NTSB/SS-01/10 Introduction Glass Cockpit
Avionics into Light Aircraft
Overview of Recommendations by GAMA
Jens C. Hennig
Vice President of Operations
Current Avionics Suites
Avidyne Entegra
L-3 Smart Deck
Aspen Avionics
GAMA Overview of NTSB Glass Cockpit Recommendations – April 8, 2010
Garmin G1000
Honeywell Apex
Garmin G600
Washington, DC
“Glass” versus “Traditional” Deliveries
GAMA Overview of NTSB Glass Cockpit Recommendations – April 8, 2010
Washington, DC
GAMA Interactions with NTSB
♦
NTSB Highlights “Glass Cockpits (TAA)” as High
Interest Accident Types in Workshop
Presentation in September 2006 in Wichita
♦
GAMA Contact by NTSB Summer 2007 for
Information about Glass Cockpit Equipped Fleet
and Provides Technical Information July 10,
2007
♦
GAMA Invited to Review Technical Portion of
Draft Study and Provides Feedback December
10, 2009
GAMA Overview of NTSB Glass Cockpit Recommendations – April 8, 2010
Washington, DC
Timeline of Glass Cockpit Introduction in
Part 23 Piston General Aviation
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1990s: AGATE / SATS Research and
Development
1999: GAJSC CFIT JSAT/JSIT: Promote
Development of Low-Cost Displays; Develop
Part 23 SVS to Reduce Risk of Low Visibility
Flying;
2000: GAJSC WX JSAT/JSIT: Develop WX
Data Link for GA; Promote Benefits Driven
Deployment of FIS;
2000: Recommended Practices and Guidelines
for Part 23 Cockpit/Flight Deck Design
2002: FAA Establishes “FAA-Industry Training
Standards” (FITS) Program
2003: General Aviation Technically Advanced
Aircraft: FAA—Industry Safety Study
2003: CGAR FITS Research Launched
GAMA Overview of NTSB Glass Cockpit Recommendations – April 8, 2010
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2003: Manufacturers Announce “Glass”
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2004: GAJSC FITS / TAA Working Group
2004: Recommended Practices and Guidelines
for an Integrated Cockpit/Flight Deck in a 14
CFR Part 23 Certificated Airplane
2005: GAMA Requests Update of FAA Training
Handbooks
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July: Cirrus Design Introduce PFD / MFD
Avidyne “All Glass Fleet” (Previously MFD Only)
September: Diamond DA-40 w/ Garmin G1000
October: Cessna 182 / 206 w/ Garmin G1000
GAJSC Personal Aircraft Working Group
2006: AOPA ASF TAA Safety Study
2007: FAA Instrument Flying Handbook
2008: FAA Aviation Instructors Handbook
2009: FAA Advanced Avionics Handbook
2010: NTSB Publishes Safety Study
Introduction of Glass Cockpit Avionics into
Lights Aircraft
Washington, DC
Review of NTSB Recommendations
♦ NTSB Makes Six Recommendations to the
FAA Related to Pilot Training
http://www.ntsb.gov/Recs/letters/2010/A10_36_41.pdf
GAMA Overview of NTSB Glass Cockpit Recommendations – April 8, 2010
http://www.ntsb.gov/publictn/2010/SS1001.pdf
Washington, DC
NTSB Recommendations
♦ NTSB Recommendation: Incorporate training
elements regarding electronic primary flight displays
into your training materials and aeronautical
knowledge requirements for all pilots. (A-10-38)
♦ NTSB Recommendation: Revise airman
knowledge tests to include questions regarding
electronic flight and navigation displays, including
normal operations, limitations, and the interpretation
of malfunctions and aircraft attitudes. (A-10-36)
GAMA Overview of NTSB Glass Cockpit Recommendations – April 8, 2010
Washington, DC
GAMA Letter in 2005
♦ Incorporate Glass
Research into FAA
Training Handbooks
♦ Part 61
Practical Test
Standards
Handbooks
Knowledge
Tests
GAMA Overview of NTSB Glass Cockpit Recommendations – April 8, 2010
Washington, DC
GAMA Letter in 2005
GAMA Overview of NTSB Glass Cockpit Recommendations – April 8, 2010
Washington, DC
FAA / Industry Past Activities
♦
Part 61:
Practical Test
Standards
Handbooks
Knowledge
Tests
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2005: GAJSC Develops Recommendations to
Update FAA Instrument Flying Handbook
(IFH), Knowledge Test, and PTS for Glass
Cockpits
♦
2007: Instrument Flying Handbook (FAA-H8083-15A) Published
ƒ Parallel Chapters: I. Analog and II.
