateral cuneiform
9.
10.
Middle phalanges
Cuboid
3.
4.
Metatarsals
Medial cuneiform
7.
8.
Navicular
Talus
11.
Calcaneus
26