Chapter 10
Land Use and Planning
History of Cities
*rapid expansion as people moved west
*mid-20th century people moved to suburbs
*grow as markets build
*1950-1970 city dwellers go to suburbs
*cities begin to redevelop/renew
Geography
*Climate, topography, waterways Very Important!
*Predicted between 2005 and 2030 Urban pop. Up by 1.78%, Rural pop down by
*Think about economic advantages along waterways,
.03%
seacoasts, railways, and highways
*Cities determine how nearby land is used
*US/Developed World * Most (50% of US) live in Suburbs
*Developing World - Urbanization is increasing very quickly. Over next 25 years all Now: Globalization and Technology lead to cities
will live in cities
spreading out, Suburbanizaiton and Sprawl
*Over 20 cities have >20 million people (Japan, Mexico City, NYC, Sao Paulo)
*Most people live in smaller cities.
Pros and Cons of Urbanization
Suburbanization & Sprawl
Pros
* mid 20th Century too many people in cities,led to unemployment,noise, crowed
Increased
*sanitation
conditions
*people began to move out of cities and into suburbs, Why and How?
*access to health care
*want more space, economic opportunities, cheaper land, better schools
*access to choices in jobs, food
*Gov. subsidies towards highways, interstates, sanitation systems
*job opportunities
*led to an economic drop within urban cities centers
*public transportaion option
*more fossil fuel use due to increased driving distances
*decreased per capita fuel use
*more impact on natural areas as subrurbs surrounded cities.
*walking opportunities/exercise
Sprawl
*lower impact on per capita land
use
* spread of low-density uraban or suburban development outward from urban
Cons
centers
Causes
Problems
Increased
*air, water, land, noise pollution
*human pop. Growth
*habitat destruction
*transportation-more diving= more fuel use
*each person takes up more land *pollution- increase due to increased
*intensity of land use (higher
*Interstate Highways and tech. transportation, more greenhouse gasses, and air
pop., higher density, more
fostered movement away from pollution
buildings, more cement, bigger
*Health-pollution related, more driving means less
cities
roads, etc.)
walking and exercise
*increased sprawl
*Internet-don't need
infrastructure to run business
*Land Use-more development means less land for
*health issues with higher
*consumption oriented lifestyle forests, fields, farms etc. leading to other Big
population density
What is SMART growth?
Problems
*Economics-Drains tax dollars from existing
communities. $ goes to building new
infrastructure that duplicates that found in cities
Urban Transportation Issues
Mass Transit Rail (includes: subways, elevated trains, metro trains, street cars,
trolleys, tramways)
Pros
Cons
*less energy and pollution vs cars
*high cost to build and maintain
*less parking lots and roads
*only cost effective with high density
*less death and accidents due to travel
*schedules necessary
*less congestion
*increased noise for local residents
Rapid Rail between Urban Areas (bullet trains, high speed mag.levitation trains)
Pros
Cons
*fewer cars, pollution, fuel use, plane trips *high up-front costs & maintenance
*good for long trips, more efficient than cars *limited high-den. Areas that work
Urbanization
Industrialization drives Urbanization
Why? Increased Agriculture means extra (not everyone has to farm
*allowed increased manufacturing, class structure, politics, urban centers
*Industrial Revolution led to New Technology led to less need to farm
*more technology in urban areas led to even more urbanization
*Worldwide between 1950 and 2005 Urban pop. Up by 2.65%, Rural pop up 1.12%