T200
Chemistry: Matter and Change
Study Guide for Content Mastery Answer Key
15
Date
What are solutions?
miscible
insoluble
insoluble
soluble
solvent
solvent
solution
, and nitrogen is the
. (6)
Liquid
solutions are the most common
substance. A substance that does not dissolve is
. Because oxygen gas dissolves in a solvent, oxygen gas
solute
of oxygen gas dissolved in nitrogen
solute
soluble
immiscible
miscible
.
. However, if one liquid is insoluble in another,
Na
Na Cl
H H
O
Na Cl Na
Cl
Cl
Cl
Na
Chemistry: Matter and Change • Chapter 15
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Study Guide for Content Mastery
form a solution.
Solvation is the process of surrounding solute particles with solvent particles to
9. Hydration is solvation in which the solvent is water. What is solvation?
Cl
Cl
The diagram shows the hydration of solid sodium chloride to form an aqueous solution.
Use the diagram to answer the following questions.
Read about solvation in aqueous solutions in your textbook.
the liquids are (8)
two liquids are (7)
type of solutions. If one liquid is soluble in another liquid, such as acetic acid in water, the
(5)
is a(n) (4)
(3)
gas. The oxygen in air is the (2)
solution
liquid
immiscible
Use each of the terms below just once to complete the passage.
Air is a(n) (1)
Class
STUDY GUIDE FOR CONTENT MASTERY
In your textbook, read about the characteristics of solutions.
Section 15.1
Solutions
CHAPTER
Name
85
15
Class
STUDY GUIDE FOR CONTENT MASTERY
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86
of the solution increases.
Study Guide for Content Mastery
19. The solubility of a gas dissolved in a liquid decreases as the temperature
18. Additional solute can be dissolved in an unsaturated solution.
17. In a saturated solution, solvation and crystallization are in equilibrium.
crystallization rate.
16. Solvation continues as long as the solvation rate is less than the
a given amount of solvent at a specified temperature and pressure.
15. Solubility is a measure of the minimum amount of solute that dissolves in
heat of solution.
14. The overall energy change that occurs when a solution forms is called the
Chemistry: Matter and Change • Chapter 15
true
true
true
false
false
true
For each statement below, write true or false.
In your textbook, read about heat of solution, solubility, and factors that affect solubility.
heating the solvent
stirring or shaking the solution, breaking the solute into smaller pieces, and
13. List three ways that the rate of solvation may be increased.
the solvation process to occur.
strength of attraction between the water molecules and the ions is what causes
greater than the attraction between the sodium and chloride ions. The greater
The attraction between the water molecules and the sodium and chloride ions is
chloride ions compare with the strength of the attraction between the sodium ions
and chloride ions? How do you know?
12. How does the strength of the attraction between water molecules and sodium and
the water molecule and repels the negatively charged portion.
chloride ion is negatively charged, it attracts the positively charged portion of
charged portion of the water molecule (the hydrogen atoms). Because the
portion of the water molecule (the oxygen atom) and repels the positively
Because the sodium ion is positively charged, it attracts the negatively charged
11. Explain the orientation of the water molecules around the sodium ions and chloride ions.
water molecules.
The sodium and chloride ions are separated and surrounded by the
10. As sodium chloride dissolves in water, what happens to the sodium and chloride ions?
Section 15.1 continued
CHAPTER
Name
Study Guide for Content Mastery Answer Key
Chemistry: Matter and Change
T201
Class
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
1
2
3
4
Mass (g)
400.0
300.0
200.0
100.0
H2O
8
7
6
5
Solution
b. 2.9%
b. Solution 2
c. Solution 3
c. 3.0%
15.0
9.0
5.0
2.0
b. 1.9%
c. 2.0%
b. Solution 6
c. Solution 7
d. Solution 8
d. 22%
d. Solution 4
d. 33%
Study Guide for Content Mastery
Chemistry: Matter and Change • Chapter 15
to the volume needed to calculate molarity. 85.0 mL 1 L/1000 mL
10. Write the expression needed to convert the volume of the solution given in the problem
9. In what unit must the volume of the solution be expressed to calculate molarity? liter
8. In what unit must the amount of the solute be expressed to calculate molarity? mole
Molarity moles of solute/liters of solution
7. Write the equation that is used to calculate molarity.
6. What is the volume of the solution? 85.0 mL
5. What is the mass of the solute? 7.54 g
An 85.0-mL aqueous solution contains 7.54 g iron(II) chloride (FeCl2). Calculate the molarity
of the solution.
Read the following problem and then answer the questions.
In your textbook, read about molarity and preparing molar solutions.
a. Solution 5
4. Which of the following solutions is the most concentrated?
a. 0.2%
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
H2O
Volume (mL)
C2H5OH
3. What is the percent by volume of C2H5OH in Solution 5?
a. Solution 1
2. Which of the following solutions is the most dilute?
a. 0.030%
1. What is the percent by mass of NaCl in solution 1?
NaCl
Solution
Data related to aqueous solutions of sodium chloride (NaCl) and aqueous solutions of
ethanol (C2H5OH) are provided in the table below. Use the table to answer the following
questions. Circle the letter of the choice that best answers the question.
87
STUDY GUIDE FOR CONTENT MASTERY
Solution Concentration
15
Date
In your textbook, read about expressing concentration and using percent to describe
concentration.
Section 15.2
CHAPTER
Name
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
15
Class
STUDY GUIDE FOR CONTENT MASTERY
Date
88
Chemistry: Matter and Change • Chapter 15
Study Guide for Content Mastery
mHCl 100 g 0.336 33.6 g HCl
mH O 100 g 33.6 66.4 g H2O
2
33.6 g HCl 1 mol HCl/36.46 g HCl 0.922 mol HCl
66.4 g H2O 1 mol H2O/18.02 g H2O 3.68 mol H2O
XHCl nHCl/nHCl nH O 0.922 mol/0.922 mol 3.68 mol 0.922 mol/4.60 mol
2
XHCl 0.200
mass. Show all your work.
