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For the sake of simplicity and expediency, I focus on this single measure.
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GB Union Density LFS
UK Union Density
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the trade unions, and that his essay is not closely focused on explaining the decline of union
membership, but wider social and political changes.
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It is also worth noting that the temperaments and experiences of union leaders like Jack Jones, Hugh
Scanlon and Clive Jenkins also led them to champion de-centralised bargaining, although Howell does
not make this point.
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Mason and Bain classify Willman (1989) as a ‘union interventionist’, presumably because he does
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make strategic choices due to environmental constraints – an argument made even more clearly in
Willman (2004). For this reason I classify him as a structural determinist.
29
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For example, Kelly (1998) strongly asserts the importance of theory in general and mobilisation
theory in particular for industrial relations research. However, his book contains no discussion of the
theory of theory which led him to champion mobilisation theory over other theoretical alternatives.
38
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Post-modernist theories of theory have not found favour among the industrial relations research
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as an alternative to my preferred theoretical-methodological approach.
39
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Arguably, Kelly’s advocacy of Kondratiev waves is compatible with a LP approach because the
existence of Kondratiev waves can be investigated empirically. However, given the long time periods
involved, we would have to wait several hundred more years before we have enough observations to
generate statistically robust results, so for all intents and purposes, the existence and impact of
Kondratiev waves can only be assessed through the CR test of plausibility.
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When referring to the whole series, I shall use the acronym WERS, individual year data-sets will be
referred to by the acronym used at the time the data was first collected i.e. the 1980, 1984 and 1990
surveys will be referred to as WIRS80, WIRS84 and WIRS90 respectively, while the 1998 survey will
be referred to as WERS98.
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Results can be interpreted as the percentage point change in union density i.e. the
first column (structural change) can be interpreted as the percentage point decline in
union density that resulted from structural change, the second column the percentage
point change in union density that resulted from behavioural change. Since the sum
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in the fourth column sum to the observed change in union density in the sample.
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The BHPS is a longitudinal survey of individual adult respondents (aged 16 and
over) who lived in stratified random sample of 5,538 households in 1991. The
fieldwork was carried out by NOP in conjunction with the ESRC Longitudinal
Studies Centre at the University of Essex. If individuals leave a household, they are
followed to their new household and all adults resident in the new household join the
sample. Children join the sample when they reach the age of 16. At wave one,
interviews were achieved in 74 per cent of eligible households, and 92 per cent of
eligible individuals were interviewed. 69.6 per cent of wave one respondents were
still participating in the survey at wave seven. Wave one fieldwork was carried out
from September to December 1991, with a small number of hard to reach individuals
being interviewed in the early months of 199213. The majority of the field work for
wave seven was carried out between September and December 1997, with interviews
continuing until June 1998. The BHPS questions individuals on a broad range of
subjects. Topics of particular interest for the purposes of analyzing union decline
include current employment status and job information, work histories, individual
demographics and values and opinions. Questions are rotated, so not all questions are
asked in every wave. Some union membership questions and a question on attitudes
towards unions are only asked in the odd waves (i.e. 1, 3, 5 etc.). For this reason, the
analyses reported here focus on waves one and seven (1991 – 1997) rather than
waves one and eight (1991 – 1998)14. The subsequent analyses are based on those
individuals who responded at waves one and seven and are weighted in order to
correct for differential selection probabilities, household and individual non-response
and sample attrition. Further details of the survey and weighting methods can be
found in Taylor et al. (2001). The data were divided between continuing employees,
respondents who were employees in 1991 but not 1997 (leavers) and respondents
who were employees in 1997 but not in 1991 (joiners). A fourth category of
13
This contrasts with WERS98, where interviewing actually got underway in the last two months of
1997, but the majority of interviews were conducted in the first six months of 1998, with all
interviews completed by September 1998.
14
Questions on workplace trade unions were asked in every wave. However, the question on union
membership was only asked of those employees who held a unionised job. Odd waves (i.e. 1, 3, 5 and
7) asked all respondents about union membership.
152
‘switchers’ – continuing employees who moved between the public and private
sectors – was also created to allow for separate analysis of the public and private
sectors. The resulting data structure is set out in figure 6.1. The post-employment
activities of leavers and the pre-employment activities of joiners are set out in table
6.1.
4 '& /5 8 # & &
% of sample
(weighted)
?
% of sample
(weighted)
Continuing
employees
(public sector)
688
Continuing
employees
(public sector)
688
Switchers
(public to private
sectors)
144
Switchers
(public to private
sectors)
144
Continuing
employees
(private sector)
1657
Continuing
employees
(private sector)
1657
5
Switchers
(private to
public)
172
Switchers
(private to
public)
172
5
7
Public sector
leavers
228
Public sector
joiners
145
5
Private sector
leavers
608
Private sector
joiners
422
20
4
47
17
21
5
51
13
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β ( Ujob it | Con == 0 ) + β ( Comp it | Con it == 0 ) + ε it
+
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it
it
== 1 ) +
β ( Ujob it | Con == 0 ) + β ( Comp it | Con it == 0 )
+ β ( Ujob it | Switch it == 1 ) + β ( Comp it | Switch it == 1 ) + ε it
5
#
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15
When workplaces were the unit of analysis, a small number of workplaces may have shifted from
the public sector to the private sector as a result of the Government’s privatisation program
157
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Table A1
Trade Union Density in the United Kingdom and Great Britain 1893 - 2003
G
"
4
,
.
/
0
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5
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223
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Calculated from means and coefficients reported in table 3.3.
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Calculated from means and coefficients reported in table 3.5.
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Calculated from means and coefficients reported in table 4.1.
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Calculated from means and coefficients reported in table 4.3.
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8 .5 -
8.05.-.
050 0.
8/.50-
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5 ..
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Calculated from means and coefficients reported in table 4.5.
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Calculated from means and coefficients reported in table 5.1.
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*
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231
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#
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232
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Calculated from means and coefficients reported in table A5.10.
248
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249
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250
Table A6.1 – Decomposition results for all employees
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251
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252
Table A6.2 Decomposition results for all employees with attitudes towards unions
variables
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!
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1
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254
Table A6.3 – Decomposition results for private sector employees
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1
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256
Table A6.4 Decomposition results for private sector employees with attitudes
towards unions variables
# & &
!
& '
! + '
&
(
@D
1
.
1
.
'
1 )
A
1
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=
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(
0"
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6
D
+ &
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258
Table A6.5 – Decomposition results for public sector employees
% +
!
& '
! + '
&
D
(
@D
1
.
'
1 )
A
1
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=
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(
0"
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6
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#
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Calculated from means and coefficients reported in table 6.8.
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"
*
"
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#
'
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/
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#
"
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"
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"
260
Table A6.6 Decomposition results for public sector employees with attitudes towards
unions variables
%&
!
& '
! + '
&
D
(
@D
1
.
'
1 )
A
1
D )
.'
. )'
8 '
=
D
(
0"
,
'
,
'
1 )
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6
# & &
+ & 2
9 9> )
>
9
?
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A
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1
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1
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+
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Calculated from means and coefficients reported in table 6.8.
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"
*
"
"/
"
"
"
"
#
'
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/
*
#
"
" .
#
"
(
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262
3
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01(
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+
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+
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)
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