Matter Notes
Chemistry = the study of matter and how it changes
Properties of Matter
Matter = anything that has mass and volume
Property = characteristic
Physical Properties
Intensive – not affected by the amount of the substance
e.g.
- hardness
- state: solid (s), liquid (l), gas (g)
- color
- malleability
- density
- temperature
Extensive – affected by the amount of the substance
- volume (area)
- mass (weight)
Physical vs. Chemical Properties
Physical properties – can be observed and measured without changing the composition (chemical formula) of
matter
Physical properties are either intensive or extensive.
Chemical properties – properties that can be observed only when substances interact with one another; changes
the chemical formula (composition)
All chemical properties are intensive.
e.g. flammability, rust formation
Evidence that a chemical reaction may have occurred




Gas is produced
Formation of a solid
Heat or light is given off
Change in color
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Matter Notes
(On whiteboard)
States of Matter
Shape
Definite
Indefinite
Indefinite
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Volume
Definite
Definite
Indefinite
Density
High
High
Very low
1000X lower
than
solids/liquids
Compressible?
No
No
Yes
Mass
Definite
Definite
Definite
Note: States of matter are subject to changes in T and P.
Solid
liquid
gas
Vibrate
slide past
one another
move freely
and randomly
Energy -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Energy Changes Related to Changes in States of Matter
Endothermic, Sublimation
Endothermic
Melting, fusion
Solid
Exothermic
freezing,
Endothermic
vaporization
Liquid
Exothermic
condensation
solidification
Exothermic, Deposition
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Gas
Matter Notes
Clarification of Terms (from whiteboard)
Define:
1. a) hypothesis: If, then statements; a reasonable statement that can be tested
(predicts)
b) law: statement or mathematical expression of something that always happens; testable
(describes)
c) theory: broad generalization that is based on observation, experimentation, and reasoning; not testable;
is modified as new information is discovered (explains)
2. a) malleable (capable of being hammered, rolled or pressed into various shapes without being broken)
b) ductile (able to be drawn into a wire)
3. a) mass (amount of matter in an object, measured with a balance)
b) weight (effect of gravity, therefore differs with location)
4. a) independent variable (experimenter manipulates; x axis)
b) dependent variable (response to changes in independent variable; y axis)
c) control (standard)
5. a)
b)
c)
d)
energy = ability to do work or produce energy
law of conservation of energy (Energy cannot be created or destroyed)
kinetic energy (energy of an object in motion)
potential energy (energy of an object by its position and composition,
i.e. energy that can be released)
(Demo: penguin toy)
6. a) physical change (a change that does not alter the identity/composition of a substance,
e.g. cutting something)
b) chemical change (a change that alters the identity of a substance, e.g. combustion)
(Demos: boiling water (endothermic, physical)
burning candle (exothermic, chemical))
7. Evidence that a chemical change may have taken place:
a) production of a gas
b) production of a solid (precipitate)
c) change in color
d) change in temperature
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