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Introduction to the
Hematopoietic and Lymphatic
Systems
Chapter 36
Blood Function
Transports
Oxygen and carbon dioxide
Nutrients
Hormones
Waste products
Maintains
Acid base balance
Fluid and electrolyte balance
Homeostasis
Hematopoietic System
Hematopoiesis: the manufacture and
development of blood cells
Hematopoietic System
Bone
Marrow
Red
Marrow
Lymphatic
System
Yellow
Marrow
Thymus
Gland
Spleen
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Anatomy and Physiology
Red Bone Marrow
↓
Myeloid stem cells
Erythrocytes (RBCs)
Leukocytes (WBCs)
Platelets
Lymphoid stem cells
Lymphocytes: WBCs
with immune
functions
Erythrocytes (RBCs)
Major function: tissue
oxygenation
transport O2 & remove CO2
Erythropoiesis: Production of
erythrocytes
Erythropoietin: Regulates the
rate of production
Erythrocytes (RBCs)
Hemoglobin
Iron containing pigment
Binds with oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin
Carries oxygen to the cells of the body
Normal amount: 12 to 17.4 g/dL
Removed by spleen and liver
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Leukocytes (WBCs)
Protective function
Fight infection
Make antibodies
Normal count: 5,000
to 10,000/mm3
Leukocytosis: ↑WBCs
Leukopenia: ↓WBCs
Leukocytes (WBCs)
Granulocytes
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils
Leukocytes (WBCs)
Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
B lymphocytes (B cells): humoral immunity
T lymphocytes (T cells): cellular immunity
Monocytes (macrophages)
Phagocytize large sized debris
Help combat severe infections
Contribute to immune response
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Platelets (Thrombocytes)
Aid in clotting
Shape: disk-like,
non-nucleated
Life span: 7.5 days
Normal range:
150,000-350,000
Plasma
Liquid/serum portion of
blood
90% water, 10% proteins
Contains and transports
Blood cells
Plasma Proteins
Albumin
Globulins
Clotting factors
Blood Groups
Types: A, B, AB, and O
Rh positive or negative
Universal donor: O
Universal recipient: AB
Compatibility
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Blood Groups
Blood Transfusion
Complications
Incompatibility
↓BP, ↑HR,
difficulty
breathing, back
pain, flushing
Stop blood, infuse
saline, O2
Febrile
Fever, shaking,
chills, HA, ↑HR,
muscle ache
Stop blood, start
saline, VS
Septic
Fever, chills, ↓BP
Stop blood, start
saline
Blood Transfusion
Complications
Allergic
Rash, itching,
flushing, stable VS
Slow rate of
infusion, assess pt,
antihistamine
Moderate chilling
No fever or other
symptoms
Continue infusion
Circulatory overload ↑BP, difficulty
breathing, moist
breath sounds,
bounding pulse
Reduce rate of
infusion, elevate
head, give O2
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Blood Transfusion
Complications
Hypocalcemia
Tingling of fingers, ↓BP, Stop blood, start
muscle cramps,
saline, calcium
convusions
chloride
HIV/hepatitis B
virus
transmission
Opportunistic infection,
↑antibody titers,
abnormal blood cell
counts or liver enzymes
Encourage
autologous blood
collection if possible
Lymphatic System
Lymphatic System
Thymus Gland
Undifferentiated stem cells released from bone
marrow
Stem cells develop into T lymphocytes upon
migration
Spleen
Largest lymphatic structure
Reservoir of blood
Contains phagocytes
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Lymphatic System
Lymph Nodes
Glandular tissue
Clustered in the axilla, groin, neck, and large
vessels of the thorax and abdomen
Contain both T and B lymphocytes
Lymph
Fluid; similar to plasma in composition
Contraction of skeletal muscles
Lymph ducts: Afferent; efferent
Macrophages attack and engulf foreign substances
http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/adam/images/en/lymph-tissue-in-the-head-and-neck-picture.jpg
Assessment
Past health history
Family history
Social history
Medications
Surgical history
Dietary history; foreign travel
Exposure to industrial or environmental
toxins
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Assessment
Vital signs
Skin
Lymph nodes
Bleeding
Fatigue
Chills; infections
Pain
Neurologic changes
Assessment
Diagnostic Tests
Lab tests: CBC; coagulation tests
Bone marrow aspiration: Blood cell formation
Schilling test: Anemias
Lymph node biopsy; radiography
Ultrasound; CT; bone scan; MRI
https://services.epnet.com/GetImage.aspx/getImage.aspx?ImageIID=5018
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Assessment
Schilling test:
Used to diagnose and classify
Pernicious anemia
Macrocytic anemia
Malabsorption syndromes
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