9/8/2009
European Exploration:
Indirect Causes
Crusades
(1096-1291 CE)
increased awareness of the rest of the world
by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia
centers of trade grew in northern Italy and
northern France
Black Death
(1347-1351 CE)
beginning of the end of feudalism
emergence of a money economy
loss of religious faith, doubts about Church
European
movement
European Exploration:
Indirect Causes
Renaissance
(mid-1400s to mid-1600s)
European Exploration:
Indirect Causes
Technological advances
curiosity about other lands and peoples
guilds encouraged manufacturing and trade
Machiavelli’s influence (monarchs created
bigger armies & bureaucracies, collected taxes)
decline of Church’s and nobility’s power
Hartman Astrolabe
(1532)
Sextant
Better Maps
[Portulan]
economic revival
Reformation
(1500s)
spawned refugees & missionaries
competition between Catholic
& Protestants
European trade routes
15th century
trade routes
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9/8/2009
European Exploration:
A Map of the Known World,
pre-- 1492
pre
Direct Causes
• Political: Become a world power through gaining
wealth and land. (GLORY)
• Economic: Search for new trade routes with
direct access to Asian/African luxury goods would
enrich individuals and their nations (GOLD)
• Religious: spread Christianity and weaken
Middle Eastern Muslims. (GOD)
*** The 3 motives reinforce each other ***
explorers
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9/8/2009
F/I War 1750
EFFECTS
•Europeans reach and settle Americas
•Expanded knowledge of world geography
•Growth of trade, mercantilism and
capitalism
•Indian conflicts over land and impact of
disease on Indian populations
•Introduction of the institution of slavery
•Columbian Exchange
Columbian Exchange or the transfer of goods
involved 3 continents, Americas, Europe and Africa
* Squash
* Turkey
* Cocoa
* Peanut
* Avocado
* Pumpkin
* Pineapple
* Tomato
* Peppers
* Tobacco
* Cassava
* Vanilla
* Sweet Potatoes
* Quinine
* POTATO
* MAIZE
* Syphillis
EuropeanColonization
Colonization
European
• Once the New World is discovered, four European
countries begin competing for control of North
America and the world….
* Olive
* Coffee Beans * Banana
* Onion
* Turnip
* Honeybee
* Grape
* Peach
* Sugar Cane
* Citrus Fruits * Pear
* Wheat
* Cattle
* Sheep
* Pig
* Flu
* Typhus
* Measles
* Diptheria
* Whooping Cough
* Rice
* Barley
* Oats
* HORSE
* Smallpox
* Malaria
• Spain
• France
• The Netherland
• England
Path of Conquest &
Colonization
Explorers
• Spanish first to pursue colonization
• Start in Caribbean, then Central and South
America—most important was conquest of Aztecs
by Cortez (1521) and Incas by Pizzaro (1531)
• First permanent colonies in what will become
United States are founded by Spain
– St. Augustine (Florida) is founded (1565) to
protect Spanish treasure fleets
European
Colonial
Empire
Permanent
Settlers
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9/8/2009
Columbus’ Four Voyages
Explorers Sailing From
Hispaniola
• Ponce de Leon
• est. colony at Puerto Rico
• sailed north looking for Fountain of Youth
• discovered Florida for Spain (1508)
• de Coronado
• went north from Mexico, up Colorado River,
saw Grand Canyon (1540)
• de Soto
• through Florida into Carolinas and west
to the Mississippi River (1541)
First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs
First Spanish Conquests: The Incas
Cortes conquered Aztec Empire (1519)
Pizarro conquered Incan Empire (1532)
vs.
vs.
Montezuma II
Hernando Cortés
Francisco Pizarro
Atahualpa
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9/8/2009
Treasures
from the Americas!
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares
Spanish
ancestory
Creoles
Spanish and
Black
mixture.
Mestizos
Spanish
and Indian
mixture
Mulattos
White
American
and Black
mixture
Native Indians
1. Spanish practice of securing an adequate
and cheap labor supply = FEUDALISM
Black Slaves
The Influence of the Colonial
Catholic Church
– “granted” to deserving subjects of the King
2. Conquistador controlled
Indian populations
– required Indians to pay tribute
from their lands
– Indians often rendered personal
services as well
Our Lady of Guadalupe
Guadalajara Cathedral
3. In return the conquistador was obligated to
– protect his wards
– instruct them in the Christian faith
– defend their right to live off the land
Spanish Mission
Father Bartolomé de Las Casas
•Believed Native
Americans had been
treated harshly by the
Spanish.
•Indians could be
educated and
converted to
Christianized.
•Believed Indian
culture was advanced
as European but in
different ways.
Eventually decimated Indian population.
With support of de Las Casas the King restricted the
system with the New Laws (1542)
Missionaries put in charge of settlements, not
conquistadors (1573)
religious conversions
continued
under new
cultural assimilation
system
forced labor
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9/8/2009
The
Spanish
Empire
by the
1600’s
• Overworked Native population
• King Philip II spent too much
on religious wars
• Lack of industrial development
• High costs of empire
huge area, distant outposts,
“sea dogs” plundered
• Defeat of the Spanish Armada
(1588) by England
French Explorers
• French settle Quebec (1608) &
Montreal (1642) and what would
become Canada
– drawn by fishing & whaling
Newfoundland
– took control of St. Lawrence
River & access to interior
– developed fur trade with help
of “courier de bois”
• Cartier
reached St. Lawrence River
claimed Eastern Canada for France (1535)
• Samuel de Champlain
“Father of New France”
est. Quebec (1st permanent French colony)
est. settlements and explored Maine,
Montreal & Nova Scotia - 1608
French Explorers
• Marquette
Jesuit missionary assigned to Quebec
mastered several Native languages
ventured down much of Mississippi
River, charting its course (1673)
• De La Salle
charted much of the Great Lakes (1679)
claimed Louisiana and MI River Basin
for France (1682-84)
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9/8/2009
Why didn’t France dominate
North America?
Alliance with Hurons pitted
them against other tribes
Fur traders discouraged
immigration (deforestation)
Natives
Natives skeptical of Jesuits
Louis XIV’s large military drafts
French peasants had stronger
land rights
Huguenots barred from New France
• Commercial focus
fur & slave trades
Dutch West India Co.
• Sparse settlements
Fort Orange
New Netherland
Connecticut River
Delaware River
• Allied with Iroquois
Dutch Exploration & Settlement
• Henry Hudson
• searched for Northwest Passage
• claimed Hudson River
• settlers established New Netherlands
• New Amsterdam (est. 1609)
• part of the Dutch global trade system
• culturally & linguistically diverse
• autocratic business-oriented
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