Biology 20 – Kingdom Animalia – Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes& Nematoda Notes
Ch. 32 Phylum Porifera
General Characteristics
 Adults are _________________________________
 ___________________________ body plan
 Typical body form is __________________________ (______________)
separated by a jelly like substance.
 Sponges have a “skeleton” of silicon or calcium carbonate called _______
___________________________________.
Food Capture & Digestion
• Water passes into the sponge through openings called _____________.
• As the water is passing through the sponge, specialized __________________
called _____________________________________________ food particles.
• Collar cells also create the current that pulls the water through the _________
and out through a larger opening in the top of the sponge called the ________.
• Special cells in the middle layer called ________________ pick up the partly
digested food from the collar cells, complete the digestion process and
______________________________________________________________.
Respiration
• Sponges do not have any specialized organs or tissues for respiration.
• As water passes through the sponge gas exchange is accomplished by
________________________________.
• ____________________________ are also excreted through diffusion.
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Biology 20 – Kingdom Animalia – Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes& Nematoda Notes
Reproduction
• Asexual – __________ creates new small sponges or ____________ in some
groups (A group of cells that are enclosed in a _____________________ that
develop into a sponge when ____________________________).
• Sexual – ______________ change into ___________.
Sperm leave via the
_____________ and are drawn into the _________________ of other sponges
where they enter eggs in the jelly like middle layer to form ______________.
Helpful aspects of Sponges
• Sponges have traditionally been used for decoration and bathing. They have
now been mostly _________________________________.
• Provide homes for many species of animals.
• Act to ____________________________ ocean water.
• Sponges feed on chemicals in the ocean, modify and reuse them for their own
purposes.
• Many of these sponge-modified and sponge-produced chemicals have _____
_________________________________, or are useful against certain human
ailments (e.g. anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular, respiratory, analgesic etc.
properties).
Harmful Aspects of Sponges
• Many sponges are also harmful to humans, producing ___________________
(e.g. from sharp spicules protruding through the surface) and/or with an
irritating mucus and other chemicals, sometimes causing ________________.
Phylum Cnidaria (Coelenterata) (Pg. 687)
• They are __________________ symmetrical
• Bodies are saclike with a central ______________________________
with __________________. (Their ______________is their __________)
• They have 2 tissue layers
• Outer layer of cells - ____________________________
• Inner layer - ___________________________________
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Biology 20 – Kingdom Animalia – Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes& Nematoda Notes
•
In between these tissue layers is a non-cellular jelly-like material called
________________. Cnidarians have no true ______________, but have
a “primitive” _______________________. “A no brainer”
Cnidarians have 2 body plans:
_______________ form
• Tubular body, with the mouth directed ___________________________.
• Around the mouth is a _____________________________________.
• Only have a small amount of ____________________________
• Sessile
________________ form
• Bell-shaped or umbrella shaped body, with the mouth directed ________.
• ________________________, directed downward.
• Possess a large amount of __________________________
• Motile, move by weak contractions of body
Food Getting and Digestion

Cnidarians are _____________ with hydras, some jellyfish and corals
consuming _______________ and some of the sea anemones and jellyfish
consuming _______________________.

They use ____________________ to capture prey and direct it toward the
mouth so that it can be digested in the _______________________ cavity.

Tentacles have stinging cells called ___________________ which poison
and disable prey.

There is no system of _________________________________________;
all these processes take place via __________________________.
Respiration & Waste Disposal
• There is no system of internal transport, gas exchange or excretion; all
these processes take place via _______________________.
Reproduction
• One of the most amazing adaptations is the ability of some cnidarians to
_________________________________________________________.
• Asexual reproduction is common with new individuals being produced by
____________________________________.
• Sexual reproduction - Fertilization is ________________, with the zygote
becoming an elongated, ciliated _______________________________.
Helpful aspects of Cnidarians
 Occupy an important niche in the food chain as they are ______________
_______________________________________.
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Biology 20 – Kingdom Animalia – Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes& Nematoda Notes
 ________________________ that provide homes for thousands of species
of marine animals.
Harmful aspects of Cnidarians
 Many species of _____________________________________________.
Eg.___________________________________________________________
Phylum Platyhelminthes (Pg. 691)
General Characteristics
• They exhibit ____________________________: anterior and posterior
ends are different; so are the dorsal (top) and ventral (bottom) surfaces
• Exhibit some degree of _____________________________________.
• Commonly referred to as the 'flatworms' because their bodies are
____________________________.
• This phylum (and all remaining phyla) possesses ____________________
_________________________________________________________.
• The mesoderm (middle germ layer) gives rise to ____________________
___________________________________________________________.
Cells are organized into ____________________________________.
Diagrams on pg. 692 of text.
Digestive System
• Planaria are flatworms that possess a digestive system, with a ________
__________________________________ from which the nutrients are
absorbed. The intestine, with only one opening, is a _________________.
• Flukes and tapeworms are parasites that have no __________________ so
they absorb ___________ that have already been digested from their host.
Excretory System
• A network of water collecting tubules adjacent to ________________.
These cells remove the wastes from the body through pores in the skin.
• Parasites remove wastes via _________________________.
Nervous System
• Flatworms have a ______________________________ that make up a
__________________________________nervous system.
• Most free living planarians and parasitic larval forms possess a variety of
______________________________________________
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Biology 20 – Kingdom Animalia – Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes& Nematoda Notes
Reproductive System
• Most are capable of some form of __________ reproduction (e.g., many
turbellarians reproduce by fission, many can ________ lost body parts)
• Most flatworms are ________________ (have both male & female sex
organs); however, they must pair with other individuals to exchange
_______________________. They cannot _____________________.
Helpful
 _________________________________________________________
Harmful
 Human and animal diseases such as schistosomiasis _______________
_________________________________________________________.
Phylum Nematoda (The Roundworms) Pg. 694
Eg.___________________________________________________________
General Characteristics
• _________________ symmetrical bodies covered with a tough cuticle.
• Have all 3 germ layers.
• Nematodes __________ have a respiratory or circulatory system; both are
accomplished by __________.
• Locomotion is accomplished by movement in a __________________.
• Body has 2 openings: ________________________________.
• Digestion: Food is taken in the ____________________ and undigested
materials pass out the __________________.
Reproduction
• __________________ reproduction only.
• Fertilization occurs ___________ the body of the female. Fertilized eggs
are covered by a ________________________________.
• New young ________________________________________
• Separate male and female worms.
• Most species have a __________________ life cycle.
Nervous System
• Simple nervous system
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Biology 20 – Kingdom Animalia – Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes& Nematoda Notes
Excretion
• A simple system of _______________________________________.
Helpful
• _________________________________________________________
Harmful
• _________________________________________________________
Examples:
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