Qualities of a good nurse

Тексты для восприятия и понимания речи на слух к учебному пособию для гимназий и лицеев «Английский язык/Англійская мова. 11 класс”. Минск.

Вышэйшая школа, 2015.

Unit 1: Family.

1. Unit 1 Lesson 2 Ex.3a

Host: The birth of children in a family causes many people to think back to previous generations. Unfortunately, many of us know very little about our ancestors. But some people have proven how much we can learn if we are really interested in our family history.

John: That’s true. It is surprising what can be unknowingly handed down through a family. I realized I knew almost nothing even about my great grandparents and I started out to find out about my family. I was lucky, because I found a lot of information in our local archive and from talking to some of our distant relatives.

What I discovered did actually give me a sense of knowing who I was.

Jean: Yes, It’s a bit like reading a thrilling historical novel! If you can find out which of your ancestors lived through a particular era, you`ll find the history of that time really comes alive. It gives you a feeling you are a part of it. I was really surprised how much one can learn from old newspapers and archives. I`ve managed to find a paper trail for my family back to about 1803. I went back to the places they lived and it took me back in time.

Host: This is all really fascinating, but many people can’t spend the time in archives, and libraries may not have the necessary information. What would you advise them to do?

Julie: When I started my research I realized how much I can learn at home, just looking through old photos and some old things that are around in every family house. I’ve discovered a lot of postcards in my grandmother`s house, all with these wonderful messages on the back. It`s all part of the family research.

And, of course, the Internet – a lot of curious facts can be found there: archive references and articles from newspapers.

1

Jean: Yes, you are right, but you know I feel we should talk more to our relatives – our grandparents. They do have a lot to tell us! It gives you a sense of belonging to a family and helps you understand yourself better. That’s exactly what has happened to me! It stimulated in me the desire to find out as much as I could about the family.

I think it adds to your identity. It gives you a sense of who you are and where you’ve come from. It puts you in context.

2. Unit 1 Lesson 5 Ex.2

I’ve got one brother – Roland. He's alright, I suppose, but I wish I had more brothers and sisters. I think it must be awful to be an only child. An only child is often spoilt – they get everything they want from their parents all the time. And then sometimes they are a bit shy or at least not very sociable because they’re not used to being with other people. Well, I suppose there are some advantages too. I mean, you get lots of attention all the time from your parents and you don`t have to share everything with the other children. But I think big families are better. A big family teaches the older children how to look after the younger ones and that`s a good thing. All the big families I know are always friendly and good fun. Of course, it`s more expensive to look after a big family – so money can be a problem. Personally, I think the ideal family size is four. I’d like to have a sister and two brothers. That would be nice.

3. Unit 1 Lesson 7 Ex.2 a)

There were a lot of families in the history of Belarus; however none was more renowned than the Radziwill family. The story of the members of this family occupies many pages in the modern encyclopaedia of Belarus. The family left its imprint on a wide variety of human endeavours – from public and political life to culture and education. Members of the family were leaders in wars against the enemies of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and later of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Russian Empire. For centuries they had been collecting books, documents, paintings, weapons and other rare and valuable objects that could fill entire museums. History has preserved a lot of names of the

Radziwill family. Let us recollect some of them today.

2

4. Unit 1 Lesson 7, ex. 4a

Barbara Radziwill (1520–1551), the Queen of Poland and Duchess of Lithuania was the most beautiful woman of her time. It is written in the chronicles that she was

“triumphant in her beauty and love affairs”. Indeed, the love she awoke in the heart of the

Polish King Zyhimont II August was called “the love affair of the century.”

Nickolay Radziwill Chorny (the Black) (1515–1565) filled high and responsible posts in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania: great chancellor, governor of Vilno, administrator of

Litovia. His policy was aimed at strengthening the sovereignty of the Belarusian state.

His son Nickolay Kristof Radziwill Sirotka (1549–1616) a Catholic, headed the fight against Calvinism and issued orders to burn books published by Calvinist printing houses.

At the same time he exerted every effort to make the architecture of the Radziwill palace in Nesvizh equal to that of contemporary European cities. He was famous as the author of a detailed travelogue describing his journey to Jerusalem, Syria, Egypt and other places.

Mikhail Kazimir Radziwill (Rybonka) (1702–1762) rebuilt the town and the castle of

Nesvizh. He occupied high state posts, possessed land and was a close friend of King

August II. He was a powerful magnate and Nesvizh was turned into a center of his estate.

In those years his wife Franciska Ursula Radziwill (1705–1753), who was writing comedies and dramas, established the first Slavic secular theatre in Nesvizh. Dramas, operas and ballets were staged there. Slutsk ballet school was attached to the theatre. This theatre was in action till 1760. That was also the time of restoration of book printing in

Nesvizh.

The Radziwills collected jewelry, paintings, weapon, different precious objects...

Until l now nobody has been able to find out where the treasures have gone.

5. Unit 1 Lesson 8. Listening

HOW WE KEPT MOTHER'S DAY

We decided to have a special celebration of Mother's Day. We thought it a fine idea. It made us realise how much Mother had done for us for years, and all the efforts and sacrifices that she had made for our sake.

3

So we decided that we'd make it a great day, a holiday for all the family, and do everything we could to make Mother happy. Father decided to take a holiday from his office, so as to help in celebrating the day, and my sister Ann and I stayed home from college classes, and Mary and my brother Will stayed home from high school.

It was our plan to make it a day just like Christmas or any big holiday, and so we decided to decorate the house with flowers. We asked Mother to do it, because she always does it.

The two girls thought it would be a nice thing to dress in our best for such a big occasion, and so they both got new hats. Father had bought silk ties for himself and us boys. We were going to get Mother a new hat too, but it turned out that she liked her old hat better than a new one.

After breakfast we decided that we would hire a motor car and take Mother for a beautiful drive away into the country. But on the very morning of the day we changed the plan a little bit. We all felt that it would be nicer to have a definite purpose. It turned out that Father had just got a new rod the day before, and he said that Mother could use it if she wanted to: in fact, he said it was practically for her, only Mother said she would rather watch him fish than fish herself.

So we got everything

.

arranged for the trip. Mother cut up some sandwiches and packed it all up in a basket for us.

When the car came to the door, it turned out that we couldn't all fit in. Father said that he could stay at home and work in the garden. The girls said that Mother had only to say the word and they'd gladly stay at home and work.

In the end it was decided that Mother would stay at home and have a lovely restful day round the house. It turned out anyway that Mother didn't care for fishing and also it was just a little bit cold and fresh out-of-doors, though it was lovely and sunny, and Father was afraid that Mother might take cold if she came.

We had the loveliest day. Father and the boys fished, the girls met quite a lot of people.

We all had a splendid time.

4

It was quite late when we got back. We sat down to dinner. It was grand. When it was over all of us wanted to help clear the things up and wash the dishes, only Mother said that she would really much rather do it.

When we all kissed Mother before going to bed, she said it had been the most wonderful day in her life and I think there were tears in her eyes.

UNIT 2

6. Unit 2 Lesson 1. ex. 1b)

Britain or Great Britain is an island and the people who live here are called the British,

Britons or Brits. This doesn’t include Ireland, which is the second biggest island of the

British Isles. The bigger part of Ireland is called Eire, and was part of Britain once but isn’t now except for Northern Ireland or Ulster.

The official or political name of the country is the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain and

Northern Ireland’ which is often abbreviated to ‘UK’. The country is made up of England,

Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.

One of the unofficial romantic or poetic names of the country is Albion which is the oldest known name of the island of Great Britain. Caledonia, Cambria and Hibernia are the

Roman names for Scotland, Wales and Ireland.

7. Unit 2 Lesson 3, ex. 1b, 1c

Surnames were originally introduced into England by the Normans in 1066, and the practice began to spread. Initially, surnames changed from generation to generation, or even as a person changed his job – "John Blacksmith" may have become "John Farrier" as his trade developed. But by 1400, surnames in England and lowland Scotland had mostly settled down and become hereditary. Common surnames such as Smith, Wright, Cook,

Taylor and Turner are all based on a person's trade or occupation, and these would have been common in that era. Other occupational names include Knight, Thatcher and

Fletcher.

5

Another common source of surnames are nicknames or descriptive names. Goodchild,

Love, Wise and Armstrong all fall into this category.

Some of the oldest surnames are those derived from place names. These can include location names such as Heath and Dale, as well as specific places such as Preston and

Stanley.

Other early surnames include those derived from the name of a parent. For example,

"David's son" became Davidson or Davids, and "Peter's son" became Peterson or Peters. A very large number of Welsh surnames follow this pattern, with Jones (from "John's son") being the most common of all. Some others like Davis, Evans, Rees also suggest Welsh origin.

The prefix Mak - or Mc which is the Gaelic word for "son" in surnames such as

MacDonald, McCartney, MacMillan is always either Scottish or Irish.

The prefix O’ is distinctly Irish like in O’Hara. Another common Irish prefix is Fitz -

(Fitzgerald). Many other Irish names like Murphy or Connor don’t have any prefixes.

First names can also be indicative. The Scottish form of John is Ian and the Irish form is

Sean , although all three names are common throughout Britain.

8. Unit 2 Lesson 5, ex. 2b

Presenter: Good morning. Today we are going to speak about Britain’s favourite pastimes. Our guest is Dr. Jane Hill who has conducted a survey on this issue. Hallo Jane.

J: Hallo, Steve.

P: Jane, you believe that hobbies can help keep us happy and healthy.

J: Yes, indeed. Hobbies can help you forget your worries for a while and change your mood. It can be good to have an interest where you’re just you. Britain’s most popular pastimes are playing a vital role in our mental wellbeing.

P: So which are the hobbies delivering the greatest benefits in the UK today?

J: The results show Brits still love the great outdoors. Walking in the countryside has been voted as Britain's best-loved pastime. In our survey, a countryside walk narrowly received more votes than eating out and reading a book in the garden, as our most beloved activity.

We are fortunate enough to live in a country where we are always going to be a fairly short

6

distance from a rural location, which means we can escape when we have had enough of the rat race and the stresses of modern life.

P: I thought it would be gardening.

J: Gardening is still a passion for many people in Britain. The British are known as a nation of gardeners. Many people have a garden on their property and are proud of their houses and gardens. More than a third (38%) of pensioners say that gardening is the hobby that gives them the most pleasure in life. Younger people though prefer different things.

P: Like what?

J: You will be surprised. It’s knitting and decoupage.

P: Really?

J: Oh, yes. Boosted by its many celebrity fans, knitting is booming in Britain. It is especially popular amongst women aged between 20 and 35. The UK Hand Knitting

Association estimates that around 7 million women in the UK have an interest in knitting or sewing as well as the modern take on the old art of decoupage .

P: What is decoupage?

J: Decoupage involves decorating objects with paper – and is a growing trend with women keen to give household objects like tables and chairs a new lease of life. It’s popular with kids too, as a great activity that they can do with mum or dad.

P: What about collecting? Do people still collect stamps or postcards?

J: Of course, yes.

Collecting is an old favourite. People collect stamps, postcards, coins, china, furniture, dolls and what not. I’ve come across people who collect old irons, buttons, teddy bears and even kinder surprise toys , but they are not numerous.

P: What other interesting hobbies can you mention?

J: Bird watching is getting more and more popular. The British Trust for Ornithology reports that it has more volunteer birdwatchers than ever. It says that more than 40,000 contributed to its “Bird Atlas” project counting British birds.

P: Thank you, Jane. We have a short break now and after the break Jane will answer you phone calls. So, stay with us.


7

P: We are back and we are getting our first phone call from Miss Rossiter from Brighton.

Miss R: Jane, could you please explain what decoupage means?

J: Of course, of course. Decoupage comes from the French word découper , meaning ‘to cut out’ – is a craft or art form that entails pasting cut-outs (typically paper) to an object and then covering them with several coats of lacquer. It is a fun and easy way to decorate just about any object, including household items from small vases to large pieces of furniture – the possibilities are endless.

Miss R: How interesting. Could you please explain it in more detail?

J: You can follow these easy steps;

1.

Select an object you want to decorate, and collect materials. You can use just about any materials, including cards, tissue paper, wrapping paper, magazine clippings, thin fabric pieces, or (of course) decoupage paper.

2.

Prepare the surface. Make sure the object you are decorating is clean and dry, remove bumps and imperfections if necessary.

3.

Apply the glue. Use a paintbrush to brush a thin layer of glue onto your surface and onto the backs of the cut-outs. Make sure you apply the glue evenly and over the edges of the cut-outs.

4.

Glue the cut-outs, piece-by-piece, to the object. Apply the paper carefully to avoid bending or crumpling it, and smooth it out with a small roller, rubbing outward from the center. Repeat with each piece.

5.

Let glue dry. Make sure the whole piece is completely dried before proceeding. If applying several layers, make sure each layer is dry before starting on the next.

6.

Apply lacquer. Let each coat dry thoroughly before applying the next. The number of coats is up to you.

7.

Sand the decoupage when it is dry, with sandpaper to remove imperfections.

P: One more phone call but I am afraid there is no time today. We will continue discussing hobbies next Wednesday at the same time. Thank you Jane, thank you for all your phone calls. Take care.

10. Unit 2 Lesson 6, ex.1b.

8

John: Ann, we can’t really go to Tuesday’s game. I’ve been thinking about exchanging our tickets.

Ann: Yeah, why?

J: We shouldn’t really go to this football match because Paul phoned and said he might be coming to us on Tuesday evening.

A: Why might ?

Doesn’t he know for sure?

J: Not really, it depends on the availability of the tickets. So, he may come either at 8 p.m. on Tuesday or 6 a.m. on Wednesday.

A: Shall I make his favourite roast beef on Tuesday?

J: You don’t have to do it on Tuesday. His conference finishes on Friday and he will stay till Saturday. We’ll have plenty of time but you definitely must do it one evening. I am sure he’ll enjoy it.

A: OK, ...mmm… one more thing. There is a cricket match on Friday. Paul may be interested. We should buy the tickets in advance otherwise we won’t be able to get good seats.

J: I think that’s a great idea but first, let me check with Paul. ( звук набора номера на телефоне и гудки перед ответом dials the number).

Paul, hi! A quick question. Ann thought we might go to a cricket match on Friday. What do you think?

P: ( голос отвечающего по телефону ) Hi, excellent idea. Could you please buy one extra ticket then? There will be a colleague from Belarus at the conference. He must have never been to a cricket match. I think he ought to watch it while in Britain. It’s so British.

J: Ok, I am sure he will like it. And after the match we can invite him for dinner and treat him to something typically British like…. roast beef and Yorkshire pudding.

P: ( голос отвечающего по телефону ) Sounds great! I can’t wait. I’m looking forward to it!

J: Right Paul, it’s all for now. Bye.

P: ( голос отвечающего по телефону

)Thanks a lot. See you soon.


9

People in Wales and those of Welsh origin celebrate the life of their patron saint, St David, and the Welsh culture on March 1 each year. Many people pin a daffodil or leek to their clothes and some, especially children, wear traditional costumes.

St David's Day is not a public holiday therefore government offices, schools, post offices and businesses are open. However, it is a day of celebration so many schools, institutions and even businesses will have a special programme for the day. Many people attend special church services, parades, choral recitals or Welsh literature readings. Schools plan celebrations, often involving choirs, on the day.

The Welsh flag, a red dragon on a white and green background, is displayed prominently and a festive mood prevails. The traditional meal on St David's Day is soup that is made of leeks and other locally grown produce.

St David plays a very important role in Welsh culture but little is known about his life. It is believed that he lived to be 100 years old and that he died in 589. It is difficult to tell which aspects of the St David’s story are true and which are legend. He was supposed to have been very gentle and physically strong and tall despite eating very little.

St David travelled widely and founded several churches and a monastery in Wales and eventually became an archbishop. People started making pilgrimages to St David’s monastery after he was canonized. A cathedral still stands on its original site.

UNIT 3.

12a. Unit 3 Lesson 1, ex.3b

Key facts about Belarus

The republic of Belarus is a small country in the centre of Europe with a total land area of

207,600 km2.