Electronic
GAMA Overview of NTSB Glass Cockpit Recommendations – April 8, 2010
http://www.faa.gov/library/manuals/aviation/
Washington, DC
IFH – Chapter 3 - Instruments
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Primary Function Display (PFD), Multifunction Display (MFD)
Altitude and Heading Reference System (AHRS)
Air Data Computer (ADC)
Flight Director Systems (FDS)
Integrated Flight Control Systems / Auto Pilots
GAMA Overview of NTSB Glass Cockpit Recommendations – April 8, 2010
Washington, DC
IFH Content – Chapter 4 - II
Topics
- Fundamental Skills of Attitude Instrument
Flying
- Scanning Techniques
- Common Errors
GAMA Overview of NTSB Glass Cockpit Recommendations – April 8, 2010
Washington, DC
IFH Content – Chapter 5 - II
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♦
Maneuvers
ƒ Straight and Level Flight
ƒ Straight Climbs and Descents
ƒ Climbs
ƒ Instrument Takeoff
Failures: AHRS
GAMA Overview of NTSB Glass Cockpit Recommendations – April 8, 2010
Washington, DC
IFH – Chapter 11 Emergency Procedures
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Analog Instrument Failure
Pneumatic System Failure
Pitot or Static System Failure
GPS Nearest Function
SA Tools (MFD)
Traffic Information
GAMA Overview of NTSB Glass Cockpit Recommendations – April 8, 2010
Washington, DC
KT and PTS Changes – December 2005
♦
FAA Updates Knowledge Test and PTS Published
Sequentially after Handbook
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Knowledge Test (KT)
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Retain “Legacy” Equipment and Add “TAA”
Add Questions about PFD / MFD
Add Questions about Equipment Failures
Add Questions about TIS-B / ADS-B
Practical Test Standards (PTS)
ƒ Add Procedures for Loss of PFD
ƒ Introduce “Automation Management” as Performance
ƒ Use of Automation / Flight Management System Properly
•
Concept: When should you use the autopilot?
GAMA Overview of NTSB Glass Cockpit Recommendations – April 8, 2010
Washington, DC
Current FAA Instrument PTS
♦ Identifies Use of EFIS
♦ Loss of Primary Instruments
♦ ADM Focus
ƒ Single Pilot Resource
Management
ƒ Task Management
ƒ Automation Management
♦
http://www.faa.gov/training_testing/testing/airmen/test_standards/
GAMA Overview of NTSB Glass Cockpit Recommendations – April 8, 2010
Washington, DC
FAA Instrument PTS
♦ Identifies Use of EFIS
♦ Loss of Primary Instruments
♦ ADM Focus
ƒ Single Pilot Resource
Management
ƒ Task Management
ƒ Automation Management
♦
http://www.faa.gov/training_testing/testing/airmen/test_standards/
GAMA Overview of NTSB Glass Cockpit Recommendations – April 8, 2010
Washington, DC
Current FAA Instrument PTS
♦ Identifies Use of EFIS
♦ Loss of Primary Instruments
♦ ADM Focus
ƒ Single Pilot Resource
Management
ƒ Task Management
ƒ Automation Management
♦
http://www.faa.gov/training_testing/testing/airmen/test_standards/
GAMA Overview of NTSB Glass Cockpit Recommendations – April 8, 2010
Washington, DC
FAA Handbooks Published Since 2007
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Aviation Instructors Handbook (FAA-H-8083-9A)
Pilot Handbook of Aviation Knowledge (FAA-H-883-25A)
Advanced Avionics Handbook (FAA-H-8083-6)
GAMA Overview of NTSB Glass Cockpit Recommendations – April 8, 2010
Washington, DC
NTSB Recommendations
♦
NTSB Recommendation: Require all manufacturers of certified
electronic primary flight displays to include information in their
approved aircraft flight manual and pilot’s operating handbook
supplements regarding abnormal equipment operation or malfunction
due to subsystem and input malfunctions, including but not limited to
pitot and/or static system blockages, magnetic sensor malfunctions,
and attitude-heading reference system alignment failures. (A-10-37)
♦
14 CFR 23.1585(j) Operating Procedures:
ƒ Requires manufacturers to provide information in the Pilot’s Operating
Handbook about the safe operation of airplane systems and in the event of
