Sistem Informasi Manajemen
Materi Kuliah Sessi ke-7
Perkembangan Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi
Program Pasca Sarjana, Magister Ilmu Komunikasi
Universitas Prof. Dr. Moestopo (Beragama)
Dosen: Ir. Mas Wigrantoro Roes Setiyadi, SE, MSi., MPP
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Topik Pembahasan
•
•
•
•
•
•
Konsep, Trend dan Issue
Evolusi Peran SI/TI Dalam Organisasi
Organisasi dan Manajemen Sistem Informasi
Strategi Sistem Informasi
Aplikasi Sistem Informasi
Pengendalian dan Keamanan Sistem Informasi
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Konsep, Trend dan Issue
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Mengapa Perlu Mempelajari SI?
• Getting the right information to the right people at the right time at the right
cost;
• Key to effective business processes;
• Business process change;
• The way organisations compete;
• Creation of new services, markets;
• Learning, Knowledge. E-commerce, E-Health, E-Government…
Why? How? Is it efficient? Effective?
What are the risks?
What are the skills?
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Evolusi Peran SI/TI Dalam Organisasi
Perubahan dalam teknologi informasi :
• Tersedianya jaringan info global, untuk
menyalurkan berbagai format info (multimedia)
• Tersedianya berbagai perangkat keras dan
lunak untuk mengolah, menyimpan dan
mengirim info.
• Tersedianya berbagai perangkat untuk
melakukan transformasi media yang digunakan
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Orientasi Informasi
IT Practices
• IT for operational support
• IT for business process support
• IT for inovation support
• IT for management support
Information management practices
• Sensing information
• Collecting information
• Organizing information
• Processing information
• Maintaining information
Information behaviour and values
• Information integrity
• Information formality
• Information control
• Information sharing
• Information transparency
• Information proactiveness
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Information orientation
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SI, CBIS, dan TI
Information Systems (IS)
• involve more than just computers
• an successful application of an IS requiring an understanding of the business
and its environment that is supported by the IS
• in learning about IS, not sufficient just to learn about computers
Computer-Based Information Systems (CBIS)
• an information system that uses computer technology to perform some or all
of its intended tasks
• may include hardware, software, database, network, procedures, or people
Information Technology (IT)
• include the hardware, databases, software, networks, and other information
devices (in narrow definition)
• usually interchangeably with information systems
• a collection of several information systems, users, and management
for an entire organization (in broad sense)
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Isu di dalam SI
Large variety of organisation and individual information
processing needs
Fast evolving information technologies - languages
operating systems and the like
Legacy investments
Costs and resource management
Complexity ? Where is the complexity coming from ?
Maintenance, Support and Training - Leveraging systems
Design and Analysis related issues
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Evolusi Peran SI/TI Dalam Organisasi
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Transisi komputer menuju manajemen informasi -1
Information
System
Management
IS Role in
the enterprise
Relationship with
other department
Computer
Management
Managing the IS
department
Managing the
IS/IT activities
Review IS/IT roles, don’t focus
on particular issues only
Users’ awareness of the role of
computers determine effectiveness
of relationship
Department is managed as co-ordinated
set of resources which are planned to
meet expected future requirements
Operations, programming,
data collection, etc.
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Transisi komputer menuju manajemen informasi 2
•
Delivery
–
–
–
•
Re-orientation
–
–
–
•
Internal focus
Improving the ability to deliver and support systems and technology
Not necessarily providing users with what they need
Establishing good relationship with the main business functions,
Supporting business demands through provision of variety of services
Provide valued service to all business functional management
Re-organisation
–
–
Need for redesign integration of IS investment with business strategy and across business
functions.
Best way of satisfying each of differing business needs through coalition of responsibilities
for managing information and systems
Hirschheim Model (1988)
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Model-2 SI Dalam Organisasi
Model Anthony (1965)
Planning Systems
Sales forecasting, operating plans, capacity
planing, profit/earnings forecast, business mix
analysis, manpower planning, financial modelling
Control Systems
Sales analysis, budgetary control, management accounting,
inventory management, quality analysis, expense reporting, market
research/analysis, WIP control, requirement planning, supplier analysis, etc.
Operational
Systems
Order entry/processing, tracking shipping documents, vehicle scheduling/loading
invoicing, sales and purchase ledgers, cost accounting, stock control, shop floor
scheduling, bill of materials, purchase orders, receiving, employee records, payroll,
word processing, etc.