The population of the country is 9,468,200 as recorded on 1 January 2014. Thus, the population of the country is growing and life expectancy at birth is 72.6 years at the moment, which is quite high. Minsk, the largest of the Belarusian cities and its capital, has

1, 921,800 inhabitants. On the whole, the proportion of the urban population makes up

76.8%. It means that most people live in cities and towns. The regional centres of Belarus

10

are also quite large and have the following number of people as of 1 January 2014: Brest –

331,000; Vitebsk – 363,000; Gomel – 512,000; Grodno – 357,000; Mogilev – 371,000.

The largest ethnicity groups are represented by Belarusians with 83.7% and Russians –

8.3%. Poles make up 3.1%, Ukrainians – 1.7%, and the Jews -0.1%.

There are two state languages in the country – Russian and Belarusian.

Belarusians celebrate more than 10 national holidays. Most of them are days off; New

Year’s Day on 1 January, Orthodox Christmas 7January, Women’s Day on 8 March, 9 th day after Orthodox Easter – Radonitsa, Labour Day on 1 May, Victory Day on 9 May,

Independence Day on 3 July, October Revolution Day on 7 November, Catholic Christmas on 25 December.

Other official dates are Constitution Day on 15 March, Union Day of Belarus and Russia on 2 April, Day of the National Emblem and Flag of Belarus on the 2 nd Sunday in May.

Besides the official holidays in Belarus, there is also a popular ancient national holiday of

Kupalle, which is celebrated the entire night of 6 July. This holiday is accompanied by songs, dances and traditions, such as fire-jumping and night swims.

12b. Unit 3 Lesson 1, ex. 4b

The National Flag

The National Flag of the Republic of Belarus is a rectangular canvas, which is made up of two horizontal stripes and a vertical one. The upper red stripe takes up two-thirds of the flag’s width, the green lower stripe is as large as one-third. The vertical red-on-white

Belarusian national decorative pattern, which occupies one-ninth of the flag’s length, is on the side of the flagpole.

The National Emblem of the Republic of Belarus

The National Emblem of the Republic of Belarus is made up of a green outline of the

Republic of Belarus lit by the golden rays of the sun rising over the globe. A five-pointed

11

red star is located at the top of the outline. The emblem is encircled by a wreath of golden wheat heads intertwined with clover flowers on the right and flax flowers on the left. The wheat heads are embraced by a red-and-green ribbon with a golden inscription “Republic of Belarus”.

The Republic of Belarus celebrates the national holiday of the Belarus National Flag and

National Emblem Day on the second Sunday of May every year.

The National Anthem of the Republic of Belarus

The music for the National Anthem of the Republic of Belarus has been written by Nestor

Sokolovsky, the lyrics – by Mikhail Klimkovich and Vladimir Korizna.

The National Anthem of the modern Belarus retains the musical basis of the anthem of the

Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic. The music by Nestor Sokolovsky has been popular and respected by generations of Belarusians, this is why it was decided to keep it when the anthem of the independent Belarus was created. After that a contest for the anthem lyrics was announced.

The words of the National Anthem reflect development of the Republic of Belarus as a sovereign and peace-loving country. They emphasise patriotism and diligence of the nation, brotherly relations between all nationalities that live in the country.


We cannot help mentioning the names of outstanding sportsmen – the heroes of modern

Belarusian history.

Alexander Medved is an outstanding Belarusian sportsman and trainer in freestyle wrestling. He was an Olympic Champion in 1964, 1968 and 1972 and a World Champion in 1962, 1963, 1966, 1967, 1969, 1970 and 1971. He is recognised as the best freestyle wrestler of the 20th century.

12

Olga Korbut. The legendary gymnast won four Olympic Gold medals (three of them – in team, balance beam and floor exercise events at the Olympic Games in Munich in 1972 and one in 1976 in Montreal. At the 1972 Olympics, Korbut's acrobatics and high-level gymnastics brought her much fame. To this day, the tuck back and Korbut Flip are still very popular. Her excellence in technical skills overthrew the sport's traditional focus on artistry. In 1972 Korbut was named Best Sportswoman in the World.

Vitaly Shcherbo, born 13 January 1972 in Minsk, Byelorussian SSR, is a Belarusian former artistic gymnast. One of the most successful gymnasts of all time, he is the only male gymnast ever to have won a world title in all eight events (Individual All-Around in

1993, Team in 1991, Floor in 1994, 1995 and 1996, Horizontal Bar in 1994, Parallel Bars in 1993 and 1995, Pommel Horse in 1992, Rings in 1992, Vault in 1993 and 1994). He was the most successful athlete at the 1992 Summer Olympics – XXV Olympic Games in

Spain, winning 6 of 8 events – team, all-around, pommel horse, ring, vault, parallel bars.

He is also a winner of four bronze medals at the XXVI Olympic Games in Atlanta, USA, in 1996. He is a World Champion 14 times, a European Champion 10 times, the winner of the Good-Will games (USA, 1990) and a champion of Universidad (1993, 1995).

Igor Makarov won a gold medal in judo at the 2004 Athens Olympic Games

Julia Nesterenko is a Belarusian sprinter. She won the women's 100 metres at the 2004

Summer Olympics in Athens in 10.93 seconds, becoming the first non-black and first non-

U.S. athlete to win the event since the 1980 Summer Olympics.

Maxim Mirnyi is the most famous Belarusian tennis player. He has won a series of international doubles titles, such as Great Slam, Wimbledon, US OPEN, Australian Open,

French Open and others and has led the Belarus national team to its best-ever result in the

Davis Cup.

Victoria Azarenko is a Belarusian professional tennis player, winner of major WTA tournaments, an Olympic champion. In January 2012 Victoria Azarenko became WTA

World No. 1 for the first time in her career. At the 2012 London Olympic Games she won

13

the gold medal in the mixed doubles together with Max Mirny and the bronze medal in the women’s singles.

Darya Domracheva is a Belarusian biathlete who has been competing in the Biathlon

World Cup since 2006. At the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi she won three gold medals in the women’s 10km pursuit, the women’s 15km individual race and the 12.5km mass start. She is the bronze medalist in the women's 15km individual race at the 2010 Winter

Olympic Games in Vancouver. She is the winner of the Biathlon Award 2010, when she was named Female Athlete of the Year.

Alexei Grishin is a freestyle skier, the winner of Belarus’s first gold Winter Olympics medal in Vancouver 2010. He is also the Olympic bronze medalist of the Winter

Olympics in Salt Lake City, 2002.

Sergei Martynov, a Belarusian sharpshooter, is called “the king of small-bore rifle”, the

London 2012 champion. His wonderful skill and good nerve helped him to shoot a maximum 10.9 in the ninth round which brought the crowd to its feet. Going into the final round of the Olympiad, he set a new world record: scored the maximum 600 points in prone rifle shooting. He is also a two-time Olympic bronze medalist in Sydney and

Athens.

Ruslan Salei is one of the best sportsmen in Belarus’ hockey history, captain of Belarus' national team. Ruslan Salei is Belarus’ first ice hockey player to be promoted to the

Stanley Cup Finals.

Life is going on. No doubt, Belarusian people will inscribe new names into the world heritage.


One of the most exciting events in our country in 2014 was the World Ice Hockey

Championship, which was held on 9–25 May.

14

Two main venues had been constructed for the World Ice Hockey Championship – Minsk

Arena with 15,000 seats (opened on 30 January, 2009) and Chizhovka Arena with the seating capacity of around 10,000.

A total of 43 hotels from five-star to one-star and economy-class and 12 halls of residence, including seven of the new complex Student Village , had been prepared for meeting guests of the Championship.

Official participants of the world championship, teams, referees, IIHF officials and journalists were accommodated in the hotels Minsk, President Hotel, Europe, Crowne

Plaza, Victoria-1, Victoria-2, Victoria-Olymp, Garni, Renaissance, Robinson Club,

Narochanskaya, Svisloch and Belarus.

The fans were able to stay in the city’s hotels, hostels, halls of residence and a Fan Village.

Transport infrastructure had also been improved before the beginning of the 2014 IIHF

World Championship in Minsk. An additional runway had been built at the Minsk

National Airport. All major international motorways, crossing Belarus, had been made four-lane. Four new traffic interchanges had been constructed to ease the traffic near the ice arenas, additional metro stations had been built, and the city commuter train service had been introduced.

It was very easy for guests to get to Belarus for the time of the Championship. Visa requirements had been changed before the 2014 IIHF World Championship in Minsk. The entry to Belarus during the 2014 IIHF World Championship (on 25 April – 31 May 2014) had been made visa-free by the Belarusian authorities.

Even though there is no terrorism in Belarus, a system of additional security measures had been created for the IIHF World Championship by the Belarusian Interior Ministry’s jointed efforts with the Emergencies Ministry, the Healthcare Ministry and the Ice Hockey

Federation of Belarus.

Not all Minskers speak foreign languages. That is why volunteers with foreign language skills had been recruited by the Education Ministry in cooperation with youth

15

organizations to help guests and participants of the 2014 World Ice Hockey

Championship. The volunteers were deployed in all public places of the city.

15. Unit 3 Lesson 5, ex. 4

Interesting facts

In early 2008 the Belarusian Ice Hockey Federation announced a competition to decide on the best Belarusian 2014 IIHF WC logo. The organizing committee received more than

200 works, but designer Victoria Adamovich’s laconic logo won the competition. The

2014 IIHF WC logo is recognizable and popular. The logo was used to make souvenirs and ads of the tournament. One could also see it on public transport, bills and billboards.

Preparation for the 2014 IIHF World Championship also included an open mascot design competition, announced by the Belarusian Ice Hockey Federation for the 2014 IIHF World

Championship. As many as 40 design proposals had been submitted. The image of the bison, one of Belarus’ symbols, was named the official mascot of the IIHF World

Championship in Minsk. The mascot was created by artist and designer from Minsk Vitaly

Ortyukh.

A nationwide contest for the best name and story/biography for the official mascot of the

2014 IIHF World Championship was announced in March 2013. Following the competition, which had almost 300 proposals filed, the mascot got the name Volat (the heroic warrior – in Belarusian).

500 days before to the competition about 40 Belarusian enterprises began manufacturing souvenirs with the 2014 IIHF WC logo. Among the most popular ones were T-shirts, caps, scarves, towels, pucks, hockey sticks (including decorative made from cut glass), badges and magnets. These souvenirs were available in shops, passenger stations and the National

Airport Minsk.


16

Spokeswoman : I’d like to inform you about an interesting joint project of the national cinema company ‘Belarusfilm’ and limited liability company ‘Art Cinema Group’. The leading parts are performed by handsome actors Daniil Strakhov and Markus Kuntse. The script of the eight-part series was written by the general producer of the film Gleb

Shprigov. It is based on the novel by Moscow writer Yuri Kostin, which became popular with the readers not only in CIS, but in Europe as well. This is an adventurous story, in which a Russian and a German are looking for St Euphrosyne’s Cross which disappeared during the war. The director of the film is Alexander Yefremov.

Alexander Yefremov : The German character in the film – Rulf Muller – is a descendent of a German private first class, performed by a German actor Markus Kuntse. The Russian adventurer Anton Ushakov is played by Daniil Strakhov. The characters are completely different: the German likes to give his actions a good thought first, whereas the Russian pushes him to actions and adventure. It creates interesting psychological and dramatic situations for the characters to look for a way out.

The film is full of chasing, shooting, explosions, fights and stunts. There is a special group of stuntmen to do all the tricks.

We hope the film will have a lot of viewers as the story has magnetism. The mystery of the Cross of St Euphrosyne of Polotsk cannot fail to attract people. We know that this wonderful relic disappeared in the very first days of the Great Patriotic War from the

Mogilev museum of local lore when it was evacuated. You know Dumas said: “History is a nail, on which I hang my hat.” We followed the principle. We wanted our story to be dynamic and captivating. So, a lot of the events in the story are a fruit of Yury Kostin’s imagination”.

The original cross was created by a local master Lazar Bogsha at St Euphrosyne’s request in 1161. The cross contained a number of sacred relics, such as part of the Wood of the

Lord’s Cross with a drop of blood of the Savior, parts of the stones from the Lord’s Tomb and the Tomb of the God’s Mother, the icons of Jesus Christ, Holy Mother, John the

Baptist, the patron saints of Euphrosyne and her parents and Lazar Bogsha’s postscript in

17

the lower part of the cross and a set-in inscription from St Euphrosyne on the sides of the cross.

In 1992 a decision was taken to recreate the relic, and the Cross was remade by Brest master Nikolai Kuzmich who worked on it for five years. The master used the same materials, technique and decorations as Lazar Bogsha. Metropolitan Filaret brought the parts of the same Christian relics from Jerusalem. In August 1997 the recreated Cross was blessed by Metropolitan Filaret in the Church of Saint Simeon in Brest and brought to the Cathedral of the Transfiguration of the Convent of the Savior and St Euphrosyne on the eve of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross.

S : Did you use the cross made by Nikolai Kuzmich in the film?

AY : No, we didn’t. Our artists imitated the relic, and they were really inspired by the work. The geography of the filming is quite wide. It will be shot in Mogilev, Smorgon,

Smolevichi, Minsk, Moscow and Germany. We’ll spend ten days in Polotsk – the events of the film take place in the the Convent of the Savior and St Euphrosyne. By the way, here the only romantic line of the series – the relations between the German private first class and the Belarusian village teacher will come to an end.

S : Was it difficult to find a common language with the German actor while working on the film?

AY

: No, because Markus Kuntse knows Russian very well, as he got his actor’s education in St Petersburg. Besides, a big part of the film is in German. The language was adapted with the help of “Bavaria Film” specialists. We hope our film will find its viewers not only in Russian and Belarus, but in Germany as well.

UNIT 4 National Character

17. Unit 4 Lesson 1, Ex.2b = Year 11 TB Unit 9 Lesson 1, ex.2b

Country Nationality Belonging to

Austria Austrian Austrian

18

Belarus

Belgium

Denmark

Finland

Belarusian

Belgian

Dane

Finn

France

Germany

French

German

Greece Greek

Holland (the Netherlands) Dutch

India

Italy

Japan

Luxembourg

Poland

Portugal

Russia

Sweden

Ukraine

The USA

Indian

Italian

Japanese

Luxembourgian

Pole

Portuguese

Russian

Swede

Ukrainian

American

Belarusian

Belgian

Danish

Finnish

French

German

Greek

Dutch

Indian

Italian

Japanese

Luxembourgian

Polish

Portuguese

Russian

Swedish

Ukrainian

American

18. Unit 4 Lesson 2, Ex.2a, 2b= Year 11 TB Unit 9 Lesson 3 ex. 2a, 2b

We know a lot of stereotypes concerning the United Kingdom and its natives. Using them we are able to create the national characteristics that British people are believed to present.

Many stereotypes are wrong, but some of them seem to be good. We should be aware though, that some of them aren't true.

The typical British representative should be the tea lover. What is more, the tea should be drunk at an exact time. Most of the British drink their tea at 5 o’clock. They are also known to have a big traditional breakfast. The breakfast consists of several pieces of toast covered with jam or marmalade, which seem to be typically British. We couldn't even imagine how varied the British toasts can be. The other stereotype is connected with the

19

traditional British cuisine and some cooking traditions. British meals are considered to be completely tasteless. They are unlikely to be accepted by foreigners. The basic British dish is called ‘fish and chips’ but most tourists don't like it.

There are a number of stereotypes about British gentlemen. They appear to be too stiff and conservative. Moreover they speak with a strange British accent. They call the accent

"Received Pronunciation" and it is thought to be a very distinguished one, but in fact it isn't. What is more typical, the British sense of humour is very unique. It is presented mostly in such British films and TV series as "Monty Python's Flying Circus", "Mister

Bean" and "Black Adder". All of them present the stereotypes, which aren't often the truth.

Another stereotype is that the British youth are believed to be clubbing lovers, which means that they enjoy walking from club to club or pub on the weekends. It is a kind of modern British tradition, which is today observed in various countries. But young British people are believed to enjoy their lives. In fact, young British people turn out to be very different as do young people all over the world.

Summing up, the British aren't as conservative as they are thought to be. Their main characteristic is that they are talkative and very friendly. They seem to be also pedantic, but we can say the same about every other nation. Every nation has positive and negative stereotypical features.

19. Unit 4 Lesson 5, Ex.2a, 2b = TB Year 11 Unit 9 Lesson 8 ex.2a, 2b

Danielle Montagne:

Travelling and teaching abroad have become my passion. When I learned that I would be teaching in Minsk, I was very excited. I started my twenty-four hour journey from

Syracuse, New York.

