Chapter 6: Learning (pages 103-124)
1. Define learning.
2. List the three basic models of learning and who is credited with the development of
each.
(continue to next page)
3. Match the following terms with their definitions. Write the letter of the correct
definition. (Definitions below.)
___ 1. classical conditioning
____ 15. contingencies
____ 2. conditioned stimulus
____ 16. operant (instrumental conditioning)
____ 3. unconditioned stimulus
____ 17. Behaviorism
____ 4. unconditioned response
____ 18. reinforcement
____ 5. conditioned response
____ 19. Skinner
____ 6. Watson
____ 20. Thorndike
____ 7. Pavlov
____ 21. Law of effect
____ 8. discrimination
____ 22. satiation
____ 9. higher-order conditioning
____ 23. shaping
____ 10. extinction
____ 24. punishment
____ 11. spontaneous recovery
____ 25. negative reinforcement
____ 12. avoidance conditioning
____ 26. observational learning (modeling)
____ 13. aversive conditioning
____ 27. Bandura
____ 14. generalization
____ 28. learned helplessness
a. A response elicited by a conditioned stimulus.
b. The model of learning that is more concerned with what occurs before the behavior.
c. A response (i.e. salivation) that reflexively follows an unconditioned stimulus (i.e.
food).
d. A stimulus that, after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus, evokes the same
response.
e. A researcher who conditioned a fear of rats and other furry objects in a boy named
Albert.
f. A stimulus that instinctually elicits an unconditioned response.
g. A physiologist who, in studying digestion in dogs, discovered classical conditioning.
h. A process by which a series of conditioned stimuli serves as a substitute for originally
conditioned stimuli.
i. An example of this type of conditioning is the use of electric shock as an unconditioned
stimulus paired with a conditioned stimulus such as a bell, so that when the
conditioned stimulus is given on its own, the response of fear is elicited.
j. A process by which a second stimulus similar to the first, presented to a subject after
acquisition, will also produce a conditioned response.
k. The process of distinguishing between relevant and irrelevant conditioned stimuli,
stopping its response to stimuli not directly associated with the unconditioned stimulus
event.
l. When there is a sudden increase in responding during the process of extinction.
m. A tendency to avoid situations where whatever people have learned to fear might
appear.
n. When a conditioned stimulus is repeatedly not followed by the unconditioned stimulus
and the conditioned response becomes weaker and weaker until it no longer occurs.
o. We do what brings us pleasure and avoids pain.
p. The model of learning that is more concerned with what happens after the behavior.
q. Five modes of relationship between responses and reinforcers that increase or decrease
the rate of an operant response.
r. Any stimulus that follows a response and increases the probability of its occurrence.
s. A researcher who began the study of instrumental conditioning and formulated the law
of effect.
t. A theory of operant conditioning “quite compatible with Christian thought in general”
which has been applied to child rearing, counseling, and the church.
u. His assumption is reported to be that operant conditioning is capable of explaining all
human behavior in naturalistic terms, leaving no room for choices and no room for
God.
v. The removal of an unpleasant or aversive situation as a result of behavior.
w. Examples are when people do not speak out on current issues because they think they
have no influence or when Christians give up on the local church because it is “beyond
help.”
x. The model that explains how much of the behavior we exhibit has been learned or
modified by watching models engage in those actions.
y. The theorist who suggests the most likely influences are those who are attractive or
perceived as similar to the observer, are available, and are engaging in important
behaviors.
z. The most powerful way of suppressing behavior, but may teach aggression. It is the
presentation of an aversive stimulus that decreases the probability of a response.
aa. The condition in which a previously desired item is no longer desired because so
much has already been acquired.
bb. The development of a single behavior by using a succession of steps.
4. Based on what you’ve learned about modeling, list three people in the church who
would likely be viewed as models?
5. List three people who have been or are currently models in your own life.
You are encouraged to read Chapters 7 & 8 at your leisure, but it is not required reading
for this course.