Hirarki perencanaan, pengendalian, dan sistem operasional,
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Perbedaan DP dan MIS
TPS/DP
MIS
Objectives
Efficient transaction
Effective problem resolution &
decision making support
Information
sources
Internal & external
transaction
Internal & external transaction +
research data
Information time
frame
Recent history, current &
near future
Historical data, current & future
Process
Algorithmic (very
predefined)
Sometimes need human
intervention (esp. for decision
making)
Users
Operators
Professionals & middle managers
Technology
Mainframe/mini computers
Local processing linked to
information resources
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Strategic Information Systems
Wiseman Model (1985)
Use
(objective)
Function
Transaction and
exception
processing
Information
enquiry and
analysis
Automatic basic
processes
(efficiency)
Satisfy
information needs
(effectiveness)
Affect business
strategy
(competitiveness)
DATA
PROCESSING
MANAGEMENT
INFORMATION
SYSTEMS
STRATEGIC
INFORMATION
SYSTEMS
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Trend evolusi SI/TI
Galliers & Somogyl, (1987)
Aspects
DP
MIS
SIS
Nature of the technology
Computers’
fragmented
(hardware limitation
Distributed process’
interconnected
software limitation
‘networks’
integrated
people/vison limitation)
Nature of operations
Remote from users
controlled by DP
Regulated by
management
services
Available and
supportive
to users
Issues in systems
development
Technical issues
(programming/
project managemen)
Support business
users’needs
information management
Relate to
business
strategy
Reason for using
technology
Reducing costs
(especially
administrative) –
technology driven
Supporting the
business (manager)
- user driven
Enabling the business
- business driven
Characteristic of systems
Regimented/
operational
(internal)
Accommodating/
control
Flexibility/
strategic
(external)
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Organisasi dan Manajemen Sistem
Informasi
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Lingkungan Informasi
Paper records
Paper records
Private
records
Management
information
Operational
database
Personal
database
External
information
Official
information
records
Unrecorded
Total lingkungan
informasi internal
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Lingkungan yang
terotomatisasi
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Lingkup memungkinkan
untuk informasi yang dapat
dikelola
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Nilai Informasi Bagi Bisnis
High
Value
of
information
to
future
strategy
Low
STRATEGIC
HIGH POTENTIAL
Critical to business
and of greatest
potential value
Potential value to
business may be high,
but not confirmed
Essential for core
process and value enhaced
by horizontal integration
Needed for supporting
Business, but little
strategic value
KEY OPERATIONAL
SUPPORT
High
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Low
Value of information to current strategy
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Pertanyaan Kunci Dalam Membangun
dan Mengelola SI
• People involved…
• Many technologies….
• How do we decide what to build..? – for one person..for a dept..for
the entire organization…
• How much is it going to cost..?
• How long is it going to take….?
• How do we consider all the systems we have so far..?
• How do we maintain and upgrade…?
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Manajemen Puncak
Pengolahan Informasi
Personalia
Pengolahan Transaksi
Logistik
Pengendalian Operasional
Produksi
Pengendalian Manajemen
Pemasaran
Perencanaan Strategis
Keuangan & Akunting
Hubungan Aplikasi SI dan Tingkatan
Manajemen
Sistem Manajemen Data base
Data base
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Pemakai dan Penggunaan SI
Pemakai
Petugas Administrasi
Pengunaan
Mengerjakan transaksi, mengolah data, dan menjawab pertanyaan
Manajer Tingkat Bawah
Mendapatkan data operasi. Membantu perencanaan, penjadualan,
mengetahui situasiyag tak terkendali, dan mengambil keputusan
Staf Ahli
Manajemen
Informasi untuk analisis. Membantu dalam analisis, perencanaan
dan pelaporan.
Laporan tetap, Permintaan informasi khusus, Analisa khusus,
Laporan khusus, membantu dalam mengenali persoalan dan
peluang. Membantu dalam analisis pengambilan keputusan.
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Segitiga Pengambilan Keputusan
Sistem Informasi Manajemen
SIM
perencanaan
Strategis &
pengambilan kptsan
Informasi manajemen
Untuk perencanaan taktis
Dan pengambilan keputusan
SIM: sistem manusia/mesin yang terpadu,
untuk menyajikan informsasi guna mendukung
fungsi operasi, manajemen, dan pengambilan
keputusan dalam sebuah organisasi.
