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KEY
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Semester Final Review Sheet
CELLS - & Scientific Method
1. List some organisms that are made up of cells:
A. Amoeba Proteus
B. Plants
C. Bacteria
D. Eukaryotes
E. virus
2. List the 3 parts of the cell theory (power point notes)
1.All living things are made up of cells.
2.Cells are the smallest working units of all living things.
3.All cells come from preexisting or other cells through cell division.
Diagrams:
The type of cell pictured above is a Plant cell.
List the organelles and their function in the table below.
Cell Organelle or part
Function of Cell Organelle
#1 nucleus
•Directs cell activities ; largest organelle,
contains DNA
Like the digestive system of the cell; Produces
energy
Thick gel-like mixture that fills the cell; 80%
water
storage of food, water, and waste products;
larger in plant;
•Supports & protects cells; allows nutrients and
water through
•Membrane controls movement in and out of
the cell
photosynthesis takes place here; •Contains
green fluid called chlorophyll
#2 mitochondria
#3 Cytoplasm
#4 Central Vacuole
#5 Cell Wall
#6 Cell membrane
#7 Chloroplast
3. The nucleus of the cell is much like the brain in the human.
4. What is the function of the vacuole in the cell? Sac with a membrane used for storage of food,
water, and waste products
5. Turgor Pressure is pressure of the contents on the inside of the cell pushing on the cell wall or
membrane.
If the turgor pressure in a plant cell is low the plant will droop
6. What is an organelle? Have specific functions; Found throughout cytoplasm of the cell
7. The organelle in the plant cell that will determine the pressure is the _______________________.
8. What is the correct level or organization of living things from smallest to largest? (Begin with
cells and check your structure and function reading packet for this.)
Cells ->
Tissue
Scientific Method Step
1. Identify the Problem
2. Form a Hypothesis
3. Test Hypothesis – Experiment
Independent Variable
Dependent Variable
->
Organ
->
Organ System
->
Organism
What happens during that step?
Ask the question you want answered in the
experiment.
Make a prediction with an “if…then” statement
List Materials and Procedure to conduct
experiment
Variable being changed or tested (What are you
testing?)
How we measure the change in the Independent
variable? (Units or something measureable)
4. State the Conclusion
Summarize results and state what you learned
Which step is missing from the table? Data Analysis
9. Identify the step of the scientific method or variable that matches the below experiment using
the chart above:
Experiment Give my brother two cans of a different type of energy drink each day. Have him drink them
within an hour. Record the results after several hours.
Hypothesis If Red Bull is the most effective energy drink, then it will cause my brother to be hyper and wild.
Conclusion It seems that certain energy drinks had a greater affect on my brother than others. Full Throttle
causes him to be more hyper and wild than either Red Bull or Rockstar. However, I observed hyper behavior
with each energy drink.
Indep. variable The different types of energy drinks I use in my experiment.
Problem Does the caffeine in different energy drinks have any effect on my brother’s behavior?
Dep. Variable The amount and type of hyper behavior observed.
PLANTS – Use plant reading hand-out.
10. Plants give off the gas O2 and take in the gas CO2
11. What is the function of a chloroplast? To convert radiant energy into chemical energy. One product is
food (glucose) for the plant.
12. What is geotropism? A plant’s response to gravity. For example roots grow down
How is this an example of geotropism? The roots are growing down with gravity and the stem is
growing up against gravity.
13. What is phototropism? The way a plant grows or bends in response to light. Like a plant growing
towards the window where light enters.
How is this picture an example of phototropism? It’s not; it shows
geotrospim.
14. What is hydrotropism? The way a plant grows or bends in response to water. For example roots
growing towards water.
How is this picture an example of hydrotropism? The roots are growing
towared the water source.
15. What is a stimulus? touching something hot, and then moving your hand away
16. What is a response? touching something hot, and then moving your hand away
17. Decide whether each is an internal or external stimulus (circle) and write what response might be
reasonable.
A. Hunger
Internal or External Stimuli Response: mouth salivates
B. Sunburn
Internal or External Stimuli Response: skin turns red
C. Sunlight for a plant
Internal or External Stimuli Response: plant grows
18. What is chlorophyll? Capture the sunlight and starts the process of photosynthesis
19. How might a plant respond if the turgor pressure in its cells was low? Plant droops or wilts and loses
it’s green color over time.
Chemical Energy – Breaking apart of chemical bonds. In plants water & carbon dioxide are broken
apart using radiant energy to create glucose. Glucose is Chemical Energy in Plants!!!
Radiant Energy – Energy from the Sun.
What is happening in the above picture:
Radiant energy is being converted into chemical energy
What product of photosynthesis is given off at #1?
Oxygen
What component of photosynthesis is taken in at #2?
Carbon Dioxide
What is needed to make the process begin at #3?
Radiant or light Energy (Sunlight)
What is needed and taken in at #4?
water
What product of photosynthesis is formed at #5 and used for plant growth? Glucose
This product is also called chemical energy.
