PSYCHOLOGY Perceptual Interpretation

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PSYCHOLOGY
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(8th Edition, in Modules)
David Myers
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PowerPoint Slides
Aneeq Ahmad
Henderson State University
Worth Publishers, © 2007
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Perceptual Interpretation
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Module 17
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Perceptual Interpretation
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Perceptual Interpretation
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ƒ Sensory Deprivation and Restored Vision
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ƒ Perceptual Adaptation
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ƒ Perceptual Set
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ƒ Perception and Human Factor
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Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 17 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 1
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Perceptual Interpretation
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Is there Extrasensory Perception?
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ƒ Claims of ESP
ƒ Premonitions or Pretensions?
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ƒ Putting ESP to Experimental Test.
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Perceptual Interpretation
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Immanuel Kant (1724‐1804) maintained that knowledge comes from our inborn ways of organizing sensory experiences.
John Locke (1632‐1704) argued that through our experiences we also learn to perceive the world.
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How important is experience in shaping our
perceptual interpretation?
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OBJECTIVE 17‐1| Describe the contribution of Restored Vision
restored‐vision and sensory deprivation research in our understanding of the nature‐
After cataract surgery blind adults were able to regain sight. These individuals could differentiate figure and ground relationship however had difficulty discriminating a circle and a triangle (Von Senden, 1932). nurture interplay in our perceptions. ___________________________________
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Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 17 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 2
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Facial Recognition
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After blind adults were able to regain sight they were unable to recognize faces, they would only recognize distinct features. Normal observers also show difficulty in facial recognition when lower half of the pictures are changed.
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Courtesy of Richard LeGrand
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Sensory Deprivation
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Kittens raised without exposure to horizontal lines later had difficulty perceiving horizontal bars.
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Blakemore & Cooper (1970)
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OBJECTIVE 17‐2| Explain how the research on Perceptual Adaptation
distorting goggles increases our understanding of the adaptability of perception. ___________________________________
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Courtesy of Hubert Dolezal
Visual ability to adjust to an artificially displaced visual field, e.g., prism glasses.
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Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 17 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 3
OBJECTIVE 17‐3| Define perceptual set, and Perceptual Set
explain how it influences what we do or do not perceive. A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another. What you see in the center picture is influenced by flanking pictures.
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From Shepard, 1990.
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Perceptual Set
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Other examples of perceptual set.
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Frank Searle, photo Adams/ Corbis-Sygma
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Dick Ruhl
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(a) Loch ness monster or a tree trunk; (b) Flying Saucers or Clouds?
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What we perceive not only comes from the
Schemas
environment but also from our minds. Schemas or
concepts develop through experience.
Schemas are concepts that organize and interpret unfamiliar information.
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Courtesy of Anna Elizabeth Voskuil
Childrenʹs schemas represent reality as well as their abilities to represent what they see.
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Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 17 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 4
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Features on a Face
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Face schemas are accentuated by specific features in the face.
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Kieran Lee/ FaceLab, Department of Psychology,
University of Western Australia
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Students recognized caricature of Arnold Schwarzenegger more than his actual photo.
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Portrait artists understood the importance of this Eye & Mouth
recognition and therefore centered an eye in their paintings. Eyes and mouth play a dominant role in face recognition.
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Courtesy of Christopher Tyler
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OBJECTIVE 17‐4| Explain why the same Context Effects
Context can radically alter perception. stimulus can evoke different perceptions in different contexts. ___________________________________
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Is the “magician cabinet” on the floor or hanging from the ceiling?
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Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 17 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 5
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Cultural Context
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Context instilled by culture also alter perception. ___________________________________
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To an East African the sitting woman is balancing a metal box on her head and the family was sitting under a tree. 16
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Perception Revisited
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Is perception innate or acquired? ___________________________________
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OBJECTIVE 17‐5| Describe the role human Perception & Human Factors
factors psychologists play in creating user‐
friendly machines and work settings. Human factors psychologists design machines that assist our natural perceptions.
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Courtesy of General Electric
Photodisc/ Punchstock
The knobs for the stove burners on the right is easier to understand than one on the left.
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Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 17 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 6
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Human Factors & Misperceptions
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Understanding human factors can enable us in designing equipment that can avoid disaster.
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Two‐thirds of airline crashes are due to human error. Largely based on errors of perception.
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Human Factors in Space
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To combat conditions of monotony, stress and weightlessness in traveling to Mars, NASA engages Human Factor Psychologists.
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Transit Habituation (Transhab), NASA
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OBJECTIVE 17‐6| Identify the three most Is There Extrasensory Perception?
testable forms of ESP, and explain why most Perception without sensory input is called extrasensory perception (ESP). A large percentage of scientists do not believe in ESP.
research psychologists remain, skeptical of ESP. ___________________________________
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Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 17 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 7
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Claims of ESP
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Paranormal phenomena include claims of astrological predictions, psychic healing, communication with the dead and out‐of‐body experience, but the most relevant are telepathy, clairvoyance and precognition.
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Claims of ESP
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1. Telepathy: Mind‐to mind communication. One person sending thoughts and the other receiving it. 2. Clairvoyance: Perception of remote events. Like sensing a friend’s house on fire.
3. Precognition: Perceiving future events. Such as a political leader’s death.
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Premonitions or Pretensions?
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Can psychics see the future? Can psychics aid police in identifying locations of dead bodies? What about psychic predictions of the famous Nostradamus?
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The answers to these questions are NO! Nostradamus’ predictions are “retrofitted” to events that took place afterwards.
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Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 17 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 8
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Putting ESP to Experimental Test
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In an experiment with 28,000 individuals, Wiseman tested psychically influencing or predicting a coin toss. People were able to correctly influence or predict a coin toss 49.8% of the time.
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Psychology 8 ed., David Myers Module 17 PowerPoint Slides, Aneeq Ahmad 9
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