Unit 3
Liberal Movements in Latin America (Mexico)
Review- The Bourbon Reform
Mercantilism
Corruption &
Bankruptcy of the
Monarchy by
Habsburg
Bourbon Reform
Political
Intendancy System
- Spanish birth
officials took over
lower levels of
government.
Military
1760’s- Charles ll
granted criollos
the right to serve
as militia officers.
Economics
Liberalizing trade
-CAPITALISM-
• Enlightenment encouraged
the urge for independence
and nationhood.
• The notion that each people
should enjoy the fruits of its
own resources and labor.
Nationalism
• a. The awakening and education of the elite
• b. The growing feeling of nativism, created a
greater self-confidence/independence
• c. Psychological change that diminished former
feelings of inferiority
• d. The economic potential of their region and the
frustration of seeing it dormant
Criollos take over & Caudillo rise
-charm and charisma.
-rose in the vacuum of power.
-Mostly military leaders who were capable of
maintaining order in a society that had become
armed and militarized in the wars.
Lesson 5.2 Popular Revolt in Mexico
Origins of the Revolution
• 1808 -Napoleon Bonaparte [French] invade
Spain.
• In 1808, the creoles of New Spain (Mexico)
formed a local council to govern the
viceroyalty
• Suffering of lower classes- 1. agricultural
production low 2. food prices were high
and 3. mining workers were laid off
Fr. Miguel Hidalgo
• Started & lead the
popular revolt for
independence.
• Executed by firing
squad.
Grito de Dolores
• Fr. Miguel Hidalgo in 1810 rang the bells of his
church- Mestizos and indigenous- met at his church.
• Desired social and economic changes.
• March to Guanajuato- 25,000 persons, they burned
and wrecked the city. Continued on to Mexico City,
no distinction between creoles and Peninsulares
(reached 60,000 to 80,000)
Liberals (Independence)
vs
Conservatives (Preserve Colonialism
& old powers of the elite)
Church was divided
Reflection question
1. Would you consider Fr. Hidalgo a caudillo? Explain your position.
2. What were the factors that contributed to the explosion of revolution in
Mexico?
3. Explain the legacy of what Fr. Hidalgo started in 1810?
4. If Fr. Hidalgo was a conservative, do you believe he would have been
killed still?
Lesson 5.3- Effects of the Popular Revolution
Jose Maria Morelos
• Jose Maria Morelos (parish priest)
control of movement.
1. Establish independence of Mexico;
2. Create a republican government -exclusion of
the formerly wealthy & nobility
3. abolish slavery- affirm the equality of all
people
4. terminate the special privileges of the Church
& compulsory tithe
5. partition the large estates
Effects & outcomes
Napoleon Defeated
1814: Spanish monarch forced to
move away from liberal policies
Peninsulars and Creoles in
New Spain rejected liberalism
New Regimes
(Governments)
Governments felt threatened by
internal challenges, aggression
from their neighbours, and the
possibility of European reconquest.
Conservatives take over
• The conservative forces of New Spain ushered in
Mexican independence in 1821. They advocated
neither social nor economic changes.
• The peninsulares and Creoles selected a creole
army officer, Augustin de Iturbide as their
emperor
Lesson 5.3- Maderista Revolution
Presidency of Benito Juarez 1857-72
Porfirio Diaz (Porfiriato)
-1876-1911
-major modernization of
Mexico
-at the cost of the indigenous,
Mestizo peasants
-95% of land owned by 5% of
population
Revolts against Diaz
Pancho Villa- in North
Emiliano Zapata- in South
Origins of the Mexican Revolution
– Presidents & Rebel Leaders
Villa & Zapata remove
support for Madero
Francisco Madero
(Maderista Revolution)
1911-1913
-1910- jailed by Diaz (Diaz
won election)
-Oct 5,1910- Plan de San
Luis Potosi call for revolt
-1911- Madero won
election
-did not carry out land
reform as promised
Victoriano Huerta
1913-14
-he removed Madero
-1914 Huerta fled
presidency &
Carranza take over
Lesson 5.4- Carranza & the United States
Victoriano Huerta
• 1912-tried to end resistance with a strategy
of resettlement.
• Hostile villages destroyed & outspoken
opponents house was burnt down.
U.S. President Woodrow Wilson
didn’t support Huerta
Venustiano Carranza
• Constitutionalists- with the secret support
of the United States- March 26, 1913Carranza issued the Plan de Guadalupe
• Constitution of 1917
-addressed foreign ownership of resources
-an organized labor code –
-the role of the Roman Catholic Church in
education
-land reform
Overthrown by Gen. Obregon
Arrange the following in chronological order and provide a 1 sentence
description for each.
• Portfiriato
• Maderista Revolution
• Augustin de Iturbide
• Father Morelos
• Grito de Dolores
• Napoleon Invades Spain
• Presidents Carranza
Emiliano Zapata & Francisco Diaz
Juana Belen Gutierrez de
Mendoza
School teacher turn Zapatista
Emiliano Zapata
Francisco “Pancho” Villa