Menggunakan hardware & software komputer,
prosedur, model manajemen dan keputusan,
data base.
Informasi manajemen untuk
Perencanaan operasional, pengambilan
Keputusan dan pengendalian
Pengolahan transaksi
Pemberian informasi (tanggapan atas pertanyaan)
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Tiga Tahapan Dalam Penggunaan
Sistem Informasi
• Productivity: a measure of the
output achieved divided by
the input requirement,
something like (Output/Input)
x 100%
• Competitive Advantage: a
significant and (ideally) longterm benefit that enables
company to perform better
than its competitors
• Quality: the ability of a
product (including services) to
meet or exceed customer
expectations
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Aplikasi
Sistem Informasi Manajemen
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Type Sistem Informasi
KIND OF SYSTEM
GROUPS SERVED
STRATEGIC LEVEL
SENIOR
MANAGERS
MANAGEMENT LEVEL
MIDDLE
MANAGERS
KNOWLEDGE LEVEL
KNOWLEDGE &
DATA WORKERS
OPERATIONAL
LEVEL
SALES &
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OPERATIONAL
MANAGERS
MANUFACTURING
FINANCE
ACCOUNTING
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HUMAN
RESOURCES
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Type Sistem Informasi
• Executive Support
Systems
• Management Information
Systems
• Decision Support
Systems
• Knowledge Work
Systems
• Office Automation
Systems
• Transaction Processing
Systems
• Batch vs Online
Processing
• Sistem Informasi
Fungsional
• Distributed Systems vs
Client/Server Systems
• Enterprise Resources
Planning System
• Dukungan Pengambilan
Keputusan
• Sistem Dukungan
Inteligen
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Subsistem dari Sistem Informasi
• SI (dapat) terdiri atas
Subsistem:
– Penjualan dan pemasukan
pesanan
– Produksi
– Sediaan barang
– Personalia dan payroll
– Pembelian
– Perencanaan
– Kecerdasan lingkungan
• Subsistem dibagi atas
subsistem, sebagai contoh
Personalia dan Payroll:
– Penyiapan data masukan
catatan personalia
– Penyesuaian daftar gaji
– Penyiapan data masukan
daftar gaji
– Daftar gaji harian
– Daftar gaji bulanan
– Laporan dafatar gaji untuk
manajemen
– Audit personalia dan dafatar
gaji
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Data base
• Kumpulan data terdiri dari
–
–
–
–
File
Record
Field
Karakter
• Contoh
–
–
–
–
–
Data base Pegawai
File: Pegawai
Record: Sukamto
Field: Nama, Alamat, NIP
Character: a, b,c 1,2, dll.
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Type Sistem Informasi
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Batch vs Realtime Processing
• Batch
– Pengolahan data secara tidak seketika
– Entry data dikumpulkan dalam satu file secara serial
– Ada perbedaan waktu yangcukup signifikan antara
entry dan eksekusi data
• Real Time Processing
– Entry dan eksekusi data dilakukan seketika
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Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)
•
•
•
•
•
•
Dimulai pada zaman “Data Processing”
OPERATIONAL LEVEL
INPUTS: TRANSACTIONS, EVENTS
PROCESSING: UPDATING
OUTPUTS: DETAILED REPORTS
USERS: OPERATIONS PERSONNEL
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EXAMPLE: ACCOUNTS PAYABLE
TPS
TPS
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Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)
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Distributed Systems vs Client/Server Systems
• Distributed System
– Entry dan pengolahan data secara tersebar,
– Masing – masing komputer memiliki fasilitas jaringan dengan
fasilitas yang sama
• Client/Server
– Sedikitnya satu komputer berfungsi sebagai server,
sementara komputer lain yang terhubung menjadi client,
– Server menyediakan NOS,
– Aplikasi dapat ditempatkan di Server atau masing – masing
nodes
– Nodes memilii kemampuan pengolahan lokal
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Management Information Systems -1