Genetics/Heredity
20. Inside the nucleus of our cells you will find chromosomes We
have 46 pairs of chromosomes in our body cells. We get 23 from
mom and 23 from dad. Our chromosomes are made up of DNA.
If I look at a section of that DNA on the chromosome, that would be called a
gene for one of the traits I hold. I get 2 alleles for each trait I hold.
Those alleles can be either dominant or recessive I can use
a Punnett square to see all the ways that my traits can combine.
21. What is Asexual Reproduction? Reproduction of a plant or animal without fusion of male and
female gametes. It includes vegetative propagation (cuttings, bulbs, rhizomes), cell and tissue
culture.
22. What is Sexual Reproduction? Is how a biological species creates new generations when it
involves both male and female parents
23. In asexual reproduction parent cell makes an exact copy of itself and its DNA. This results in
identical offspring, which are called uniform offspring.
24. In sexual reproduction sex cells combine to make an entirely new cell with similar traits of the
parent cells, but this combination makes an entirely new organism with new DNA. This results in
diverse offspring.
25. TRUE Every sexually-reproduced organism has an even number of chromosomes since they
get the same number of chromosomes from each parent.
26. Why is mitosis important to us? So cells such as red blood, bone and skin can replicate to
continue growth and regeneration in our bodies.
Mitosis passes on our DNA to each new cell created. It replaces old or worn out cells
27. What does heterozygous mean? An organism that has two different alleles on its homologous
chromosomes
28. What does homozygous mean? An organism that has the same type of allele on both of its
homologous chromosomes
29. What are alleles? Different forms or versions of a trait that a gene may have.
30. What does genotype mean? An organism’s genetic make-up
31. What does phenotype mean? Outward physical appearance and behavior of an organism
32. What is heredity? passing of physical characteristics (traits) from parent to offspring.
33. What is Punnett square? A tool to predict probability of certain traits in offspring that show
the different ways alleles can combine
Identify the following and choose the best answer choice:
Is it a PHENOTYPE, GENOTYPE, HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE, HETEROZYGOUS,
HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT, ALLELES,
GG
Homozygous dominant
GG, Gg, gg,
Genotypes
BB, Bb, bb
Green Eyes
Phenotype
Bb
Heterozygous
Dominant or Alleles
Recessive
gg
Homozygous recessive
34. What is natural selection? The traits that help an organism survive in a particular
environment are “selected”
35. Give an example of natural selection. Black moths will be eaten over white moths that blend
in with the tree bark.
36. What is selective breeding? humans select variations that are useful
37. What is the reason for the different shaped beaks of the finches on Galapagos Islands? The
beaks are adapted to the food sources available on the islands
38. Identify the following as either selective breeding or natural selection:
Situation
Natural Selection or Selective Breeding
A. A White rabbit thrives in a snowy environment and natural selection
passes the trait on to offspring.
B. Farmer trying to reproduce a chicken that
selective breeding
produces many eggs.
C. A farmer planting the seeds of a corn stalk that
selective breeding
produces large ears of corn.
D. Brown beetles blend in with leaves on trees, so
natural selection
survive and continue to pass on to offspring.
39. What is an adaptation? The process by which an animal or plant changes in response to its
environment.
Identify which of the following is an adaptation that would increase an organisms chance or
survival, circle the correct answer choice:
A bear hibernating during the winter.
Yes
or NO
A giraffe with a short neck.
Yes
or NO
An orange beetle on a green tree.
Yes
or NO
Brightly colored cardinal that attracts mates.
Yes
or NO
40. Identify each of the following tree leaves using the dichotomous key above.
I. Betula (birch)
II. Aesculus (buckeye)
III. Carya (pecan)
IV. Liquidambar (sweetgum)
V. Cercis (redbud)
VI. Magnolia (magnolia)
VII. Robinia (locust)
VIII. N/A
41. Cross a heterozygous tall man with a heterozygous tall lady. What are the possible genotypes
and phenotypes of the offspring?
T= Tall
t = Short
Genotypes: 25% homozygous tall
T
T
TT
t
50% heterozygous tall
Tt
25% homozygous short
Phenotypes: 75% tall
t
Tt
tt
25% short
42. Cross a heterozygous brown rabbit with a homozygous white rabbit. What are the possible
genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring?
B = Brown
b = White
Genotypes: 0% homozygous brown
B
b
Bb
b
50% heterozygous brown
bb
50% homozygous white
Phenotypes: 50% brown fur
b
Bb
bb
50% white fur
43. Cross a homozygous brown rabbit with a heterozygous brown rabbit. What are the possible
genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring?
B = Brown
b = White
Genotypes: 50% homozygous brown
B
B
BB
B
50% heterozygous brown
BB
0% homozygous white
Phenotypes: 100% brown fur
b
Bb
Bb
0% white fur
44. A momma brown dog and a daddy brown dog have puppies. Three of the puppies are brown
and one is white. Answer the following:
a. Which fur color is probably dominant? Brown
b. Which fur color is probably recessive? White
c. What are the probable genotypes of the parents? Bb