equipment malfunction how to manage system failures and how to handle
equipment operations
GAMA Overview of NTSB Glass Cockpit Recommendations – April 8, 2010
Washington, DC
NTSB Recommendations
♦
NTSB Recommendation: Incorporate training elements regarding electronic
primary flight displays into your [FAA] initial and recurrent flight proficiency
requirements for pilots of 14 Code of Regulations Part 23 certified aircraft equipped
with those systems that address variations in equipment design and operations of
such displays. (A-10-39)
♦
Initial Training: Part 61 Performance Based for Instrument Rating
ƒ Example:
•
•
•
61.65(c)(4) Flight by Reference to Instruments
61.65(c)(5) Navigation Systems
61.65(c)(7) Emergency Operations
ƒ Criteria Established in Handbooks and Driven by Content of PTS and Knowledge Tests
♦
FAA and Industry Reviewed 61.31 (e.g. high performance sign off) and determined
impractical and unsuitable for glass cockpit avionics
♦
Recurrent Training: 61.56 Flight Review
ƒ Generic Requirements: One Hour Ground, One Hour Flight
GAMA Overview of NTSB Glass Cockpit Recommendations – April 8, 2010
Washington, DC
Initial Training Program Established by
Manufacturers
♦
Cessna Aircraft Company
ƒ Cessna Pilot Training, Independence, KS
ƒ Cessna Pilot Centers (CPC)
ƒ Cessna FITS Accepted Instructor (CFAI)
♦
Cirrus Aircraft
ƒ Cirrus Training Centers
ƒ Cirrus Standardized Instructor Pilot
♦
Piper Aircraft
ƒ Customer Training through SimCom
♦
Diamond Aircraft, Hawker Beechcraft, and Mooney
ƒ Similar Courses in Place
♦
Second Owner and Rental Fleet Concerns
ƒ 91.103
ƒ GAMA Publication 5 Update
GAMA Overview of NTSB Glass Cockpit Recommendations – April 8, 2010
Washington, DC
NTSB Recommendations
♦
NTSB Recommendation: Develop and publish guidance for the use of equipment-specific
electronic avionics display simulators and procedural trainers that do not meet the definition
of flight simulation training devices prescribed in 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 60 to
support equipment-specific pilot training requirements. (A-10-40)
♦
Manufacturers Currently Provide Tools for Avionics Part Trainers Online:
ƒ Avidyne
•
On-line Entegra Freeplay Simulator: http://www.avidyne.com/products/entegra/aerosim.asp
ƒ Garmin
•
•
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Integrated Avionics DVD Pilot Training Video ($45.00)
G1000 PC Trainer for Cirrus Perspective, Ver 10.0 ($24.95)
The FAA-Industry Training Standards (FITS) program was established as a framework for
manufacturers to provide equipment-specific training. Guidance material was developed in
2003 through 2006 and employed by a number of manufacturers in their equipment specific
training programs for glass cockpits. A primary focus of the training is on equipment specific
scenario based training and improved pilot decision making.
ƒ http://www.faa.gov/training_testing/training/fits/
ƒ http://www.faa.gov/training_testing/training/fits/training/media/Accepted.pdf (List of Accepted
Curricula including G1000, Cessna SEP, Mooney, Cirrus Design)
GAMA Overview of NTSB Glass Cockpit Recommendations – April 8, 2010
Washington, DC
NTSB Recommendations
♦
NTSB Recommendation: Inform aircraft and avionics maintenance technicians
about the critical role of voluntary service difficulty reporting system reports
involving malfunctions or defects associated with electronic primary flight,
navigation, and control systems in 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 23 certified
aircraft used in general aviation operations. (A-10-41)
♦
GAMA participated in the FAA’s Part 23 Certification Process Study supporting
recommendations related to expanding the voluntary reporting of Malfunction or
Defect reports as well as improving the FAA’s analysis of reports received through
the Service Difficulty Reporting (SDR) system as cited by the NTSB in the study.