My first glimpse at the city of Minsk was through the windows of an old city taxicab. It was the middle of the night and the city was completely empty – empty, but filled with lights. The buildings and monuments were huge. We passed by very modern buildings – like the National Library. Then I saw very beautiful monuments—like Victory Square statue and the Eternal Flame. Minsk was filled with an atmosphere of power and grandeur that I was not expecting.

20

In the days that followed, I spent a lot of time walking around the streets, getting lost and then finding my way again. I found myself wandering though beautiful parks filled with carnival rides. I saw children running and laughing along the banks of the river. I witnessed young couples holding hands and kissing on park benches. All of these images made me happy. The city felt completely alive. I was inspired to begin taking Russian classes in order to be able to read street signs and communicate with people outside the university.

My warm sentiments about the city of Minsk followed me to MSLU, where I met the most wonderful colleagues and students I could imagine. There is a real sense of community at MSLU that sometimes lacks at other educational institutions. The kindness and thoughtfulness I have encountered from the teachers and professors has made my time here wonderful thus far.

As I become more acquainted with the city, the people and the language, I am sure I will continue to enjoy my time and teaching experiences. I believe I have a unique opportunity to not only teach Belarusians about American culture and life, but upon my return to the

United States also share my experiences about Belarus with my colleagues back home.

20. Unit 4 Lesson 5, Ex.3b, 3c = TB Year 11 Unit Lesson 8 ex. 3b, 3c

Last weekend, my American roommate and I were on the way out the door to meet

Andrei, a 22 year-old Belarusian student, for what he called “a tour of his hometown.” I was grabbing my keys and putting on my jacket when, all of a sudden, I heard a scream from the other room.

“I think the bathroom’s broken,” my roommate said.

I called Andrei to cancel our meeting.

“I will help you,” he said.

“I don’t think you want to do that,” I replied. “It’s ugly over here.”

“You need help,” he said again.

He wouldn’t take no for an answer. And as it turned out, we did need help – when we couldn't reach our hosts, we finally accepted Andrei’s offer to come over and try his luck.

This turned into an entire afternoon of Andrei arguing with telephone operators and

21

technicians, and advising us on proper Belarusian Saturday-emergency-plumbing situation etiquette.

I hesitate to generalize about a country and its people. But as I described the day’s events to my friends and family in the USA, I realized that there was, in fact, a common theme running through my three months of emails home. Over and over again, I find myself saying: “the Belarusians I meet are nice.” They take me to the market. They give me their phone numbers and offer to "take me anywhere, to show me anything I might like." They serve tea and set out cookies every time I teach a class. They spend entire afternoons helping to fix broken plumbing units – and, moreover, they seem glad to do it. Everyone I meet seems "glad to do it," whatever "it" may be – and as a newcomer, I have needed a lot of local guidance. I can't count the number of times I have had to show my passport, pay fees at the bank a few blocks away, sign papers, translate diplomas, take pictures, and so forth. Our landlady and landlord do not speak English. We always need interpreters.

Ordering ice cream is, as a fellow American put it, "an adventure." Even registering for

Russian classes took two weeks and about two hundred official documents.

Yet, three months has felt like three weeks, and I suspect I know why. Perhaps I wouldn’t know it from the people riding the metro or waiting in line at the polyclinic. But I have never been someplace so cold, and yet so warm. I have been floored by Belarusian kindness, generosity, and beyond all else, hospitality.

21. Unit 4 Lesson 6, Ex.3b, 3c (Martin Luther King’s speech)

I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.

I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character.

I have a dream that one day, down in Alabama, with its vicious racists, with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of "interposition" and "nullification" -- one day right there in Alabama little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers.

22

This is our hope, and this is the faith that I go back to the South with. With this faith, we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. With this faith, we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. With this faith, we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day.

And when this happens, and when we allow freedom ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God's children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles,

Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual:

Free at last! Free at last!

22. Unit 4, lesson 6, ex. 4a, 4b Song “Imagine”= TB Year 10 Unit 7 Lesson 7, ex. 6

Imagine there's no heaven

It's easy if you try

No hell below us

Imagine no possessions

I wonder if you can

No need for greed or hunger

Above us only sky

Imagine all the people

Living for today...

Imagine there's no countries

A brotherhood of man


Sharing all the world...

You may say I'm a dreamer

It isn't hard to do

Nothing to kill or die for

And no religion too


Living life in peace...

You may say I'm a dreamer

But I'm not the only one

But I'm not the only one

I hope someday you'll join us

And the world will live as one

23

I hope someday you'll join us

And the world will be as one

23. Unit 4, lesson 7, ex. 2b)

It’s impossible to know all of the different cultural differences in body language that you can run into. And trying to abide by all of them is even tougher. If I did, I’d be running around not looking at anyone with my hands in my pockets. Of course, then I would be offending both Turkish people (hands in my pockets) and all of my friends in the States.

This article is a compilation of my research. I apologize if I omit anything or make a mistake – there’s so much information in regards to this subject, and it’s difficult to capture it all.

Hand signals mean different things in different countries.

The O ring in the UK and the US means “Ok”, in France, Belgium “zero”, in Japan it means money and in Turkey it is considered rude.

Thumbs Up in the UK means “Ok”, “All right mate”, “See you later mate”, “Brilliant”, in

Brazil: “Thanks”, in Egypt, Israel, Australia, Denmark: “Very good”, “Perfect”,

“Brilliant”, “Terrific”, in Germany, Italy, Hungry, Greece: “Ok”, “No. 1”, in China: “You are number 1”. In West Africa, parts of South America and Iran it is traditionally interpreted as an offensive sign.

The V Sign (a palm shown to the observer) usually means Two, Victory, Peace in most of the world if used.

The V Sign (the back of a hand shown to the observer) in the UK, Australia, Ireland, New

Zealand and South Africa is considered an insult. The rest of the World generally interprets this gesture the same as the V sign with palm shown to observer.

Showing the thumb and the index finger means “One” in Britain, Australia and New

Zealand, “Two” in Europe, “Waiter!” in the USA and an insult in Japan.

24. Unit 4 Lesson 7 Ex. 2c)

Besides hand signals, there are some gestures and postures you should be aware of while travelling.

24

Eye Contact

Eyes are the most expressive part of the face. In Western cultures, direct eye contact is the expected norm; it indicates confidence, honesty and trust. In fact, in these cultures lowered eyes provoke a lack of trust. In the United States and Canada, eye contact is extremely important in conveying interest and attention. However, in Native American and Asian cultures, lowered eyes are a sign of respect and honour, which Westerners often misinterpret. The Japanese tend to consider even brief eye contact uncomfortable.

Hand Shaking

In UK, US, Europe, New Zealand people shake hands on meeting and on departure. If two people know each other, sometimes the handshake is skipped.

People from India, Middle East, Asia may continue to hold your hand after the handshake is finished. It is also more frequent and can happen several times a day. Beware that in

Turkey, a firm handshake is considered rude and aggressive. This type of bodily contact is considered impolite in Japan and is replaced by a bow. The depth of the bow shows the amount of respect shown and indicates the relative status between the two.

Showing Soles of Feet

In many Asian and Arab countries this is considered rude and insulting to cross an ankle over a knee and display the sole of a shoe while talking to another person. It is usually translated to “I find you lower than what I walk on”.

Cheek Kissing and Hugging

In Southern Europe this is standard greeting whether the other person is known or not. It is however less common in professional settings. Men kiss women and women kiss women.

Men kissing men varies between countries and within countries. It also depends if the other person is a family member. Hugging is popular between the sexes, between two women as well as between two men. In the Netherlands, Switzerland and France women kiss men and women. Men prefer to handshake rather than kiss men, except kissing father and close friends or if they have not seen a friend for a long time. In the UK cheek kissing is not as common as it is in the southern parts of Europe though it is practiced for greetings between the sexes and between women. Cheek kissing between two men is unusual. In the

US air kissing is becoming ever more popular. Air kissing is kissing near the cheek in the

25

air while cheeks may touch or not. In the Middle East kissing between men and women is considered inappropriate if the two are not married or closely related. A kiss of the cheek is common among same sex people when greeting. In Turkey cheek kissing is widely practised including men to men unless they are getting introduced for the first time.

Touching

This is a big no-no. It may look okay, but you could be fooled. In Japan, Scandinavia, and

England, touching is less frequent. Though in Latino cultures, touching is encouraged.

25. Unit 4 Lesson 7 Ex. 2d)

In conclusion, I’d advise all travellers before visiting any country to study the country’s body language along with its traditions, values and beliefs. Remember that the best and easiest body language to master is a natural, sincere smile. It’s the most universally understood message and doesn’t need a translation!


"Aboriginal peoples" is a collective name for the original peoples of North America and their descendants. The Canadian constitution recognizes three groups of Aboriginal people: Indians (commonly referred to as First Nations), Métis and Inuit. These are three distinct peoples with unique histories, languages, cultural practices and spiritual beliefs. In today’s programme we’ll talk about the Inuit.

People often call them Eskimos. But this is not the right term as, in Inuktitut, their language, it means 'someone who eats raw meat'. So they prefer to be called Inuit, which means 'humans'. The Inuit live in northern Canada and in Alaska (which is in the United

States of America), but also in Greenland, and, as some people think, in the North Eastern tip of Siberia. The Inuit learn English, Danish, French or Russian at school, but they speak

Inuktitut at home. The Inuktitut alphabet has been adapted for computers. Children are also given lessons at school in Inuktitut on how to build kayaks or sleighs. More and more parents want their children to learn about these traditional activities, and it is often the older people who come to school to teach them.

26

The most famous kind of house the Inuit make is the igloo. It's made from compact blocks of snow stacked on top of each other into a dome shape. The igloo is a temporary shelter, which is used during hunting trips in winter. It is wind proof and quite light inside as snow allows some light through. Small oil lamps made out of whale or seal fat are used for heating inside. The igloo can reach up to 1 or 2 °C while outside, the temperature can fall to minus 50°C. Today, most Inuit live in colourful modern houses, which are heated.

They have a television, a telephone and the Internet. But they still like to go hunting sometimes for a few days and teach their children how to build an igloo or a stone shelter.

Inuit have always treated human beings, the land, animals and plants with equal respect. Today, they continue to strive towards maintaining this harmonious relationship.

They try to use the resources of the land and sea wisely in order to preserve them for future generations. Strict hunting traditions and rules help maintain this balance.

Traditional knowledge of Inuit history, along with knowledge of the land, plants and wildlife, has been passed down through the generations. The family is the center of Inuit culture and co-operation and sharing are basic principles in Inuit society. Inuit share the food they have hunted and everyone does his or her part to help those in need.

Unit 5

27. Unit 5 Lesson 1 ex. 4b, 4c

Qualities of a successful entrepreneur

Due to scientific and technological advancement, it is necessary that a businessman should possess the basic skills and knowledge about his business. The success or failure of a business mostly depends on the person who runs it. First of all, a successful businessman must be industrious and hardworking. He should be well balanced and cool minded and have the ability to work for long hours. A lazy person can be harmful for business. Also he needs to be confident. This personal quality puts the businessman in a position where he can work with great determination even in hard circumstances. A person who wants to be successful in business must be honest and sincere and have the qualities of leadership. The employees work wholeheartedly if they have the influence of their boss in business. A good entrepreneur must be polite with his employees and customers in any personal or

27

business deal. In this way he can win their trust and can earn more profit. Patience is necessary for a businessman. He has to meet with many difficult people. If he loses his temper, then he may face problems and suffer losses.

Qualities of a good nurse

An effective nurse is caring, understanding and sympathetic. Nurses deal with the sick and injured on a daily basis, and they need to show them that they truly care about their situations. At the same time, nurses need to be able to control their own emotions.

They constantly deal with stressful situations, so nurses must be able to remain calm and think clearly under these circumstances.

Solid communication skills are one of the most important aspects of the job. Nurses have to be able to communicate with doctors, patients and coworkers in a very fast-paced environment. They must also listen carefully to doctors’ orders and take perfect notes when needed. Good nurses are able to follow directions without a problem and easily communicate with patients and families.

Good nurses need to be responsible and accurate. When dealing with the health of another human being, there is little room for error, so nurses must responsibly carry out their duties at all times. Nurses also need to be flexible with their time. Since emergencies can occur at any time, and nurses are needed 365 days a year, they are often required to work overtime, nights, weekends and holidays.

28. Unit 5 Lesson 2. Ex. 4a

I wanted to be a flight attendant for years before the opportunity ever presented itself. I wanted to travel, and see the world – and it's pretty rare to find a profession in which one would be paid to do so. My friends and acquaintances ask what it's really like, and how to go about becoming a flight attendant. Well, I’ve decided to make this video and tell you about the benefits and setbacks of this profession.

The first advantage is obvious: you fly anywhere for free. Sometimes you'll pay a small tax depending on the country you visit if it's for pleasure. If you're working the flight, though – you're paid to see places and your lodging is taken care of. It’s a great chance to see the world and visit friends. Moreover, it's one of the most culturally

28

diverse jobs. You can meet and befriend other flight attendants of every nationality. I've learned so much about other countries and cultures because I get to spend time with some really interesting people. I've had some really fascinating and delightful passengers. They are the type of people you want to know better, and it's a little sad when they leave the plane. It's never boring. The airline industry is constantly evolving and changing and growing. You're never flying with the same people, you're going to different places, there's never a typical day. Sometimes the tasks can become monotonous, but your passengers are never the same. You can even meet celebrities. Maybe a lot of people don't care about that, but I think it keeps things fun. Doesn't all of that sound awesome?

A lot of it is – but to be fair, I cannot only present it with rose-colored glasses. It can be really, really hard. It's important to know both sides of the coin.

One of the disadvantages to being a flight attendant is that you have to say goodbye to holidays (for a while at least). Spending Christmas in a hotel by yourself is never going to be easy. Last year I was in Oregon for Thanksgiving, California for Christmas, and Florida for New Year's.

Another unpleasant thing is that your plans will always change. Consider every factor that goes into traveling. Your day and schedule will change with the weather. You may think you're going to make it home for dinner, but your plane might have a mechanical issue and you'll get stuck in New York. I still hear horror stories from a couple of winters ago when people were stranded in New York for days because of the snow storms.

What is more, you miss a lot of what happens at home. I've missed so many birthdays, so many parties. I've missed visits from out of town family and friends because

I've had to work. There's something about flying out of town when you know you're about to miss something great that just hurts a person's heart. I've missed church more times than

I can count, and I came pretty close to not having the time off that I needed for my own wedding.

This job is sometimes stressful as people can be mean. As flight attendants, we're sometimes the only face of the airline people get to interact with. This can be great, but it

29

can also be brutal. I've had passengers yell at me, throw their bags down in a tantrum, cuss about injustice, and make people cry.

Of course, this is barely scratching the surface – but I hope it gives you a better idea of what it's like. I think it always sounds like a fun and glamorous job, and it is often rewarding – but it can be equally challenging.

29. Unit 5 Lesson 3. Ex. 2a

I just got back from attending a lecture and the speaker talked about how when the movie

Top Gun came out, every guy wanted be a fighter pilot and then when Silence of the

Lambs came out, every girl wanted to be an FBI agent like Clarice. So this got me thinking... What influenced your career choice?

1.

I work as a computer software engineer. I have wanted to work with computers since I was

15 years old. I realized I enjoyed working with hardware and learned how to set up networks when I was in early high school. When I was a young child I would always play on my parents’ computers. Whenever we would get a new computer, I would set it up; I would spend hours working with software and hardware. I would say that I chose my career because it was what I was most comfortable doing.

2.

I originally wanted to go into psychology... After one class, I realized I enjoyed finding out why consumers made the decisions they made. This originally led me to advertising-- you know, I would create the campaigns that grabbed the attention of millions of consumers. After learning more about advertising, I decided to think about public relations because I love telling a story and building reputations. After one informational interview, I was hooked! The rest has been history.

3.

I am an electronic media and film major. I believe I got into this field because of a summer camp that I was put through when I was younger. It was called 'Young filmmakers workshop.' In this camp I learnt how to film, how to act, and how to put the final product

30

together in post-production. I would say many things influenced my decision of electronic media and film and yes, the media and television programmes were a contributing factor.

