http://www.quia.com/jg/77881.html
Kathryn Ferrara
Saccone
Per 6
10-27-00
Inorganic compounds include
allthat do not contain carbon,
and allthat contain simple
carbon, but no hydrogen. They
are found in living and nonliving substances. Organic
compounds contain both carbon
and hydrogen. Usually they also
contain nitrogen and oxygen.
They are found in living
organisms.
> Contains both carbon and
hydrogen, and usually nitrogen
and oxygen
> Found only in the bodies or
remains ofliving things
> Each carbon atom forms four
bonds with other atoms (usually
double bonds,triple bonds are
rare, yetexistent)
> Carbohydrates,lipids, proteins
and nucleic acids are four major
types of organic compounds
> Any compound that
does not contain the
element carbon is
inorganic
> Exam ples of inorganic
compounds are carbon
dioxide, calcium
carbonate, water, salts,
phosphates, bases and
certain acids such as
hydrochloric acid
Four types of organic
compounds will be discussed
in this chapterCarbohydrates, Lipids,
Proteins and NucleicAcids.
Carbohydrates are compounds
of carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen in which the ratio of
hydrogen to oxygen is 2 to 1.
Simple sugars, or
monosaccharides, are the
simplestcarbohydrates.
Examples ofmonosaccharides
are glucose,fructose and
galactose.
Dehydration synthesis is a type of
reaction in which two molecules are
bonded together by the removal of
water. Joining two
monosaccharides by dehydration
synthesis forms a disaccharide like
maltose or sucrose. Many organic
compounds are polymers that have
long chains of repeating units. A
polymer formed by joining many
sugar molecules end to end is called
a polysaccharide.Starch, glycogen
and cellulose are examples of
polysaccharides.
A lipid is an organic compound, other than
a carbohydrate, that consists of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen. Lipids go by the
common names, fats, oils and waxes. Lipids
are formed from the combonation of fatty
acids and glycerol. A fatty acid is an organic
acid due to the fact that it contains a
carboxyl group. Glycerol is an alcohol, or
an organic compound that resembles a base
in having one or more OH groups in their
molecules. Glycerol has 3 OH groups in its
molecule.
The fats that are solid at room temperature are just referred to
as fats. The fats that are liquid at room temperature are
referred to as oils. If allthe carbon-to-carbon bonds are single
bonds, thatfatis said to be saturated. If one or more pairs of
carbon are joined by a double or even triple bond,they are
said to be unsaturated fats.If a fat just has one unsaturated
bond, itis known as monounsaturated. Ifit has more than one
itis known as polyunsaturated. Unsaturated fats can be
changed to saturated fats through hydrogenation, or adding
hydrogen to it. W axes are formed by the combination fatty
acids and alcohols other than glycerol. Cholesterolis a steroid
found in most animal tissues. Itplays a role in the buildup of
fatty depositsin arteries. Lipids have an extreme importance in
many life activities. They are components of cell membranes
along with other cell structures. Lipids also proviide a great
energy supply and serve as cushioning and insulation for the
Proteins are compounds that consist of
nitrogen,in addition to carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen.They serve as
enzymes, antibodies, contractile
material, hormones, pigments and
structural partsin cells and tissues.
Proteins also contain one or more
chains of amino acids,the structural
unitsof proteins.Glycine and alanine
are examples of amino acids.Iftwo
amino acids are joined by dehydration
synthesis, a peptide bond forms between
them. The resulting molecule is a
dipeptide. A polypeptide is a chain of
amino acids formed by a peptide bond.
Enzymes are large, complex proteins.
They make it possible for chemical
reactions to occur in living cells.They are
organic catalysts, because they can
affect a reaction without being changed
itself.An enzyme acts upon a substrate.
The names of the enzymes usually ends
with the suffix ase, and the name is
often derived from the substrate. For
example, maltase is the enzyme that
splits one maltose molecules into two
glucose ones.
Somewhere on the surface ofan enzyme,
there is an active site. The substrate
molecules fitthe shape ofthe active site.It
then forms atemorary union with the
enzyme called the enzyme-substrate
complex.The substrate may then break
bonds within the substrate molecule and thus
separate itinto two smallermolecules. This
is called the lock-and-key model because the
notched surface of akey can open only one
lock,justlike the shape ofthe active site of
an enzyme fitsthe shape ofonly certain
substrates.
• Small amounts of an enzyme can affect large quantities of a
substrate
• Enzymes enable cell reactions to proceed at normal
temperatures
• Enzymes work best at certain temperatures
• Each enzyme works best at a certain pH
• The rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction depends on the
concentrations of enzyme and substrate
• Some enzymes need substances called coenzymes, or a
nonprotein organic substance necessary to the functioning
of a particular enzyme, in order to function
• Some enzymes function inside the cell, others act outside
the cell.
ORGANIC VS. INORGANIC
•Compounds that contain
both carbon and Hydrogen.
•Examples:
•Compounds that do not
contain the combination of
Hydrogen and Carbon.
•C2H2=Acetylene
•Examples:
•C6H12O6=Glucose
•H2O=Water
•CO2=Carbon Dioxide
•HCl= H. Acid
1)Carbohydrates
2)Proteins
3)Lipids (Fats & Oils)
4)Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA)
5)Enzymes
1) Main source of energy for cell activities
2) 2:1 Ratio of Hydrogen to Carbon C6H12O6
3) Examples: Glucose (sugar) & Starch