•
•
•
•
•
MANAGEMENT LEVEL
INPUTS: HIGH VOLUME DATA
PROCESSING: SIMPLE MODELS
OUTPUTS: SUMMARY REPORTS
USERS: MIDDLE MANAGERS
EXAMPLE: ANNUAL BUDGETING
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Management Information Systems -2
• STRUCTURED & SEMI-STRUCTURED
DECISIONS
• REPORT CONTROL ORIENTED
• PAST & PRESENT DATA
• INTERNAL ORIENTATION
• LENGTHY DESIGN PROCESS*
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TPS Data For MIS Applications
TPS
MIS
SALES
DATA
Order Processing
System
ORDER FILE
Materials Resource
Planning System
PRODUCTION MASTER FILE
General Ledger
System
ACCOUNTING FILES
UNIT
PRODUCT
COST
MIS
REPORTS
PRODUCT
CHANGE
DATA
EXPENSE
DATA
MANAGERS
MIS FILES
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Contoh Aplikasi Sistem Informasi Dalam
Fungsi Pemasaran
Sistem
Order Processing
Deskripsi
Level Organisasi
Entry, proses, dan track order Operasional
Analisa Pasar
Identifikasi pelanggan dan
pasar menggunakan data
demografi, pasar, perilaku
konsumen, dan trend
Analisa Harga
Menentukan harga produk dan
Manajemen
layanan
Ramalan dan Tren
Penjualan
Penyiapan ramalan penjualan
5 tahun
Knowledge
Stratejik
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Pendekatan Tradisional
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Enterprise System
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Pengendalian dan Keamanan Sistem
Informasi
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Isu Di Dalam Pengelolaan TI
• Acquisition: pengadaan/penyediaan TI
–
–
–
–
need (kebutuhan),
resources (sumber-daya),
time-frame (jangka waktu), dan
design of IS (rancangan sistem informasi).
• Organization: prosedur pengelolaan,
• Motivation: sumberdaya manusia, serta
• Relationship: hubungan antara bagian Sistem
Informasi dengan bagian-bagian lain di dalam
organisasi
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Acquisition (pengadaan TI)
Need (kebutuhan) dari:
• Size of the organization: besar kecilnya
organisasi/perusahaan yang memerlukan TI.
• Structure of the organization: struktur dari
perusahaan.
• Nature of operational: sifat dari operasional
perusahaan, misalnya organisasi pemerintah, bisnis,
dll.
• Type of informationn needed (jenis informasi yang
diperlukan),misalnya informasi mengenai keuangan,
kepegawaian, dll.
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Strategi Sistem Informasi
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The Role of Information Technology
Add Value
customers and markets
Wisdom
Knowledge
Information
Business
Value of
Information
Technology
Minimize Risks
market, financial, legal,
operational risks
Reduce Costs
transactions and processes
Data
Create New Realities
intelligence (social, political, technological, etc.)
Facts
Gather
Organize
Select
Synthesize
Distribute
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The Balanced of Resources has Changed
Materials
Machines
Money
Four Ms Plus
Men
Information
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Strategic Systems
• Connection to supplier & customer
• Effective use of information in the value adding
process
• Enable to deliver new product/service
• Provide executive with strategic information
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Business, IS & IT Relationship
Business Strategy
External
External &
&
Internal
Internal
Factors
Factors
Economy
Society
Politics
Law
Ecology
Technology
Culture
Stakeholders
•
•
•
Business decisions
Objectives and direction
Change
Supports
business
Direction for
business
IS Strategy
•
•
•
Where is the business
going & why?
What is required?
Business based
Demand orientation
Application focused
Infrastructure &
service
Needs &
priorities
IT Strategy
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•
•
•
Activity Based
Supply oriented
Technology focused
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How can it be
realized?