4.

I want to be a teacher, preferably for younger kids. Growing-up, I was constantly around younger kids. I’m the oldest sibling and cousin in my family. My mum also did day care in our home after my brother was born, so I grew up helping with all those kids. I had been told since I was really young that I would make a great teacher because I’m caring, patient and really good with kids. I didn’t seriously consider teaching until I was a senior in high school and took a future teachers class. I had to spend a couple hours a week in a 5 th grade classroom,

5.

I’m studying to be a speech language pathologist. The King’s Speech had to do with my choice, but I was already at least a year into this career when I saw that movie. My mum influenced my career choice. She told me it was a rewarding and stable career. She told me

I could work in a variety of settings and with a variety of populations. She said it was an in-demand career and I’d have an easy time finding work after I graduated. It’s a great career that would allow me to be a super woman that succeeds in the career world, to be an awesome wife and a mother.

6.

My Medical Assisting teacher is the one that influenced my decision to want to become an

Occupational Therapist. She did her best to find out everything she could about a lot of health care professions that she thought we would be interested in. I honestly had never heard of an OT and it just really caught my attention. I started researching it and really looking into it and I fell in love with the idea of it. She is an amazing teacher and helped a lot of us to make a decision about what path we really wanted to take and she wasn’t biased whatsoever.

7.

Project Runway influenced my career choice. I want to be a fashion designer and open my own business. Watching the project, I decided to design clothes and make them.

Hopefully, my dream will come true.

31

30. Unit 5 Lesson 6. Ex. 1a, 2a, Rap Song

Back when you were young and you thought you could make it

With a stack of resumes higher than your mom's pancakes

The only thing stopping you from hitting skid row

Is that help wanted sign in that shopkeepers window

Son, you gotta stay hungry, gotta stay tough

It takes more to get your first job than luck

The shopkeeper says he'll accept your application

You got your first job interview invitation

Go on the Internet and stop all your stressing

Look up common interview questions

Then go and shine your shoes and go and cut your hair

Find something business caj to wear

Yeah! Yeah yeah yeah!

Do do do do do!

Question period:

Tell me 'bout yourself. And what's your biggest weakness?

Can you keep the secrets in our non-disclosure agreements?

Tell me 'bout a time when you had multiple priorities.

How did you please all those multiple authorities?

Where do you see yourself in 5 years?

What's your number one biggest fear?

Why do you want to work for this organization?

And what are your salary expectations?






32




You're gonna wanna get there fashionably early (fashionably early!)

You're gonna wanna make friends with the secretary (friends with the secretary!)

So go and shine your shoes and go and cut your hair








31. Unit 5 Lesson 6. Exercise 2b

Interviewer: Hi, I’m Nancy Peres. I’m the hiring manager.

Applicant: Nice to meet you Ms. Peres. I’m Giovanni Contadino.

I: Please have a seat.

A: Thank you. Oh, this is a copy of my resume and a list of references.

I: Thank you, I will take a look at these. I see you have applied for the cashier position.

A: Yes, that’s right; I can work in other positions in the store as well.

I: That’s good. Can you tell me about your previous work experience?

A: I worked as a clerk at ASDA for one year. Before that I worked in my country at my parents’ grocery store. I ordered merchandise, stocked shelves and served customers.

I: I see. Are you looking for a part-time or a full-time position?

A: I’m looking for a part-time job because I go to the Adult School to improve my

English.

I: Customer service is a big part of this job. Do you have good communication skills?

A: Oh yes, I am friendly and I would like to help the customers.

I: Tell me more about your other skills.

33

A: I can use a cash register and I have basic computer skills.

I: Can you give me two good reasons why I should hire you?

A: Well, I am organized, dependable, and hard-working.

I: We have morning, afternoon, and evening shifts. Which shift are you interested in?

A: I go to school in the morning, and I have to pick up my children from school in the afternoon, so I prefer to work evenings or weekends.

I: Do you have any questions for me about the job?

A: Well, I’d like to know if there will be opportunities for promotion.

I: Yes, based on good performance reviews, there are always opportunities to move up.

We will be in contact with you as soon as we finish our interviews.

A: Thank you very much for your time. I look forward to hearing from you.

32. Unit 5 Lesson 7. Ex. 2b, 2c

I got my job almost by accident. My brother had just become a Boy Scout, and we needed to buy his uniform. While my parents shopped for him at the Boy Scout Supply

Shop, I stood in the doorway. After a few minutes, the store manager came and asked me if I was interested in a job. At the time, my only income came from occasional babysitting, so I accepted, and was interviewed and hired on the spot.

From then on, every Thursday and Saturday, my mother drove me to the shop where

I am a clerk. I ring up customers' purchases, put their items in bags, hand them their receipt, and send them on their way.

Even though I don't have as much free time anymore, I still love my job. The people

I work with, including my boss, are kind, helpful, and fun to talk to; also, because most of them are adults, talking to them gives me a unique perspective on life in the "real world."

I'm also finally earning my own money, which means I no longer have to borrow from my parents every time I want to buy something. I have a degree of independence that I haven't had before. Having a steady paycheck has taught me how to manage my money effectively, how much to save, and how much to spend, and just how much some of the things I take for granted actually cost. (I had no idea how expensive shoes could be until I bought my own pair.)

34

In addition, my job has given me better communication skills; it has taught me how to speak to people professionally, how to understand what customers are looking for just by talking to them, and even how to quiet a screaming toddler. Although my job cuts into my free time, I wouldn't trade it or the skills it's given me for anything.


Justin: Victoria, who did you look up to growing up?

Victoria: Well, when I started to play tennis, my idol was Steffi Graf and you know I really enjoyed watching her playing on the court. She had so much determination and she was always so focused you know. I feel I have the same mentality when I’m on the court.

Justin: Did you ever imagine coming from such a small country that you would become one of the greatest tennis players in the world?

Victoria: I imagined that, yeah for sure. But you know when you’re a kid it seems so far away. When I was like 10 years old, I would think I was playing on those big stages and dream of getting into the top hundred. At that point it seemed like an incredible achievement. But when you start playing, you realize your goals, and your ambitions change and you want to be the number one player.

Justin: And you always believed you would be?

Victoria: Yeah, I believed in that.

Justin: Who is the toughest player for you who you played against?

Victoria: Right now is Serena, for sure. You know we had a lot of good matches together.

She’s definitely one of the players who push me to improve and be better.

Justin: You lost your last match. What did you learn from that experience?

Victoria: Well, I learnt a lot. I feel like from losses you can always take more things out.

It was a great match but after that there was a clear picture of something that you have to improve.

Justin: I know you have an excellent relationship with your coach Sam and he has a very big impact on you and your game. Why does this relationship go so well?

Victoria: I think because we have a full trust. I don’t think of him only as my coach. I think of him also as my friend. He’s a great listener and he helps me out with not only

35

growing as a tennis player, but also as a person. He’s trying to guide me when I’m wrong and we always compromise. He listens to me, I listen to him, so I think communication is the key to a good relationship.

Justin: Are you competitive?

Victoria: Maybe yes, I love to compete in everything. When I’m on the court, I’m a fighter. I’m there to win, to show how serious I am.

Justin: At some point you considered giving up sport. How did you feel?

Victoria: Well, at that moment it seemed easy. To give up is the easiest thing I think to do. I just realized at that moment when you have to figure out what you’re gonna do, how much I really loved tennis. I got this feeling back really quickly and since then I’ve been in control of that.

Justin: Your grandmother has been an important part of your life. In what way?

Victoria: Every way. She’s the most incredible woman in the world. Her life was very hard, but she’s been the biggest optimist I’ve ever seen. She told me, “Your family will always love you no matter what and you have to just enjoy what you do.” And it’s so global. You have to enjoy what you do. If you enjoy it, you do it better.

UNIT 6

34. Unit 6 Lesson 1, ex.4b

(1) Spread of crime and violence to all places

(2) Starvation in many parts of the world

(3) Congestion of cities and highways

(4) Divisions between rich and poor in this country

(5) Overpopulation

(6) Racism

(7) Lack of jobs that pay decent wages

(8) Severe air pollution

(9) Severe water pollution

(10) Health problems caused by man-made chemicals

36


1.

Pollution is not a new phenomenon. Years ago active volcanoes were throwing lava that blackened the skies, and decaying marshes were polluting the Earth. But in the past, without numerous people contaminating land, water and air, nature had time to adapt and develop a self-cleansing atmosphere that helped plants and animals to survive and evolve.

2.

In ancient Rome streets were filled with sewage that emptied into the Tiber River, spreading waterborne diseases such as typhoid [ˈta ɪ f ɔɪ d] and cholera [ˈk ɒ lərə].

During the Middle Ages, these diseases, as well as bubonic plague, carried by rats and spread by fleas, broke out all across Europe. These epidemics were directly related to unsanitary conditions caused by human and animal waste, and garbage. But it was only in the late 1850s, after an outbreak of cholera in London in 1854, when a sewerage system was built. It became a model for modern sanitation in the entire world.

3.

Improved sanitary conditions and less disease were important factors in making cities healthier places to live, but at the end of the 19th century industrialised cities across

Europe and the United States were experiencing a new kind of pollution: waste from industries and factories, dumped mostly into rivers, lakes and seas. Water pollution continued in the 20th century. Dumping oil, chemicals [ˈkem ɪ k(ə)lz] and other industrial and human waste into rivers and lakes contaminated them and destroyed freshwater ecosystems around the world.

4.

37

Humans started to pollute the air when they first learned to use fire, but air pollution didn’t become a problem until the dawn of the Industrial Age when the greater use of fossil fuels began to pollute the air.

The burning of fossil fuels releases pollutants, including carbon monoxide [məˈn ɒ ksa ɪ d], sulfur oxides [ˌs ʌ lfə ˈ ɒ ksa ɪ dz], particulates, ozone [ˈə ʊ zə ʊ n] and nitrogen oxides

[ˌna ɪ trəd ʒ

(ə)n ˈ ɒ ksa ɪ dz]. Polluted air, or smog, leads to health problems, causing pneumonia, bronchitis and worsening existing heart problems.

Air pollution became a more serious problem in the middle of the 20th century when a great number of cars appeared on the roads. Exhaust fumes, or emissions from cars release gases and dust particles that attack our lungs and nervous system. Pollutants such as sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides mix with the water vapour and fall as acid rain, which poisons forests, plants, water and fish.

One of the major gases in the polluted atmosphere, carbon dioxide, is partially absorbed by the oceans, making the ocean water acidic. It destroys corals, shellfish and many species of plankton. The change in water chemistry also impacts (affects) other organisms, which can radically change the entire ecosystem of the oceans.

5.

In 1985, scientists from the British Antarctic Survey discovered a hole in the ozone layer that protects the planet from the Sun’s ultraviolet [ˌ ʌ ltrəˈva ɪ ələt] radiation. Chemicals used in air conditioners, refrigerators and aerosol sprays called chlorofluorocarbons

[ˌkl ɔ ːrə ʊ ˌfl ʊ ərə ʊ ˈk ɑː bənz] (CFCs) had gradually depleted the ozone layer, creating a hole above Antarctica.

6.

Another recent problem is land (soil) pollution by synthetic herbicides and pesticides or insecticides [ ɪ nˈsekt ɪ sa ɪ dz] like DDT, that swept the globe after World War II. DDT

38

helped combat typhus and malaria, but because it was not biodegradable it accumulated in the environment, killing off bird populations and causing premature births.

7.

And last, but not least, fossil fuels are not easily accessible. Some of the greatest deposits exist under deep seas, in delicate Arctic habitats and underneath the rainforest. One of the most recent fossil fuels to be commercially exploited, tar sands, occurs within the forests and wetlands of North America. Extracting fossil fuels inevitably causes habitat destruction and loss of biodiversity [ˌba ɪ ə ʊ da ɪ ˈv ɜ ːsəti].

36. Unit 6. Lesson 5 ex.2. Ostrowski’s Eco House

Reporter : The Ostrowskis are a family of designers who show people how green technologies can be integrated into buildings to make them more sustainable.

For 17 years they have lived in a self-built model green house that does not connect with the city water, sewer or natural gas lines. How is this possible? This Calgary Eco-home is described in numerous articles and textbooks. Since its completion in 1994 it has been visited by 70,000 people.

Helen : I am Helen Ostrowski and right here beside me is my husband Jorg Ostrowski. We are located in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, and we live in the house right here behind us.

This is where we work and live a sustainable lifestyle.

Jorg : When I was a child we enjoyed skating and skiing and picking billberies, so it became a passion to protect that beautiful heritage – our Earth.

37a. Unit 6. Lesson 5 ex. 3.

Jorg : As you can see, this is a normal suburban area and this is a single-family home, but it has no basement. It’s one and a half stories high. It has a livable attic to minimize the amount of heat loss and to maximize the amount of useable area.

39

The EcoHome was built using simple construction methods and durable, environmentally friendly materials. It features a space-efficient design, a system to promote good indoor air quality and excellent insulation to minimize heat dissipation. As for energy requirements, the house primarily relies upon solar power, but does not use solar photovoltaic panels.

Instead the EcoHome collects solar energy by other means.

37b. Unit 6. Lesson 5 ex.4.

Helen: We have lots of windows on the south side to allow passive solar energy into the house. The passive solar provides about 65% of the heating. And then the internal heat gain from people, from lights, from computers is about 25%. On the outside we also have the dark stucco, which absorbs and stores solar energy. We use hot water solar collectors.

Two of those are used for hot water and four – for space heating. It goes into mass – in the floor, in the building

Jorg : To prevent heat dissipation the house’s exhaust air first passes through a heat recovery ventilator, giving its warmth to the incoming air.

Efficient thermal insulation keeps the house warm in winter and cool in summer. It should be cost-effective, easy to work with. It should prevent heat loss and heat conduction from the inside to the outside and vice versa. It should act as an air barrier and as a fire barrier.

Helen : To prevent heat loss through the windows we use airtight type of windows, made up of a multiple panels of glass and are filled with inert gas. They also allow a lot of natural light to pass through. We also have blinds that are light on one side and dark on the other side. In the winter the dark side generates heat if it faces the sun. In the summer you turn the blinds light not to reflect the heat from the sun. And when it is really cold, we pull down window quilts.

We use a refrigerator and a freezer in the summertime, but starting October to May we use a cool closet, located on the outside wall and well insulated. They have two openings there: one at the bottom to let cold air in, and one at the top to let warm air out. The temperature in the closet is 7 Degrees, like in a fridge.

40

Jorg : We have two water systems in the house. One is rainwater coming from the roof and stored in a cistern. This water is filtered through three filter systems and is used for drinking, cooking and washing. The other is a gray water system which reuses the water from bathing, washing the dishes and washing clothes. We treat gray water in the air-lock green house. The gray water goes through layers of sand, gravel and earth in planter boxes.

Helen : We compost human waste, vegetable waste and leftover food and later use it as a fertilizer in our organic garden, which we have instead of a lawn. We prefer to grow our own vegetables, edible flowers and medicinal herbs. The compost toilet instead of a flush toilet helps to save 200,000 litres of drinking water per year. It’s a sustainable solution to the problem of drinking water globally.

Jorg : We try to promote home/office where possible because in this case there is less driving. We try to use our house not only for sleeping, but for working in it as well. We have a smart car, which we use once a week when we have meetings outside our home office. We do our shopping on the same day.

We always think carefully about how our actions affect the biosphere.


Earth song

What about sunrise?

What about rain?

What about all the things

That you said we were to gain?

What about killing fields?

Is there a time?

By Michael Jackson

What have we done to the world?

Look what we've done!

What about all the peace

That you pledge your only son?

What about flowering fields?

Is there a time?

41

What about all the things What about all the dreams

That you said were yours and mine? That you said were yours and mine?

Did you ever stop to notice Did you ever stop to notice

All the blood we've shed before? All the children, dead from war?

Did you ever stop to notice

The crying Earth, the weeping shores?

Aaaaaaaaaah Aaaaaaaaaah

Did you ever stop to notice

The crying Earth, the weeping shores?