These recommendations were made independent of the introduction of glass
cockpit avionics in consideration of the overall safety benefits of enhanced
voluntary data reporting.
♦
General aviation manufacturers have long supported enhanced use of the SDR
system including a call in 2000 at the NTSB GA Accident Investigation and
Prevention Symposium for the SDR system to be used more fully by general
aviation.
GAMA Overview of NTSB Glass Cockpit Recommendations – April 8, 2010
Washington, DC
What did the NTSB recommendations
not consider?
GAMA Overview of NTSB Glass Cockpit Recommendations – April 8, 2010
Washington, DC
What about the use of aircraft?
GAMA Overview of NTSB Glass Cockpit Recommendations – April 8, 2010
Washington, DC
What about the use of aircraft?
GAMA Overview of NTSB Glass Cockpit Recommendations – April 8, 2010
Washington, DC
What about the use of aircraft?
GAMA Overview of NTSB Glass Cockpit Recommendations – April 8, 2010
Washington, DC
What about the use of aircraft?
GAMA Overview of NTSB Glass Cockpit Recommendations – April 8, 2010
Washington, DC
What Else Is Needed?
“Previous training philosophies assumed that newly certified pilots
generally remain in the local area until their aviation skills are
refined. This is no longer true with the advent of Technically
Advanced Aircraft (TAA). Offering superior avionics and
performance capabilities, these aircraft travel faster and
further than their predecessors. As a result, a growing number
of entry-level pilots are suddenly capable of long distance/high
speed travel—and its inherent challenges. Flights of this nature
routinely span diverse weather systems and topography
requiring advanced flight planning and operational skills.”
--- Managing Risk through Scenario Based Training, Single Pilot
Resource Management, and Learner Centered Grading,
September 2007, Michelle Summers MS, Frank Ayers MS,
Thomas Connolly Ed.D., and Charles Robertson Ph.D. [FAA
Leads on FITS Program Research]
GAMA Overview of NTSB Glass Cockpit Recommendations – April 8, 2010
Washington, DC
What Else Is Needed?
“Single Pilot Resource Management (SRM) is defined as the art and science
of managing all the resources (both on-board the aircraft and from outside
sources) available to a single-pilot (prior and during flight) to ensure that the
successful outcome of the flight is never in doubt. […] SRM includes the
concepts of Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM), Risk Management (RM),
Task Management (TM), Automation Management (AM), Controlled Flight Into
Terrain (CFIT) Awareness, and Situational Awareness (SA). SRM training
helps the pilot maintain situational awareness by managing the automation
and associated aircraft control and navigation tasks. This enables the pilot to
accurately assess and manage risk and make accurate and timely decisions.
This is what SRM is all about, helping pilots learn how to gather information,
analyze it, and make decisions.”
“Although [the FITS] program was initially designed to address the safety
issues of Technically Advanced Aircraft (TAA), training in these tenets apply to
all pilots and all aircraft.”
GAMA Overview of NTSB Glass Cockpit Recommendations – April 8, 2010
Washington, DC
What Else Is Needed?
“Single Pilot Resource Management (SRM) is defined as the art and science
of managing all the resources (both on-board the aircraft and from outside
sources) available to a single-pilot (prior and during flight) to ensure that the
successful outcome of the flight is never in doubt. […] SRM includes the
concepts of Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM), Risk Management (RM),
Task Management (TM), Automation Management (AM), Controlled Flight Into
Terrain (CFIT) Awareness, and Situational Awareness (SA). SRM training
helps the pilot maintain situational awareness by managing the automation
and associated aircraft control and navigation tasks. This enables the pilot to
accurately assess and manage risk and make accurate and timely decisions.
This is what SRM is all about, helping pilots learn how to gather information,
analyze it, and make decisions.”
“Although [the FITS] program was initially designed to address the safety
issues of Technically Advanced Aircraft (TAA), training in these tenets apply to
all pilots and all aircraft.”
GAMA Overview of NTSB Glass Cockpit Recommendations – April 8, 2010
Washington, DC
What Else Is Needed?