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IT Roles in Business Process Reengineering
SIMPLIFY
INTEGRATE
ELIMINATE
AUTOMATE
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MIT Theory of IT Evolution & Revolution
Business
BusinessScope
ScopeRedefinition
Redefinition
Degree of Business
Transformation
HIGH
Business
BusinessNetwork
NetworkRedesign
Redesign
Business
BusinessProcess
ProcessRedesign
Redesign
Integration
Integration
Revolutionary
Evolutionary
Localized
LocalizedExploitation
Exploitation
LOW
LOW
Range of Potential Benefits
HIGH
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Internal Evolution of Information Technology
FUNCTIONAL USE
MANAGEMENT FOCUS
5
REMAIN IN BUSINESS
Reaching the
Consumer
5 People Systems, Home
Computers
4
Enhancing Executive
Decision Making
MAKE MONEY
4 Mega Decisions
3 Marketing, Distribution,
Customer Service
3
ORGANIZATIONAL
EFFECTIVENESS
5 Restructuring of the
Industry
4 Restructuring of the
Organization
3 Growth and Increase in
Market Share
Enhancing Products
and Services
Above the Line
Below the Line
2
Leveraging Investment
SAVE MONEY
OPERATIONAL CONTROL
1
2 Financial, Manufacturing,
Services
1 Administrative
Reducing Costs
2 Asset Management
1 Process Management
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Nature of IT Center
Cost
Center
Profit
Center
I/T
Investment
Center
Service
Center
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TANGIBLE
IT Benefits Measurement
HIGH
Better Information
Improved Security
Lower Risk
LOW
Market Reaction
Faster Information
Access to New Staff Positive Staff Reaction
LOW
Staff Reduction
Lower Assets
More Sales
HIGH
MEASURABLE
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IT and Business Alignment
Vision
Mission
Value
Objectives
Critical Success Factors
Key Performance Indicators
Business Strategy
I/T Strategy
Business Process and Tactical Procedures
DAY-TO-DAY OPERATIONAL ACTIVITIES
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Boeing Strategic Architecture
What business
processes
should be used?
Business Process
Architecture
drives
Product Groups
Information Services
Information
Architecture
Standards
prescribes
Information System
Architecture
What
information is
needed to
accomplish
those processes?
How are the
processes and
information
related?
identifies
Data Architecture
Feedback
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How is the
data
managed?
support by
Delivery System Architecture
Hardware, Software, Communications
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Which hardware,
software, and
network are required?
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Information System Strategic Planning
ANALYSIS PROCESS
INPUT
BLUE PRINT
&
K
INTERNAL
R
T
Best Practice
List of Scenarios
CULTURE
PEOPLE
POLICIES
Information Technology
Development
Technical Design
VALUE
LEGAL
ASPECT
Project Management
H
S
A
R
R
E
H
Risk Management
Cost/Benefit Analysis
STANDARD
S
Information Management
Strategy
STRATEGIC PLANNING
PROCEDURES
Industry Trend
Benchmarking
S
FINANCIAL
RESOURCES
VISION
MISSION
CSFs
KPIs
STRATEGY
BUSINESS
PROCESS
Information Technology
Supply
R
COMPANY
ASSETS
COMPANY
GEOGRAPHICAL
TOPOLOGY
Approach and Methodology
Competitor Analysis
E
TECHNOLOGY
INFRASTRUCTURE
ORGANIZATION
STRUCTURE
E
N
Information System
Requirements
N
T
Existing Information
Technology
EXTERNAL
THREE DOMAINS
R
W
Business Plan
Strength and Weakness
A
O
Corporate History
Constraints and Opportunities
P
O
L
D
E
Macro Environment
Ideology, Political Agenda, Economic Environment, Social
and Culture, International Relationship, National
Defense, Religion, Behaviors,
Priorities Level and Schedule
Implementation Plan
Human Resource Skills and
Competencies
Requirements
Change Management
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New Type of Corporation
KNOWLEDGE COMPANY
Demand-Chain
Components
Application
Enablers
Technology
Vehicles
Supply-Chain
Components
•Market Strategy
•Product Design
•Marketing
•E-Catalogues
•ERP
•Email
•E-Collaboration
•Customer Management
•Value Network Management
•E-Forms
•WWW
•EDI
•Electronic Funds
•E-Bulleting Boards
•Chat Rooms
•Financial EDI
•Value-Added Networks
•Internet
•Extranet
•Web TV
•Wide Area Networks
•E-Marketplaces
•Intranet
•Private Network
•Procure
•Inbound Logistics
•Manufacturing
•Transportation
•Distribute
•Delivery
•Customer
56
11/18/2008
PHYSICAL
COMPANY
PTIK-PPS-MIK-UPDM-B-MASWIG
Success Indicators
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Etc.
New Business (products/services)
New Market (customers)
New Revenue (business model)
New Company (business transformation)
New Image (business community)
New Wealth (paradigm shift)
Key Points:
•
From “nothing” to “existing”
•
From “existing” to “creating”
•
From “creating” to “improving”
•
From “improving” to “growing”
•
From “growing” to “performing”
57
11/18/2008
PTIK-PPS-MIK-UPDM-B-MASWIG