Aaaaaaaaaah Aaaaaaaaaah

39. Unit 6 Lesson 7, ex. 3a, 3b

Water facts

Water is extremely important. A person can live about a month without food, but only about a week without water. It regulates the temperature of the human body, carries nutrients and oxygen to cells, cushions joints, protects organs and tissues, and removes wastes. Water also regulates the Earth’s temperature.

Water covers 70.9% of the Earth’s surface. Nearly 97% of the world’s water is salty or otherwise undrinkable. Another 2% is locked in ice caps and glaciers. That leaves just 1% for all of humanity’s needs – all its agricultural, industrial, community, and personal needs.

The water found at the Earth’s surface in lakes, rivers, streams, ponds, and swamps makes up only 0.3% of the world’s fresh water. 68.7% of the fresh water on Earth is trapped in glaciers. 30% of fresh water is in the ground. There is more fresh water in the atmosphere than in all of the rivers on the planet combined.

This resource needs protection!


42

FACT: 75% of the human brain is water and 75% of a living tree is water. Water makes up between 55-78% of a human’s body weight.

ACTION: Drink your daily recommended 8 glasses of water per day.

FACT: There is the same amount of water on Earth as there was when the Earth was formed. The water from your faucet could contain molecules that dinosaurs drank.

Nevertheless, today there are many more people using the same amount of water than 100 years ago.

ACTION: Don’t waste water. Use it wisely and cut back wherever you can.

FACT: Water is part of a deeply interconnected system. What we pour or dump on the ground ends up in our water – so garbage and waste can contaminate the sources of our drinking water.

ACTION: Take used motor oil and other automobile fluids to an automobile service center that recycles them. Take leftover paint, batteries, solvents and toxic household products to special collection centers.

FACT: A dripping faucet can waste up to 2,000 gallons or 7,600 litres of water a year. A leaky toilet can waste as much as 200 gallons of water a day. At one drip per second, a faucet can leak 3,000 gallons per year.

ACTION: Check your pipes and repair any leaks as soon as possible.

FACT: Lawn and garden herbicides, pesticides and fertilizers can contaminate the water.

ACTION: Reduce your use of herbicides, pesticides and fertilizers and look for safer alternatives to control weeds and bugs. For example, geraniums repel Japanese beetles; garlic and mint repel aphids; and marigolds repel whiteflies.

FACT: Taking a bath requires up to 70 gallons of water. A five-minute shower uses only

10 to 25 gallons.

ACTION: Take a shower instead of a bath.

43

FACT: Americans use more water each day by flushing the toilet than they do by showering or any other activity.

ACTION: Use the light option of the dual-flush loo whenever you can.

FACT: The average faucet flows at a rate of 2 gallons per minute.

ACTION: You can save up to 4 gallons of water every morning by turning off the faucet while you brush your teeth.

FACT: In one year, the average American residence uses over 100, 000 gallons (indoors and outside). On average, 50%–70% of household water is used outdoors for watering lawns and gardens.

ACTION: Make the most of the water you use outdoors by never watering at the hottest times of the day or when it’s windy. Plant low-water use grasses and shrubs to reduce your lawn watering by 20%–50%.


Reporter: Hi, everybody. Here today in the studio we talk with Kimberly Russell, an invertebrate zoologist at the American Museum of Natural History in New York. I’ve invited Russel to help us understand the causes of the bee crisis which a lot of beekeepers are facing here, in the US. Should it be everybody’s concern?

Russel: Actually, yes. With more than 20,000 different species, bees alone represent a substantial component of global biodiversity. Next to the wind, they are the main transporters of pollen, making them critically important for crops, fruit and vegetable production.

Reporter: But as far as I know, for years they have been in steady decline, with the number of colonies in the US dropping by 57% between 1985 and 1997. Previous studies have shown that bees' behaviour changes near high voltage power lines. Have scientists found more proof that power lines kill bees? Why do you think it was going on?

44

Russel: Normally regarded as blots on the landscape and accused by many of producing cancer-inducing low frequency electromagnetic fields, high voltage power lines are not typical candidates for conservation sites. Overhead power lines may be reviled by most people but for the humble bee they may be a saviour.

Reporter:

Good news. Power lines cover vast areas of land? Don’t they?

Russel: They do. More than 5 million acres. That is more land than almost every national park in the US.

Reporter: What you said just now is that the millions of acres of land-strips beneath power lines represent an untapped conservation resource for bees. Why? What’s changed?

Russel: Yes, and not only for bees.

For other threatened creatures too, because there have been changes in management practice of this land. In the past, these areas were periodically mown and sprayed with non-selective herbicides to prevent vegetation from encroaching upon or damaging equipment. But some companies have now switched to simply removing tall vegetation and using safer, more selective herbicides. To see what impact this alternate management practice had on native bee populations we compared bees collected from unmown power line sites with those of nearby grassy fields. The statistics showed that the bees collected in the power line scrubs were more diverse than those in the grassy fields. The power line scrubs tended to have rarer species and more bee-parasite species, which is normally an indication of a healthy bee community.

Reporter: Bees must have adapted to the new environment. But there is a new troublesome fact. Whole populations of bees have simply disappeared. All the hive's occupants suddenly disappear (nobody knows where), leaving just the queen, her eggs and a few immature workers.

Russel: Yes, and colony collapse disorder (CCD), as the mystery bee demise is known, is a serious problem, with as many as 80% of bees affected in some parts of the US. The bizarre and sudden vanishing of bees that started in the US, has now spread to Europe.

Experts have put forward several theories including a cold snap felling swarms of bees, or

45

bee viruses resulting in what scientists are calling a “colony collapse disorder”. A further possibility is that the bees are stressed out. With the factory-like, intensive farming methods used in the USA, bees are put to work much more often than nature intended.

This may have lowered their immunity to viruses and harmed the ability of queen bees to produce eggs. Now, researchers in Germany have come up with an explanation that, in the absence of a better theory, will probably be seriously considered: cellphones.

Reporter: How do they influence bees?

Russel: Radiation from mobile phones interferes with bees' navigation systems, preventing the insects from finding their way back to the hive, according to a preliminary study by Jochen Khun's team at Landau University in Germany.

Reporter: If it is true, it's difficult to know what can be done about it, since cellphones are now so ubiquitous.

But let us hope that we will find a solution to this mystery and save bees, as they save us, you know.

Unit 7

42. Unit 7 Lesson1, ex. 2a, 2b

Man: Hello. In our programme today we continue visiting the countries of the English speaking world. Today we’re off to Canada.

Woman: And as usual in the very beginning we’ll give you a brief description of the most important facts about Canada.

Canada is a North American country. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean. Looking at its map one can say it’s huge! And it is indeed. Canada is the world's second-largest country by total area.

Man: The country was populated by various Aboriginal peoples till the late 15th century.

That was when British and French expeditions explored, and later settled on its territory.

46

After about a century France passed nearly all of its colonies in North America to the

United Kingdom. But French influence was still very strong.

One more century later in 1867 four British North American colonies united and formed

Canada with its government, parliament and prime minister. And finally in 1931 Canada became an independent nation.

Woman: A lot of people are surprised when they find out that constitutionally Canada’s head of state is Queen Elizabeth II. In Canada she is represented by a governor general.

But of course there’s a parliament and a prime minister who’s the head of Canadian government.

Man: The red maple leaf is a Canadian symbol . You can see it on the flag of Canada. An interesting fact is that Canada actually got its flag only around 60 years ago in 1965.

Woman: The largest and the best-known city in Canada is Toronto. But it’s not the capital. Ottawa is the capital.

Man: The population of Canada is approximately 35 million people. Canada is home for both English and French speakers, so as a result, there are two official languages: English and French. The country is officially bilingual and multicultural.

43. Unit 7 Lesson 3, ex.2a, 2b

Host:

Hello and welcome to “I went and saw” radio show for people who love travelling and are ready to learn from other tourists’ mistakes. Our experts have visited a new destination for you and prepared a report to help you have a safe journey. So our first expert is Emma.

Emma: Hello, this time I went to Canada and I saw... oh, actually I saw lots of amazing things. “Lonely Planet” information was really useful for me. So first I started with Ottawa which is the capital of Canada. Unfortunately, the city itself is smaller than other cities of

Canada, but it has its own charm. I went to the Parliament Hills. It’s the home of the

Parliament of Canada. As I went in summer I had a chance to see a ceremonial Changing of the Guard.

Host : Oh my goodness. This picture reminds me of something!

47

Emma: Yes, that’s the Peace Tower, the central tower of the Parliament Hills… and yes, it does look like Big Ben. And like Big Ben it’s a bell and a clock tower. After that I decided to go to the Ottawa’s star attraction, the Rideau Canal. Running right through the heart of the city, this wide canal becomes the world’s largest ice skating rink in winter.

And in summer I could get a boat ride which was also cool. Soon I decided that I was hungry and treated myself to the traditional Beaver’s Tail pastry.

Host: What??? Do they eat beavers in Canada???

Emma: Don’t worry, it’s only a name, there’s no beaver meat in it. It’s fried dough pastry which is baked in such a form that resembles a beaver’s tail. It can be topped with whipped cream, banana slices, chocolate, well, lots of delicious stuff you can possibly imagine!

Host : Yum-yum!

Emma : And the second day was spent at Niagara Falls. Actually it’s a series of three magnificent waterfalls situated on the border of Canada and the United States. There are several ways to experience Niagara Falls. One of the most popular is the Maid of the Mist boat tour that brings visitors close enough to feel the spray from the cascades.

Host: Oh, lovely!

Emma: Yes, and on board of the Maid of the Mist I got a lovely blue raincoat that I brought with me as a souvenir!

Host: Very good! Oh, that’s a good shot! So you went with Phil?

Phil : Yes, we went together… and that was probably the best thing that happened to me in

Canada.

Host: Oof, you don’t sound particularly excited. What did you do then?

Phil: Well, first I went to Niagara Falls with Emma. To be honest it was cold and wet and

I got a cold the next day, but at least the view was spectacular.

Then I went to Toronto. They say it can be compared to Chicago or New York in that all are big, lively, multicultural cities that offer a lot to visitors. Toronto is Canada's largest city and financial center and probably the best-known city in Canada. When I arrived it turned out to be super busy and crowded and hectic. I really found it hard to move in those endless streams of people. Toronto is not only the most populated city in Canada, but also

48

one of the world’s most culturally diverse cities. There’s a large number of ethnic districts like Chinatown, Little India or Little Italy.

Host : Sounds like fun to me!

Phil : Well, not for me. Anyway, I decided to go and see the famous CN Tower. I was looking forward to go up in one of the famous glass elevators and get a brilliant view!

Unfortunately, I first had to wait in a queue to the elevator which was about an hour!

When we finally started to go up it turned out to be quite misty up there and I didn’t manage to see a thing.

Host : Oh, bad luck!

Phil : True. To somehow cheer myself up I thought it can be nice to visit the fairy tale castle of Casa Loma. It was originally a residence for a financier built in the beginning of the 20th century. It looked fantastic from outside, but I got inside together with a group of noisy children, so it was impossible to hear or see anything. I was extremely disappointed!

Host : Sorry to hear that, Phil! Right, I guess now our listeners have learnt enough and we’re ready to listen to your phone calls and your experiences of Canada…


When We Stand Together

By Nickelback

One more depending on a prayer

And we all look away

People pretending everywhere

It's just another day

There's bullets flying through the air

And they still carry on

We watch it happen over there

And then just turn it off

[Hey, yeah, yeah, hey, yeah...]

49

We must stand together


Тhere's no giving in


Hand in hand forever


That's when we all win


That's, that's, that's when we all win


They tell us everything's alright

And we just go along

How can we fall asleep at night

When something's clearly wrong

When we could feed a starving world

With what we throw away

But all we serve are empty words

That always taste the same




There's no getting even







50


The right thing to guide us

Is right here inside us

No one can divide us

When the Light is leading on

But just like a heartbeat

The drumbeat carries on...

And the drumbeat carries on...




There's no getting even









J enny : Hi Alison.

Alison : Hi there!

Jenny : Oh my! What are those pictures lying around?? Bears? Why on earth do you need so many bears?

Alison

: That’s for our school project. We’re collecting money for the endangered species of Canada. And I’ve chosen bears. Did you know Canada is the home for three different types of bears: the black bear, the grizzly bear, and the polar bear.

51

Jenny : Sure I knew that. Come on, you can run into a grizzly bear or a black bear almost anywhere. Like we went on a hike with dad and his colleagues and saw a huge grizzly bear. I was scared ’cause I’d heard they eat meat. But dad said they are perfect at fishing and would prefer a salmon for dinner, not a me… Ha-ha

Alison : Yep, and you can even see one in a suburb of Montreal or Ottawa. They can be looking for food in the local dumps.

Jenny : See, happy and full! Who can call them ENDANGERED??

Alison : Well, the actual project is about polar bears. They are really about to get extinct.

We want to get money and go to Churchill, the capital of polar bears, and help local ecologists.

Jenny : I see, helping white Winnie-the-Poohs? Ha-ha!

Alison : Don’t be that sarcastic. By the way, did you know that Winnie-the-Pooh is actually Canadian?

Jenny:

What?? How come it’s Canadian?

Alison: You see, a bear cub named Winnipeg was exported from Canada to the London

Zoo back in 1915. A little boy named Christopher Robin Milne loved to visit Winnipeg (or

Winnie for short) and his love for the bear cub inspired the stories written by his father,

A.A. Milne, about Winnie-the-Pooh.

Jenny : Now that’s why I loved Winnie-the-Pooh stories when I was a child, it’s simply

Canadian!!

46. Unit 7 Lesson 8. LISTENING

Wayne Gretzky is a legendary Canadian sportsman who was named the greatest hockey player of all-time. He was born on January 26, 1961 in the town of Brantford, Ontario province.

In Canada, young kids often put on their first pair of skates at a very early age. Gretzky became one of those kids when he began skating at the age of two. He started skating in the hockey rink his father had built in their back yard. Wayne would practice up to four or five hours a day with his brothers. When he grew up in his interviews he often says "All I wanted to do in the winters was be on the ice. I'd get up in the morning, skate from 7:00 to

52

8:30, go to school, come home at 3:30, stay on the ice until my mom insisted I come in for dinner, eat in my skates, then go back to the rink".

It was obvious at a young age that Wayne was not an ordinary athlete. When he was six,

Wayne was already playing against 10-year-olds. When Wayne was 11, he scored over

300 goals in his hockey league.

When he turned 17 everyone around already understood it was the beginning of a fascinating sports career. For two decades Wayne Gretzky dominated the game of hockey.

He went from one hockey team to another, played and scored in Canada and in the USA.

Gretzky had a certain grace and his own style when he played that made him the Michael

Jordan of hockey.

Gretzky's domination helped him re-write the record books of National Hockey League.

He has held or shared 61 NHL records and scored 894 goals. Gretzky was also partially responsible for the fact that hockey matches in National League grew in popularity in the

United States. Almost immediately after he retired in 1999, Gretzky was inducted into the

NHL Hall of Fame. He has statues in honour of him in front of the Los Angeles Kings' home arena.

But not only is he a fantastic hockey player! After he retired, Wayne Gretzky took part in charity work to put smiles on a million children's faces. Together with his wife and five children he attended and helped in many projects in Canada and abroad.

You now understand why Wayne Gretzky was nicknamed “The Great One”!

UNIT 8


Bill: Most British people take two-week holidays in July and August, when the schools are closed, but shops, offices and factories are not usually closed for the holidays.

Some people have a short holiday in winter or spring as well. It they can afford it, they go abroad, to sunny Italy, Spain and Greece.

Lucy: In the States, the school summer holidays are longer than in Britain (nearly three months in the States, six or seven weeks in Britain). American families often go out

53

of town to the country for the hot summer months. Many fathers stay at work in the cities and visit their families at weekends.

Nick: When some people are on holidays, they just like sitting in the sun, but others want a bit more. “Special interests” holidays are very popular and you can find a hundred interesting things to do in Britain and the USA for a week or two.


Speaker 1: It is very pleasant to visit Birmingham, the second largest city in Britain.

It`s an industrial center, but most of all I liked the facts that among the manufacture of food products cocoa and chocolate occupy an important place.

Speaker 2: For those who are interested in the history of England, a visit to

Lancashire is a must, as it is the birthplace of capitalism and it was here that the Industrial

Revolution started.