17. Calculate the mole fraction of HCl in an aqueous solution that contains 33.6% HCl by
total number of moles of solute and solvent.
Mole fraction is the ratio of the number of moles of solute in a solution to the
16. What is mole fraction?
15.4 g NaBr 1 mol NaBr/102.89 g NaBr 0.150 mol NaBr
125 g H2O 1 Kg/1000 g 0.125 kg H2O
Molality moles of solute/kilograms of solvent
0.150 mol NaBr/0.125 kg H2O 1.20 mol NaBr/kg H2O
Molality 1.20m NaBr(aq)
of water. Show all your work.
15. Calculate the molality of a solution of 15.4 g sodium bromide (NaBr) dissolved in 125 g
1 liter of solution.
of solvent. Molarity is a measure of the number of moles of solute dissolved in
Molality is a measure of the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 kilogram
14. How does molality differ from molarity?
Answer the following questions.
In your textbook, read about molality and mole fractions.
85 mL H2O 1L/1000 mL 0.085 L H2O
7.54 g FeCl2 1 mol FeCl2/126.75 g FeCl2 0.0595 mol FeCl2
Molarity moles of solute/liters of solution 0.0595 mol FeCl2/0.0850 L H2O
Molarity 0.700 mol FeCl2/L H2O 0.700M FeCl2 (aq)
13. Calculate the molarity of the solution. Show all your work.
7.54 g FeCl2 1 mol FeCl2/126.75 g FeCl2
12. Write the expression used to calculate the amount of solute.
the molar mass of FeCl2
amount of solute needed to calculate molarity?
11. What quantity must be used to convert the mass of the solute given in the problem to the
Section 15.2 continued
CHAPTER
Name
T202
Chemistry: Matter and Change
Study Guide for Content Mastery Answer Key
Class
STUDY GUIDE FOR CONTENT MASTERY
Colligative Properties of Solutions
15
Date
1.05
1.03
1.06
1.12
1.0m C2H5OH(aq)
1.0m HCl(aq)
1.0m NaCl(aq)
2.0m NaCl(aq)
102.1
101.0
101.0
100.5
Boiling Point (°C)
7.4
3.7
3.7
1.8
Freezing Point (°C)
Column A
Column B
10. A colligative property of solutions
semipermeable membrane
solution side
g. pure solvent side
f.
e. osmosis
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Chemistry: Matter and Change • Chapter 15
9. The side from which more water molecules cross the
pass through but not others
8. The barrier with tiny pores that allow some particles to
semipermeable membrane from the area of higher solvent
concentration to the area of lower solvent concentration
d. sugar molecules
89
c. semipermeable membrane
6. The side that exerts osmotic pressure
7. The diffusion of the solvent particles across the
b. water molecules
a. osmotic pressure
5. Can cross the semipermeable membrane
4. Cannot cross the semipermeable membrane
Study Guide for Content Mastery
a
g
c
e
f
b
d
Suppose that in a simple system, a semipermeable membrane is used to separate a
sucrose-water solution from its pure solvent, water. Match the descriptions of the system
in Column A with the terms in Column B.
Colligative properties are independent of the type of electrolytes in solution.
of ions in solution from the 1.0m HCl(aq) and 1.0m NaCl(aq) solutions?
3. What can you conclude about the relationship between colligative properties and the type
Colligative properties depend on the number of electrolytes in solution.
number of ions in solution from the 1.0m NaCl(aq) and 2.0m NaCl(aq) solutions?
2. What can you conclude about the relationship between colligative properties and the
boiling point and freezing point
1. Which properties in the table are colligative properties?
Density (g/L)
Solution
Use the table to answer the following questions.
In your textbook, read about electrolytes and colligative properties, vapor pressure lowering, boiling point elevation, and freezing point depression.
Section 15.3
CHAPTER
Name
10. Colloids demonstrate the Tyndall effect.
9. Stirring an electrolyte into a colloid stabilizes the colloid.
polar or charged atomic groups on their surfaces.
8. Dispersed particles in a colloid do not tend to settle out because they have
medium with the dispersed particles.
7. Brownian motion results from the collisions of particles of the dispersion
6. In an aerosol, the dispersing medium is a liquid.
5. Whipped cream is an example of a foam.
4. A solid emulsion consists of a liquid dispersed in a solid.
3. A colloid can be separated by filtration.
2. The most abundant substance in a colloid is the dispersion medium.
left undisturbed.
90
Chemistry: Matter and Change • Chapter 15
17. Scatter light
16. Lower vapor pressure
15. Pass through standard filter paper
14. Settle out if undisturbed
13. More than 1000 nm in diameter
12. Between 1 nm and 1000 nm in diameter
11. Less than 1 nm in diameter
Characteristics of Particles
✔
✔
✔
Colloid
✔
✔
✔
Solution
✔
✔
✔
Study Guide for Content Mastery
Suspension
The table below lists the characteristics of particles in colloids, solutions, and suspensions. Place a check in the column of each mixture whose particles have a particular
characteristic.
true
false
true
true
false
true
true
false
true
1. A solution is a mixture containing particles that settle out of the mixture if
For each statement below, write true or false.
false
Class
STUDY GUIDE FOR CONTENT MASTERY
Date
Heterogeneous Solutions
15
In your textbook, read about suspensions and colloids.
Section 15.4
CHAPTER
Name