“Single Pilot Resource Management (SRM) is defined as the art and science
of managing all the resources (both on-board the aircraft and from outside
sources) available to a single-pilot (prior and during flight) to ensure that the
successful outcome of the flight is never in doubt. […] SRM includes the
concepts of Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM), Risk Management (RM),
Task Management (TM), Automation Management (AM), Controlled Flight Into
Terrain (CFIT) Awareness, and Situational Awareness (SA). SRM training
helps the pilot maintain situational awareness by managing the automation
and associated aircraft control and navigation tasks. This enables the pilot to
accurately assess and manage risk and make accurate and timely decisions.
This is what SRM is all about, helping pilots learn how to gather information,
analyze it, and make decisions.”
“Although [the FITS] program was initially designed to address the safety
issues of Technically Advanced Aircraft (TAA), training in these tenets apply to
all pilots and all aircraft.”
GAMA Overview of NTSB Glass Cockpit Recommendations – April 8, 2010
Washington, DC
What Else Is Needed?
♦
FAA, NASA, Industry Focus Shifted from Teaching Avionics
(Rote) to Aeronautical Decision Making in 2005-2006
ƒ Source: GAJSC WX and ADM JSAT, FITS, NASA Research
ƒ Results:
PTS Content (Aeronautical Decision Making, Risk Management, Single
Pilot Resource Management)
• Risk Management “Institutionalized”
•
Ì Risk Management Handbook
ƒ Obstacles
Pilot Culture and Acceptance of Risk Management Philosophies
• Instructor Culture
• Easier to teach knobs and equipment
• Higher Order Thinking Skills (“Soft Skills”)
•
GAMA Overview of NTSB Glass Cockpit Recommendations – April 8, 2010
Washington, DC
What Else Is Needed?
♦
FAA, NASA, Industry Focus Shifted from Teaching Avionics
(Rote) to Aeronautical Decision Making in 2005-2006
ƒ Source: GAJSC WX and ADM JSAT, FITS, NASA Research
ƒ Results:
PTS Content (Aeronautical Decision Making, Risk Management, Single
Pilot Resource Management)
• Risk Management “Institutionalized”
•
Ì Risk Management Handbook
ƒ Obstacles
Pilot Culture and Acceptance of Risk Management Philosophies
• Instructor Culture
• Easier to teach knobs and equipment
• Higher Order Thinking Skills (“Soft Skills”)
•
GAMA Overview of NTSB Glass Cockpit Recommendations – April 8, 2010
Washington, DC
GAMA Summary
♦
What specific changes can be made to FAA training material beyond
what’s been done?
♦
Should our focus be:
ƒ Technology training, or
ƒ Better single pilot resource management, risk management and consideration of
environmental factors?
♦
NTSB identifies GA glass airplanes used for transportation
ƒ How do we drive home risk management concepts?
♦
Members requesting source data:
ƒ Where was equipment cited in probable cause and where were environmental
factors (e.g. weather, wind, terrain) identified by NTSB as cause and factors?
ƒ What are the human factors and environmental implications?
ƒ Did the accident pilots have “glass cockpit training” and time in aircraft?
GAMA Overview of NTSB Glass Cockpit Recommendations – April 8, 2010
Washington, DC
GAMA Factsheet: Glass Cockpit Avionics
♦ “Fact Sheet: Glass Cockpit Avionics”
ƒ Available on GAMA website
•
•
http://www.gama.aero/files/GAMA1012_Glass_Cockpit_Fact_Sheet.pdf
Future revisions based on new data, information
ƒ Distributed to targeted trade press
GAMA Overview of NTSB Glass Cockpit Recommendations – April 8, 2010
Washington, DC
Information Sources
GAMA Overview of NTSB Glass Cockpit Recommendations – April 8, 2010
Washington, DC
Information Sources
♦ FAA Handbooks
ƒ
http://www.faa.gov/library/manuals/aviation/
♦ FITS Documents
ƒ
http://www.faa.gov/training_testing/training/fits/
♦ NTSB Study Excerpts
ƒ
www.NTSB.gov
♦ Manufacturer Pictures
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Aspen Avionics
Avidyne
Garmin International
Honeywell
L-3 Communications
For Additional Questions Contact: Jens Hennig, Vice President of Operations
Phone (202) 393-1500 or via email jhennig@GAMA.aero
GAMA Overview of NTSB Glass Cockpit Recommendations – April 8, 2010
Washington, DC
FITS Partners
GAMA Overview of NTSB Glass Cockpit Recommendations – April 8, 2010
Washington, DC