Speaker 3: Everyone who visits Scotland is greatly surprised after visiting Holy

Roodhouse in Edinburgh, the official residence of the Queen. Moreover, I’d advise you to visit the Edinburgh festival, an international arts festival which takes place every August.

You’ll be impressed, I am sure.

Speaker 4: Oh, Wales is a land of songs. It is the center of music, which attracts musicians from all over the world to its various festivals, for example 40 countries take part in the International Music Eistedfod each year. I think Wales is a magic land.

Speaker 5: Northern Ireland is a very beautiful place. It is a land of mountains, rivers, lakes and green grass.

It has lots of famous natural attractions, for example, the

Giant’s Causeway on the north coast.


Customs Officer : Next. Uh, your passport, please.

Woman: Okay.

Customs Officer : Uh, what is the purpose of your visit?

Woman : I'm here to discuss a teaching convention for the first part of my trip, and then I plan on touring the capital for a few days.

54

Customs Officer : And where will you be staying?

Woman : I'll be staying in a room at a hotel in the suburbs for the entire week.

Customs Officer : And uh, what do you have in your suitcase?

Woman: Uh, well, just, just my personal belongings, um, ...clothes, a few books, and a

CD player.

Customs Officer : Okay. Uh, please open your bag.

Woman : Sure.( звук открываемого чемодана)

Customs Officer : Okay ... Everything's fine. Uh, by the way, is this your first visit to our country?

Woman: Well, yes and no. Actually, I was born here when my parents were working in the capital many years ago, but this is my first trip back since then.

Customs Officer : Well, enjoy your trip.

Woman : Thanks.


THE BAXTERS ARE PLANNING THEIR HOLIDAY TRIO

Betty: Scotland! Dad, you know it always rains in Scotland! I didn’t get brown in Wales last year and I don’t think I will get brown this year in Scotland. I want to go somewhere sunny!

Mrs Baxter: O`K, we will talk about it later.

Mr Baxter: I`m sure we will have a good holiday in Scotland.

Mrs Baxter: I hope you won’t play golf every day, Bill.

Betty:

Mum, you won’t go for long walks every day like last year? It was so boring!

Mrs Baxter: The beautiful countryside and the fresh air will be good for you, Betty.

You’re so pale!

Betty: That’s why I want to go somewhere sunny. I can lie on the beach all day, and then I will get nice and brown and I won’t be pale any more.

Mr Baxter: Where shall we stay? There are some nice hotels in these brochures.

Mrs Baxter: I’m afraid a hotel will be much too expensive. We could rent a caravan again.

55

Mr Baxter: I am not spending two weeks in an uncomfortable caravan. You can’t move!

All I did last year was sit in the caravan and listen to the radio. It was horrible.

UNIT 9.


When people think of Australia they usually think of koalas, kangaroos, surfing or the

Great Barrier Reef. In many ways Australia is a unique country which remains halfunknown. The country is officially called the Commonwealth of Australia. The name

Australia comes from Latin australis meaning southern, and dates back to the 2 nd century legends of an ‘ unknown southern land ’ (that is terra australis incognita ). As Australia lies in the southern hemisphere people often call it ‘the land down under’ since it lies south of the equator, 'below' many other countries on the globe.

Australia is an island continent and also the only continent occupied by a single nation. It consists of the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands. It is the smallest and least populated of the inhabited continents.

Most of the population lives on or near the coast in the east and south of the country.

Australia contains six states (New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia,

Western Australia, and Tasmania) and two internal territories (the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory). Canberra is Australia's capital city but the largest city is

Sydney.

It is also the driest continent on earth with the average annual rainfall of less than

600 millimetres. Like all countries in the southern hemisphere, Australia's seasons are opposite to those in the northern hemisphere. December to February is summer; March to

May is autumn; June to August is winter; and September to November is spring.

The geography of the country is extremely diverse, ranging from the snow-capped mountains of the Australian Alps and Tasmania to large deserts, tropical and temperate forests. It is the flattest continent. Mountain Kosciuszko with a height of 2,228 metres is the highest mountain on the Australian continent.

Although Australia is a small continent, it is the sixth largest country in the world: only Russia, Canada, the United States, China, and Brazil have larger areas.

56

Australia's first inhabitants, its indigenous population or the Aboriginal people, are believed to have migrated from some unknown point in Asia to Australia between 50,000 and 60,000 years ago. While Captain James Cook is credited with Australia's European discovery in 1770, a Portuguese possibly first sighted the country, while the Dutch are known to have explored the coastal regions in the 1640s.

The first European settlement of Australia was in January 1788. It was established by the British Empire as a penal colony, though by the 1830s the number of free settlers was increasing.

Of Australia's 17.7 million inhabitants, about 23 percent were born elsewhere, and

1.5 percent are of aboriginal descent. Over 86 percent of Australia's people live in cities, yet only 10 percent of its area is cultivated. Australia enjoys one of the world's highest standards of living – it is the 16th among the industrialized nations. It is a diverse, technologically advanced industrial economy, which leads the world in wool production and coal exports.

Australia’s best-known animals are the kangaroo, koala, platypus, wombat and spiny anteater. Almost half of the mammals are marsupials. There are over 60 species of kangaroo, ranging from some that stand as tall as a man to others as small as cats. Of the bird species listed in Australia, 400 – including the large, flightless emu – are found nowhere else. There are 55 species of parrots in Australia, and one of the earliest navigators suggested the Australian continent should be called ‘the land of parrots’.


Q: Good day, today we are going to speak about Australian national symbols.

Certainly, the first question will be about our national flag.

The Australian National Flag has three elements on a blue background. The Union Jack acknowledges Australia’s historical links with the United Kingdom. Below the Union Jack is a white Commonwealth Star. It has seven points representing the unity of the six states and the territories of the Commonwealth of Australia. The Southern Cross is shown on the right hand side of the flag. This constellation of five stars can be seen only from the southern hemisphere and is a reminder of Australia’s geography.

57

Q: Another national emblem is the coat of arms and here we immediately recognize the unique Australian animals. Why was the emu chosen for the coat of arms and not, for example, koala, which is a true symbol of Australia for many?

The Australian coat of arms consists of a shield with the symbols of all the six states. The kangaroo and emu are the native animals that hold the shield with pride. Some say the kangaroo and emu were chosen to symbolise a nation moving forward. This is based on the common belief that neither animal can move backwards easily.

Q: So that is the reason why they are our official symbols.

It’s not really so. The matter is that Australia has never adopted any official faunal emblem. By popular tradition, however, the kangaroo and emu are widely accepted as such.

Q: What about a floral symbol?

The golden wattle, also found on the coat of arms, was proclaimed the official national floral emblem in August 1988. Above, there is the Commonwealth Star. The national colours are green and gold.

Q: There is one more official flag in Australia. Could you explain what it represents?

Yes, that is the Australian Aboriginal Flag. It is a flag that represents Indigenous

Australians. It is one of the official "Flags of Australia", and holds special legal and political status, but it is not the Australian National Flag. It was designed in 1971 by

Aboriginal artist Harold Thomas. Black here represents the Aboriginal people of Australia; red represents the red earth and a spiritual relation to the land and yellow – the Sun, the giver of life and protector.

Q: The last question is about the Australian national anthem. Is it “Waltzing

Matilda”?

No, it isn’t. ‘Advance Australia Fair' was adopted as the National Anthem in 1984. It replaced ‘God Save the Queen', which became the Royal Anthem and was played only during the monarch's presence. ‘Waltzing Matilda', a bush ballad, Australia's best-known song, was written in about 1895 and today is considered the unofficial national anthem.

58


Waltzing Matilda

Once a jolly swagman sat beside a billabong

Under the shade of a coolibah tree

And he sang as he sat and waited by the billabong

You’ll come a Waltzing Matilda with me

Chorus : Waltzing Matilda, Waltzing Matilda


And he sang as he sat and he waited by the billabong

You’ll come a Waltzing Matilda with me.

Down came a jumbuck to drink beside the billabong

Up jumped the swagman and seized him with glee

And he sang as he tucked to the jumbuck in his tucker bag


(Chorus )

Down came the stockman riding on his thoroughbred

Down came the troopers one, two, three

Where’s that jolly jumbuck you’ve got in your tucker bag


(Chorus )

Up jumped the swagman and plunged into the billabong

“You’ll never catch me alive”, cried he

And his ghost may be heard as you ride beside the billabong


(Chorus )


The best job in the world. Part 1

59

If you're an exhausted employee suffering from the Monday blues you may be considering taking another job. How do you fancy applying for the position of a park ranger, outback adventurer or even ‘chief funster’?

These are some of the roles on offer as part of Tourism Australia’s ‘Best Job in the World’ competition, with each position offering the successful applicant a six-month contract in the sun and a $100,000 salary package. The competition is revived after the success of

Tourism Australia’s campaign to find a 'caretaker' of Hamilton Island on the Great Barrier

Reef in 2009 who would share his or her experiences through social media channels and blogs.

But this time, there are not one but six dream jobs on offer from every state of the country, including an outback adventurer in the Northern Territory; a park ranger in Queensland; a wildlife caretaker in South Australia; a ‘lifestyle photographer’ in Melbourne, Victoria; a

‘taste master’ in Western Australia; and ‘chief funster’ in New South Wales. These six extraordinary jobs in six extraordinary areas, collectively represent the best of our country and the best that Australian tourism has to offer the world’s youth travellers.

Tourism Australia said the initiative was part of a campaign to promote Australia’s 12month Working Holiday Maker visa programmes for 18 to 30 year olds.

The best job in the world. Part 2

Briton Ben Southall beat over 34,000 applicants from over 200 countries to win the dream job in 2009, which required him ‘to explore the islands of the Great Barrier Reef, swim, snorkel, make friends with the locals and generally enjoy the tropical Queensland climate and lifestyle.’

After winning Tourism Australia's competition in 2009, Mr Southall stayed in five-star resorts and enjoyed jet skiing and diving on Australia's stunning Hamilton Island. But Mr

Southall said that he found the “dream job” exhausting due to the combination of long hours and a strong work ethic. “It should have been called, ‘the busiest job in the world’,” he joked.

Ben also had a close meeting with death soon after he started the role after he was stung by a poisonous jellyfish. After his contract was over, Ben Southall was offered the job of

'tourism ambassador'. 'The job has allowed me to have adventures and keep exploring,

60

write about it and learn new skills like filming, editing, presenting, public speaking and

TV work,' he said.


The world’s greatest tennis players come to Melbourne Park in January for the

Australian

Open , the Grand Slam of the Asia-Pacific and the first Grand Slam title of the tennis season. While the international stars of tennis battle it out for the trophy on the court, festivities continue all day round. There are night-time music concerts and continuous live entertainment on and off the court. The Australian Open is a sporting event that combines the fun and enjoyment of tennis with social and cultural activities that celebrate Australia's love of the great outdoors.

Australia Day marks the anniversary of the day Captain Arthur Phillip first raised the

British flag at Sydney Cove on 26 January 1788. It is a public holiday with hundreds of small and large events taking place across the nation. In Sydney, thousands of people gather along Sydney Harbour for the celebrations on the water. In towns and cities there are community breakfasts, beach parties, concerts, parades, sporting events, cultural and historic exhibitions and fireworks displays. Citizenship ceremonies are held to welcome new residents. It’s a day for Australians to celebrate everything that’s great about being

Australian.

The Melbourne Cup is Australia’s best-known horse racing event held on the first

Tuesday of November every year. It is an annual public holiday in the state of Victoria.

This event is popularly called as “the race that stops the nation”. Most of Australia stops to watch or listen to the race, but there's nothing like being there amongst more than 100,000 people to experience this unique event. At the races, people dress up – many women wear their best or most colourful hats and dresses, with some participating in fashion parades on the field.

UNIT 10

56. Lesson 2, ex. 1b

61

The Minsk International Festival Listapad is a large film forum bringing together famous filmmakers, actors and cinema fans. The programme of the Minsk International

Film Festival Listapad is rich and unique. The main competition and the competition among young directors feature story films and documentaries. The Children's and Youth

Film Festival Listapadzik is held within the framework of the festival. The best movies are presented at the Minsk Film Festival. Festival participants and laureate movies of international film forums are the guests of the main festival competition. Since 2001

Listapad’s solemn opening ceremony has been traditionally held at the Palace of the

Republic, Belarus’ main stage.

The International Sled Dog Race Zavirukha takes place in January or February at the roller ski track in Pobeditelei Avenue, Minsk. This year’s participants are mushers from Belarus, Russia, Ukraine, Poland, the Baltic States and Scandinavia. The event offers viewers a great opportunity to spend quality time with their families. The spectators will see rare Nordic dog breeds, including the Siberian Husky, Alaskan Malamute, Samoyed, and Eskimo dog. The programme of the festival features ski races, a competition of mushers and various shows. The visitors to the festival are promised breathtaking performances, a lot of fun activities, numerous competitions and surprises.

TIBO is Belarus’ biggest IT forum and one of the major events in the field of telecommunications and software in the CIS and the Baltic States. This year the international telecommunications, information and banking technologies forum TIBO will feature newest IT hardware and software solutions developed by famous Belarusian and foreign brands. The programme of the forum includes the TIBO Internet Award ceremony, the Belarus Congress on Information Society Technologies and the final of the nationwide competition of IT projects Belarus Startup. The forum takes place in April at the Minsk

Football Manege.

The Medieval Festival Rubon is an annual festival whose name comes from an old battle cry of the Polotsk soldiers. It invites the lovers of the Belarusian history and knight tournaments to a trip into the heroic times of the Middle Ages. This year the festival will be held at the walls of the ancient Sophia Cathedral on 23-25 May. The programme will

62

feature tournaments of knights, knights-at-arms and archers, tournament fights, and ancient games with the audience. The fest will also offer a museum exhibition, master classes of craftsmen, tasting of Belarusian cuisine dishes, ancient music and horse riding.

The Teatralny Koufar is the only Belarusian international festival of student theatre and one of the most influential youth theatre forums in Eastern Europe. It is organized by the Belarusian State University and takes place on its stage in September.

The festival is annually visited by 15-20 theatres, 250 participants from all over the world,

12 000 spectators. During the past ten years 55 countries of the world attended the

Festival! Considerable attention is given to the educational aspect of the festival — master classes and workshops in various subjects that contribute to a mutual enrichment and interchange of theatrical ideas. With pleasure, we invite your student theatre to take part in the festival and plunge into an unforgettable feast of creativity!

57. Unit 10 Lesson 3. Ex. 2b

Mir Castle

The castle was built in the late 15th or early 16th century (the first reference to it dates from 1531) by the Ilyinichi family. The initial work consisted of building the walls and towers in the Gothic style but it was subsequently extended and reconstructed, first in the

Renaissance and then in the Baroque style. In 1569 the castle passed to the Radziwill family. It was badly damaged during the Napoleonic period, in 1794 and again in 1812, and it remained in a state of ruinous abandon until the late 19th century. The complex was purchased by the Duke of Svyatopolk-Mirsky, who began laying out a landscape park with a lake. A new palace (destroyed in 1914) and other structures (chapel, watchman's house, etc) were erected within the grounds. The old castle survived as a romantic ruin. Some restoration work was carried out in the 1920s and 1930s. During World War II it served as a prison camp and a ghetto. Restoration did not start until 1982.

The Architectural, Residential and Cultural Complex of the Radziwill Family at

Nesvizh

63

The Architectural, Residential and Cultural Complex of the Radziwill Family at Nesvizh is located in central Belarus. The Radziwill dynasty, who built and kept the ensemble from the 16th century until 1939, gave birth to some of the most important personalities in

European history and culture. In 1706, the Castle was occupied by the Swedes, who destroyed the fortifications. After their departure, the Castle was renovated by Michal

Radziwill in 1732-58, who used architects from Germany, Italy, Poland and Belarus. In the 19th century, the castle remained uninhabited until the ownership passed to Antoni

Radziwill and his French wife Maria de Castellane, who renovated the interiors in 1881-

86. They also designed and built the romantic landscape park around the castle complex

(1878–1911). After 1939, it was first taken over by the Soviet army, and subsequently the

Germans used it as military hospital. From 1945 to 2001, it was used as a sanatorium.

Since then it has been subject to restoration and adaptation to use as museum and as a cultural and visitor centre. In 2002, a fire destroyed the upper part of the residence and a part of the gallery, which were rebuilt in 2003.

58. Unit 10 Lesson 3. Ex. 3b

In 2009, the unique Belarusian rite of the Kolyady Tsars, which is performed only in the village of Semezhevo (Kopyl District, Minsk Oblast), was added to the UNESCO List of Intangible Cultural Heritage.

The rite of the Kolyady Tsars dates back to the 18th century, when the tsar’s military units were located not far from the village of Semezhevo. According to the local legend, during the New Year celebrations in accordance to the old style calendar (Julian calendar) soldiers and officers visited local houses to give comic performances and receive rewards. Since then, locals continued the tradition and turned it into a unique Christmas event. The rite of the Kolyady Tsars combines the elements of carnival and folk plays, with distinctive local performing arts, decorative and applied arts (costumes, interior decorations), and special Christmas national cuisine dishes. People believe that being visited by the ''tsars'' brings peace, harmony and wealth for a year.

The rite was revived in 1996: the necessary documentary materials were collected and old-timers were interviewed. Since then Semezhevo has been hosting the Kolyady

64

Tsars annually. Traditionally, about 500 men participate in the event. They dress in white trousers and shirts with red embroidered Semezhevo belts crisscrossed across their chests, and high caps adorned with colourful paper ribbons. Every young man plays his own role

– a doctor, a drummer, a fur carrier… The other characters include the main lead Tsar

Maximilian, the Tsar Mamay, the Ded (old man) and Baba (old lady). Moving along the village’s street, the procession performs the historical religious drama “Tsar

Maximilian” featuring picturesque scenes and folk medicine secrets. As darkness falls, the

“tsars” light torches.

The rite is celebrated on “Shchedry Vecher” on 13-14 January. At present, the ceremony, although popular with older residents, is diminishing in popularity with the younger generation. This may result in a gap in transmission of knowledge regarding the production of costumes, instruments, interior decorations and particular dishes associated with the event – intangible heritage that may not outlast the present generation of residents.

59. Unit 10 Lesson 4. Ex. 2c.

Minsk is hosting the international cultural and educational festival the "Dialogue of

Cultures" taking place in the Minsk Gymnasium №12. The festival is very popular. The number of participants increases annually as the geography expands. Students from China,

Italy, Poland, Russia and Turkey came to the festival to share their traditions. The foreign children stay with the gymnasium’s students and become friends forever. The guests are offered a tour around the gymnasium with visiting lessons, a tour around Minsk and sightseeing in Belarus. The programme of the festival includes the countries’ presentations in which the participants speak about their countries, an educational quiz-show and an impressive performance of national songs and dances. The highlight of the festival is the demonstration of culinary attractions when the students share the history and secrets of national dishes and then treat all the guests to them. Italian pizza, Russian pancakes,

Turkish delights and more were presented at the festival.

60. Unit 10 Lesson 6. Ex. 2b.

65

Global service learning project

I’m a teacher at Toorak College in Melbourne, Australia. Over the last two years, students from my school have been fundraising to support Daraja Academy, a school in

Kenya that is providing free education for poor girls who would be lost to education without such support. I found out about Daraja through Jabiz Raisdana, a teacher I met at a conference in Shanghai and who is in my Twitter network. Jabiz put me onto Mark

Lukach, a teacher from San Francisco who is an advocate for Daraja, and acts as a bridge helping people understand the cause.

We have held events we call “Sleepout for Schools” run by the Year 9 students of

Toorak College. The idea began with a whole day activity where the girls were exposed to ideas about how they could make a difference. They found out about the Bal Ashram in

India and their plans to build a girl’s school to help save girl’s from child slavery. They also listened to Mark Lukach when he skyped in from San Francisco and told us about Daraja Academy, a girl’s school in Kenya. That day sowed the seed and ideas germinated. A meeting of 30 or so interested students saw them decide on the idea to hold a sleepover at school as a fundraiser for the two schools.

After quite a few weeks of planning the event was held on May 22nd. During the day the girls participated in a Global march to raise awareness about the children forced into child slavery. A neighbouring school, Mt.Eliza Secondary College, joined them and lunchtime shoppers and proprietors of our local shopping centre listened to the girls’ message. It was very well received and the girls felt like they had made an impact. At

6.00pm the sleepover began. All of the girls, all 54 of them, had paid to sleep over. During the night they raised money by selling popcorn and lollies and a group of them made friendship bracelets that they sold. At 11.00pm we skyped Mark Lukach in and he talked about the progress of Daraja Academy. He was pretty impressed that 54 students had gone to the effort of getting together to do something good for others. Jason Doherty, the founder of Daraja was the next to skype in. This was Jason’s first ever skype call so it was pretty exciting. He was able to give us a lot of detail about Daraja. It was after 12 midnight by the time we’d finished our calls so you can imagine it took a bit of time to settle down

66

to sleep. We were up at 7.00am the next day. We still have to get a final total of how much money was raised, but it should be close to $1,000.

61. Lesson 7. Ex. 3a.

What was the outgoing year like for the HTP resident-companies? What projects have been implemented and what achievements have been accomplished? What do the HTP residents expect in 2014?

Victor Novochadov, Game Stream: "...The year 2013 has become really busy for our company, flying by, without exaggeration, like a lightning bolt, bringing an amazing number of important victories, prestigious awards, and records (including a Guinness

World Record). With the support of the Hi-Tech Park, we have managed to successfully complete a number of housing programmes for our employees. And above all, despite the twofold personnel increase, we have kept our unique microclimate, the atmosphere of a creative laboratory, the irrepressible thirst for experimenting, searching, and selfimprovement, what each of us lives and breathes, what has long been our trademark and outlook – DO BETTER OR DO NOT DO AT ALL! In the outgoing year, the company has paved the way for further victories and production success, which allows us to see the

New Year 2014 in with calmness and optimism, and expect... incredible, almost impossible, and even fantastic achievements."

Sergei Levteev, IBA Group: "In 2013 IBA Group has celebrated its 20th anniversary.

Like the majority of Belarusian IT companies, IBA Group development centers in Belarus remained focused on the external markets. Business dynamics of IBA Group has been consistently positive. It is good to know that the Hi-Tech Park has become an effective platform for the development of information technology in Belarus. I believe the HTP history is a success story, and I hope that, in addition to increasing sales volumes, its resident-companies will be able to implement some infrastructure projects we need so desperately. The recipe for success of any project is simple: you have to work hard and try to do your job as well as possible. I wish us all energy, strength, and courage to create new ideas as well as innovative solutions to implement them in the coming year. "

67

Galina Kosarevskaya, MAPSOFT: "Summing up the outgoing year, we can say that it has been very busy and productive. We have managed to achieve our goals by implementing a number of important projects in the key segments. In 2013, our company has paid great attention to developments in the healthcare sector, with our software products being improved and new ones being launched. This year, the upgraded service

"TALON.BY – Online Medical Registration for Belarus" has become available. Today,

TALON.BY helps hundreds of thousands of Belarusians set an appointment with a doctor via the Internet, as well as ask for a house call. The project received a special diploma of the Internet Prize TIBO 2013 in the category Healthcare and Medicine. We have also developed a Web version of the programme for monitoring the food supply in preschool institutions thereby enabling organizations to work much more efficiently and easily. The success of the company is the professionalism of the staff and great teamwork. We are confident that the New Year 2014 will be even brighter and more eventful. I wish you all health, happiness, and professional achievements in the coming year!"


Cultural Co-operation is a London-based arts and education charity with an internationally respected history of innovation and achievement. Its mission is to unite people through high quality engagement with the world’s cultural heritage. One of the most fascinating events organised by Cultural Co-operation is Music Village festival.

Created in 1983, World City Music Village is Europe's longest running festival of world cultures.

It is a 12 day celebration of multinational London at its creative best and features over 40 free admission world cultural performances. The Festival showcases over 100

London-based performers from Africa, Afghanistan, Brazil, the Balkans, Bangladesh,

Colombia, Italy, Greece, Persia, the Middle East, Peru, Somalia, Syria, Venezuela… and many more. Their joyfully diverse performances testify to the importance of creativity in generating intercultural dialogue, understanding and peace.

68

The Festival offers Londoners more ways to enjoy world cultural heritage than ever before, whether out in the sunshine with family and friends, in the intimacy of a local club or café, or from the comfort of a computer screen.

UNIT 11

63. Unit 11 Lesson 2, ex.5b

A. California rolls were invented in Los Angeles, the USA. California rolls are a kind of

Japanese sushi rolls made inside-out where the nori, seaweed, is put inside, and the rice layer goes outside.

B. BLT is an American sandwich which is also popular in Britain. BLY stands for Bacon,

Lettuce, and Tomato.

C. F ortune cookies usually finish a Chinese meal, but they were not invented by the

Chinese. They’re an American food classic. Fortune cookies are crunchy buttery sweet cookies with a fortune wish inside.

D. Carrot cake’s origins are disputed. Nobody really knows where it originates from.

Carrot cake has carrots mixed into the batter. Other popular ingredients are nuts and raisins. It usually has icing on top.

E. Nachos are a Mexican snack. Nachos are corn chips covered in melted cheese. They are often served with salsa (tomato-based sauce) and guacamole (avocado-based dip).

F. Caramel apples are an American invention. They are apples-on-a-stick dipped in hot caramel. Sometimes caramel apples are rolled in nuts or other small confections.

G. Buffalo wings come from Buffalo, a city in the USA. Buffalo wings are deep-fried chicken wings tossed in cayenne pepper, hot sauce and butter.

H. Brownies are an American chocolate dessert. Brownies are a cross between a cake and a cookie. They are served in cut squares or bars. They usually go without icing.

69

I. Clam chowder is a traditional creamy soup which is milk- or cream-based. Clam chowder has clams (sea food), onions and potatoes. It is often served in a bread bowl.

J. Beef jerky’s origins are disputed. It was probably invented by Native Americans. Beef jerky is strips of dried meat which is first seasoned and then barbecued or smoked.

K. Fajitas originate from Texas, a state in the USA. Texas borders Mexico, where they speak Spanish. As a result, in Texas a lot of people speak Spanish and eat Mexican style food. Fajitas are a Tex-Mex dish. It’s a grilled steak wrapped in a tortilla (type of flat bread made of corn flour). Fajitas go with grilled onions, green pepper, cheeses and sour cream. In Spanish faja means steak.

L. Corn dog is a variation of hot dog. It’s a deep-fried sausage coated in thick cornmeal batter and served on a stick. Corn dogs were invented in the USA.

M. Jambalaya originates from the Caribbean Islands. Jambalaya is made with rice, meat or shrimp and a combination of three vegetables: celery, peppers, and onions. The dish can be red (with tomatoes) or brown (without tomatoes).

N. Jelly beans were invented in the United States. Jelly beans are soft brightly coloured bean-shaped type of confectionary with a candy shell and a gel interior.

64. Unit 11 Lesson 3, ex. 3a, 3b

There are American songs that nearly everyone in Russia seems to know, songs like

“ Summertime” and “ White Christmas” . But the composers of these very Americansounding songs had Slavic roots.

Some were born in Russia and some in America to immigrant parents. Most were Jews.

One thing is certain: 20th-century American music would be a mere shadow of itself “and somehow less American” without the contributions of these Eastern Europeans.

First, take Irving Berlin. He was born Israel Baline, probably in Tyumen, Siberia in 1888.

His father uprooted the family to America, as many other Jewish families in the late 19 th century. In 1893 they settled in New York. Irving Berlin’s first jobs were singing in saloons. Soon he started to write songs himself. At the end of his career he had more than

70

200 hits on the Top 40 charts. He even wrote “

God Bless America

” which, though not the official national anthem, is just as popular or more so. In fact, on September 11, 2001, after the terrorist attacks, it was this song that members of the Congress began singing on the steps of the US Capitol. Jerome Kern, another American songwriter, said of Berlin:

“He is American music.” Some praise for a man born in Siberia!

Two brothers, George and Ira Gershwin were born in New York at the very end of the 19 th century. Their parents had immigrated from the east: whether from Russia, Ukraine, or

Lithuania isn’t absolutely clear. George Gershwin usually wrote the music, and Ira wrote the lyrics. They teamed up with Dubose Heywood for “ Summertime ”, one of the most frequently recorded songs of all time. The music, written by George, may even have been inspired by the Ukrainian folk lullaby “Oy Khodyt Son” which Gerswhin heard at New

York’s Carnegie Hall in 1929.

These are some of the names, but they are not all the names. The influence of Eastern

European composers on American music has been enormous.


God bless America, land that I love,

Stand beside her and guide her

Through the night with a light from above.

From the mountains, to the prairies,

To the oceans white with foam,

God bless America,

My home sweet home.

66. Unit 11 Lesson 4, ex. 2a, 2b

1

Ted: Hey, Zakhar! Good to see you! How are you doing?

Zakhar: Hey Ted! I’m … fine, thank you.

Ted : Are you? Looks like you have a problem. What’s up?

Zakhar: It’s OK. Really.

71

Ted: Really? Hm… OK… Hey, what are you cooking for the Cultural Night tomorrow?

Everybody is bringing something they eat at home. What’s your dish?

Zakhar: Well, you see… this is the problem. I didn’t know about the Cultural Night till yesterday… and I don’t know what I’ll bring tomorrow.

Ted: Wait, Zakhar. Are you saying you didn’t get an email with instructions that Sarah was supposed to send to everyone a month ago?

Zakhar: I don’t know… I guess I didn’t.

Ted: I see. You simply didn’t take it seriously, Zakhar. You should’ve read all emails from the programme coordinator. She sent them on purpose.

Zakhar: I know. What shall I do now?

Ted: Well, I guess you have to think and act fast now. I’ll help you cook. I’ll see you after

6 tonight.

Zakhar: Thank you, Ted.

2

Sarah: Hi Zakhar. It’s Sarah. Is everything OK where you’re staying?

Zakhar: Hello, Sarah. Yes, all is fine, thank you.

Sarah: Have you received your pocket money for the next week?

Zakhar: Yes, I have. Thank you.

Sarah: That’s good. You might need it tomorrow.

Zakhar: Tomorrow? What is tomorrow?

Sarah: Your group is going on a boat trip to Washington. You’ll have a bus tour, visit some sights and of course stop at some gift shops. Don’t spend all your money in the first shop. First, look around and think what’s better for you.

Zakhar: Thank you Sarah, but…

Sarah: But what?

Zakhar: I bought trainers yesterday.

Sarah: Trainers? Really? … Well, it’s your choice, Zakhar, but I really think that you can get trainers any other time, but trips to Washington like you’re having tomorrow are a kind

72

of once in a lifetime opportunity. You shouldn’t have spent all your money on the first day because you might need it later.

Zakhar: Yes, Sarah. You’re right. I didn’t think. I could’ve done it differently.

3

Waiter: Hello. A table for three?

Ted: Yes, please.

Waiter: Here’s the menu. I’ll be back whenever you’re ready.

Zakhar: Thank you.

Zahar: I’m as hungry as a wolf!

Ted: OK… What do they have here? Mmm. Yummy! They have chicken barbeque and grilled ribs. Zakhar, I think you should try spare ribs.

Zakhar: OK. Sounds good to me.

Max: Oh, yes! They’re fantastic! And look, as a side dish they have potato mash and

Texas corn pudding. I love both!

Zakhar: OK, I’ll try those too.

Ted: No, Zakhar. Ribs and chicken and mash and pudding will be too much.

Zakhar: Don’t worry, Ted. I can do it. I have to try local food, don’t I? (звук приборов, затем звонок телефона)

Half an hour later: (Phone call)

Max: Hello… Oh, it’s you, Ronny! What’s up? … Oh? Bowling game? Where? …

When? Thank you for inviting us. Bye.

Ted: Is it about bowling at Ronny’s?

Max: They have a lane in an hour. Are we going?

Zakhar: I wish … I could … but I can’t.

Ted: I can’t either.

Max: Yes, the food was good but we shouldn’t have eaten that much!

Zakhar and Ted: Yes. Next time.

73


For all sad words of tongue or pen, the saddest are these: “It might have been.”

68. Unit 11 Lesson 6, ex. 1b, 1c

These are the freedoms that Americans enjoy, and it’s guaranteed by the United States

Constitution. If you live in America, you have the right to say whatever you want to whoever you want whenever you want. The only rule is you have to do it in a peaceful manner. Students can go into the streets and protest high costs or lack of jobs. Workers can hold a peaceful assembly against low pay, high taxes or bad working conditions. People can even hold peaceful protests against the president of the United States. Anybody can publicly express their political views or complaints peacefully in America, without the fear of being punished. A well-known example of free speech took place in 1963, when

250,000 people gathered in Washington, D.C., to speak for equal rights for all Americans.

Another famous example was the protests against the Vietnam War in the 1960s and 1970s all across the Unites States.

Free speech also helps Americans to stay informed about their political leaders. Americans freely post on You Tube and Facebook, publishing their views on the American presidential candidates. This helps Americans make their decision on election day. The freedom of the press is another freedom that is guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution. The

United States does not censor any media.

69. Unit 11 Lesson 6, ex. 4a, 4b, 4c (journalists are interviewed by university students)

- (student, girl): Can you say why America is the greatest country in the world?

- (journalist 1, man): Oh! It’s the country of diversity and opportunity!

- (journalist 2, woman): Freedom! And… freedom!

- (journalist 3, man): … Well, my answer is America is not the greatest country in the world. … Are we the only ones in the world who have freedom? Canada has freedom.

Japan has freedom. The UK, France, Italy, Germany, Spain, Australia, Belgium has freedom! So, out of 207 sovereign states in the world about 180 have freedom… There are

74

some things you should know. One of them is: there’s absolutely no evidence to support the statement that we’re the greatest country in the world. We’re 7th in literacy, 27th in math, 22nd in science, 49th in life expectancy, 3rd in household income, number 4 in labor force and number 4 in exports. We lead the world in only three categories: number of incarcerated citizens per capita, number of adults who believe angels are real and defense spending. We spend more than the next 26 countries combined. … So when you ask what makes us the greatest country in the world, I don’t know what you’re talking about! … It sure used to be … We stood up for what was right. We fought for moral reason. We passed laws, struck down laws, for moral reason. We had wars on poverty, not on poor people. We sacrificed. We cared about our neighbors. We never beat our chest. We built great, big things, made ungodly technological advances, explored the universe, cured diseases and we cultivated the world’s greatest artists AND the world’s greatest economy.

We reached for the stars, acted like men. We aspired to intelligence, we didn’t make it secondary. We were able to be all these things and do all these things because we were informed… by great men, men who were respected. The first step in solving any problem is recognizing there is one. America is not the greatest country in the world anymore. But it can be. Again.


Planning a road trip in 2013 is about as simple as it can be. You type a destination into a web browser, and your entire journey will be fed out to you, turn-by-turn. You’re going from Chicago to San Francisco by car? Here’s the best route. You pick out a few audiobooks to listen to, and you head off on your trip.

71. Unit 11 Lesson 7, ex. 3a, 3b, 3d

If you ever plan to motor west

Travel my way, take the highway that's the best

Get your kicks on Route sixty-six.

It winds from Chicago to LA

75

More than two thousand miles all the way


Now you go through Saint Louis, Joplin (Missouri)

And Oklahoma City looks mighty pretty

You'll see Amarillo, Gallup (New Mexico)

Flagstaff (Arizona) don't forget Winona

Kingman, Barstow, San Bernardino.

Won't you get hip to this timely tip

When you make that California trip:


**

[CUT the recording -- Won't you get hip to this timely tip

When you make that California trip

A-get your kicks on Route sixty-six

A-get your kicks on Route sixty-six

Get your kicks on Route sixty-six]


Boy: Hi, mum! It’s me! I’m calling from my host family!

Mum: Oh, Danila! I’m so glad to hear you! Are you fine? How was the flight?

Boy: It was great, mum!

Mum: But it was so long! Ten hours in the air, ten hours to stay seated. Did you sleep at all, dear?

Boy: Yes, I did. Don’t worry, mum. I slept. I had lunch and dinner – I loved the desserts they gave us! And I watched films! You know, there’s a little screen in front of each seat, and there’s a remote control, and headphones! You can choose from maybe a list of a hundred films, and music, and games.

Mum: Really? I’ve never flown in planes like this. Maybe they have those only in large planes to America… Well, tell me about your hosts.

76

Boy: Oh, mum, they are great. They met me at the airport and drove home. I have a separate room with a computer all to myself. From my room I can walk into my own bathroom! Mum, can you imagine: my own bathroom! By the way, Mr and Mrs Foxwell are saying Hi to you.

Mum: Thank you, son. Please tell them I am very grateful for what they are doing for you.

Boy: Of course, mum. I will. Mum, I’m sorry, I have to go. We’re having a group meeting in half an hour.

Mum: OK, Danila. Go if you must. Don’t be late. And please don’t forget to send a postcard to your grandparents. They will be happy to have one from you in their collection.

73. Unit 12 Lesson 1, Exercise 2a. Song

Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Singapore, The Philippines, Malaysia, Sri

Lanka, India, Nepal, Zambia, Tanzania, Liberia, Nigeria, Ghana, South Africa, Uganda,

Jamaica, Kenya, Cameroon, Sierra Leone, Zimbabwe, Ireland, The UK, Canada, Pakistan,

Bangladesh, Hong Kong, The USA, Trinidad and Tobago


It’s a country in East Africa. It has the Indian Ocean, Mount Kilimanjaro and the Lake

Tanganyika. The Island of Zanzibar is part of the country. Its capital is Dar es Salaam. It’s popular for its national parks such as the Serengeti.


News presenter 1 , woman: Today we look at why Britain might have connections with so many countries around the world. Here to explain more is Gale Kapp. Gale?

News presenter 2 , man (choleric person): Thank you, Terry. Let’s have a brief look at the history of British Empire. Let’s for a moment go back to the 15 th century. Here, in the middle of the world is England, a tiny little country with a big idea to take over everyone else and become really, really powerful. So, in 1583 a brave chap Humphrey Gilbert sails across the Atlantic Ocean and lands in a new found land called Newfoundland. He claims

77

it for England, and so the empire begins! Ta-da! Later, in Stewart times, the British go back across the Atlantic, and this time they claim Canada, and the Caribbean, and most importantly, the east coast of America. Everything is going awfully, awfully well. But not for long. The United States declare independence. And not only did they declare it, they fight for it, and they win! So Britain has to go and try its luck somewhere else.

Fortunately, Captain Cook discovers Australia, and Britain says, “We’ll have that!” and also decides they will also have New Zealand and in addition large countries like Papua

New Guinea, lots of smaller islands and territories in the Pacific, and a bit of Asia including India and Sri Lanka. After Britain wins the Napoleonic wars against the French

Empire in 1815, and as a result the winners – Britain, Spain and the Netherlands – share the French colonies. Britain gets Malta, Mauritius and a couple of trophies in the

Caribbean. Historians call the period between 1815 and 1914 Britain’s “imperial century”.

This is when about 26,000,000 square km of territory and roughly 400 million people were added to the British Empire. In Africa, for example, by the time World War I breaks out, the third of all Africans are ruled by the British from Cairo in Egypt to Cape town in South

Africa. And if we look at the planet now, a third is run by one tiny island! What a sight!

But… believe it or not, this doesn’t last forever. First, Australia, Canada, and Egypt demand to be recognized as independent countries, so they’re out of the empire. Soon after that, when World War II comes to its end, Britain wins but was completely broke. And you can’t have an empire without money, especially when people don’t want you there in the first place. So, India leaves, and everyone else is not far behind. It’s 1948, and Ireland goes. See you, Ireland! And then Sudan. Buy, Sudan! And then Cypress, and South Africa, and Zanzibar, and Malta, and Singapore, and Fiji, and Hong Kong, and more big and small chunks get on their way out of the empire. The empire falls apart. Sorry, Britain, but you’ve been really great in building and maintaining your empire for centuries.

News presenter 1 , woman: That was Gale Kapp with his report on the British Empire.

Next time he’ll tell us what legacies Britain left behind in its former colonies.

76. Unit 12 Lesson 3, ex. 1b, 3a

78

Would you rather visit a zoo or Kruger National Park?

Would you rather swim with a penguin or with great white shark?

Would you rather lie on the beach or surf two oceans,

Watch an ostrich race or bungee jump for emotions,

Would you rather watch a cricket game or touch an aardvark?


Audio 1 – (March) jazz festival, audio 2 – (May) literary festival, audio 3 – (October) whales, 4 – (April) marathon, 5 – (December) sunset concerts, 6 – (September) King

Shaka Day Celebrations, Zulu dance music


Mix of beginnings to Anoua’s songs (nature + local instruments + words in Maori)


1. Hello! This is a three-minute Travel the World podcast. I’m Tricia, and today we speak about New Zealand geography. Three, two, one – here we go! New Zealand is an island country, similar in size to Great Britain, with a population of only four million people. The country lies in the Pacific Ocean about 1,500 km east of Australia. New Zealand consists of two main islands – the North Island with the capital city Wellington, the South Island and a number of smaller offshore islands. New Zealand used to be part of Gondwanaland, the ancient super continent in the southern hemisphere, which split up and separated New

Zealand about 85 million years ago. During its long isolation, the islands developed a distinctive biodiversity of unique animals, birds and plants. Many species of birds, like kiwi or kakapo parrot, don’t fly – they’ve lost this ability because they didn’t need it as they have no natural predators to fly away from; the largest mammal of New Zealand is a bat. The landscapes of New Zealand are awesomely varied. Here you’ll find spectacular glaciers, picturesque fjords, rugged mountains, vast plains, fertile farmland, rolling hillsides, subtropical forest, volcanic plateaus, relaxing hot springs, gentle sandy beaches –

79

no wonder New Zealand is becoming so very popular as a location for movies. As New

Zealand lies in the southern half of the world, it has opposite seasons to what people have in the northern hemisphere. July is the coldest month of the year, and on the South Island the temperatures in winter might drop down to -10C. January and February are the warmest months with +20-30 degrees above zero. New Zealand has many hours of sunshine, so tourists are strongly recommended to wear a shirt, a hat, sunscreen and sunglasses to protect themselves from the sun. This was Tricia with a three-minute Travel the World podcast. Thank you for joining us today, and see you tomorrow!

2. Hello! This is a three-minute Travel the World podcast. I’m Tricia, and today we speak about New Zealand history. Three, two, one – here we go! The country of New Zealand is also called Aotearoa which in the Maori language means “Land of the Long White

Cloud”. Why does the country have two names? The answer is easy: New Zealand has a rich and fascinating history reflecting a unique mix of two peoples: the local Maori people and European settlers. About 1,000 years ago the first Maori settlers arrived to New

Zealand from Polynesia. In war times Maori were strong and fearless warriors. When they weren’t at wars, Maori were expert hunters and fishermen. They also cultivated land and introduced vegetables from Polynesia. The first European to sight New Zealand was a

Dutch explorer Abel Tasman in 1642. He claimed the country for Holland; however, he himself has never set foot on the land as Maori weren’t friendly at all to the newcomers.

As a result, Europeans didn’t revisit New Zealand until 1769 when a British explorer

James Cook mapped almost the entire coastline of the country. Following Cook, New

Zealand was visited by numerous European and North American fishing and trade ships.

As Maori (local people) and Pakeha (Europeans) had more and more contacts, the immigrants weren’t always fair in their dealings with Maori over land. In 1840 Maori chiefs asked for protection from William IV, the King of England, and the Treaty of

Waitangi was signed. The Treaty had three articles: that the King or Queen of Great

Britain would have the right to rule over New Zealand; that Maori chiefs would keep their land; that all Maori would have the same rights as British citizens. Unfortunately, many of the rights guaranteed to Maori by the Treaty have been ignored and New Zealand has seen

80

several land wars. Nevertheless, the country has its own strong sense of identity. Both,

European descendants and Maori are often called the Kiwis which stands for a New

Zealander. This was Tricia with a three-minute Travel the World podcast. Thank you for joining us today, and see you tomorrow!

3. Hello! This is a three-minute Travel the World podcast. I’m Tricia, and today we speak about New Zealand culture. Three, two, one – here we go! New Zealand has a proud indigenous culture which takes inspiration from traditional Maori customs and beliefs as well as from beliefs and cultural traditions of European settlers. In addition, the particular character of the New Zealand landscape has also added its influence to the cultural mix.

Traditional Maori art uses natural materials like wood, bone, shell, flax and feathers.

Maori’s generously decorated their buildings and canoes with carvings. Their favourite patterns were geometric shapes and figures of humans, birds and reptiles. Ta Moko, or

Maori tattoo, is a core component of Maori culture and a sign of cultural identity. Men wear ta Moko on their faces and body, whereas women usually wear it on the chin and lips. The design of each Maori tattoo is unique and has personal information about its wearer, such as their genealogy, tribal affiliations, status and achievements. Traditional

Maori Haka is not always a war dance. It is performed for various reasons, such as celebrating an achievement, welcoming a guest, or as a pre-battle challenge. It may be performed by both men and women. The Haka has become internationally famous as a result of pre-game performance of New Zealand sports teams, especially All Blacks rugby team. If you travel to New Zealand, you should definitely plan a visit to a Maori cultural village, such as Tamaki to experience ceremonial rituals and traditions that include feasting, cultural performances and storytelling. The Maori language is one of three official languages of New Zealand. The other two are English and New Zealand Sign

Language. The Maori language is being actively supported and promoted by the government and society. In addition to numerous language programmes for different age groups, they have TV channels and radio stations that broadcast exclusively in the Maori language. This was Tricia with a three-minute Travel the World podcast. Thank you for joining us today, and see you tomorrow!

81


Land of the long white cloud

by Aonua

Deep in the Pacific

There lies a land so pure

Where tall snow peaked mountains

And golden sand shores

It’s always been good to me

As I have grown

Such a special case to be

A stand that I call home.

Aotearoa.

The jewels in the ocean

Your islands are so green

Your crystal clear water

That flows from your streams

You’ll always be part of me

Right here, in my soul

Whoever be there for me

You’ll always be home.

Aotearoa. Land of the long white cloud.

81. Unit 12 Lesson 7, ex. 1b.

Many people associate yoga with seemingly impossible and weirdly twisted poses, but the fact is yoga is much more than poses. Derived from the ancient language Sanskrit, the root

"yuj" [sounds “huge” without “h”] means "to unite". So, yoga, is a 5000 year old practice of uniting and harmonizing the body with the mind and the spirit through the means of various breathing techniques, yoga postures, or asanas, and meditation. Asanas are gentle

82

stretching movements designed to help balance the mind and body. Yoga practitioners do asanas while standing, lying down, sitting in a chair, or in a headstand position. While practising a pose, they do breathing exercises to help relax muscles, keep the pose and focus the mind. Meditation is the practice of focusing at one point and stilling the mind in order to perceive the self. In meditation, some yoga followers use mantras, sacred mystic syllables, words or verses that help them concentrate and quiet the mind. Yoga was born as a philosophy, and through thousands of years has transformed into a very popular practice with millions of followers throughout the world. Yogis and yoginis practise yoga in groups and classes, or at home, inside or outside. Many of them now and then retreat to ashrams, monasteries or other spirituals places where people practise the principles of yoga, usually with a Hindu guru, a Sanskrit word for “teacher” or “master.”

There are many types of yoga today, but they all emphasize either exercising the mind and/or the physical body. To decide on the yoga style that's right for you, ask yourself three simple questions. The answers will help you clarify your goals in beginning yoga.

Are you doing yoga for fitness and to get in shape as well as to explore the mind-body connection? Then choose a style like Power Yoga, Ashtanga yoga, or Bikram yoga. All three styles combine an athletic series of poses into a total-body workout. Are you starting yoga with an injury, or are you out of shape? Then start with a slower class like Iyengar yoga, Kripalu yoga, or Viniyoga. All three focus on finding the safest, most precise position for each student in every asana. Are the meditative and spiritual aspects of yoga your primary goal? Then try one of the yoga styles that include plenty of meditation and the philosophic aspects of yoga, for example, you might try Kundalini yoga.


First, we’re going to do the Mountain Pose. Stand up straight with both feet at hip-width.

Turn your heels a little outward and let your weight rest on your toes. Your arms hang downwards along your body and the palms of your hands point towards your body.

Breathe in and out a few times with full concentration on breathing. Through your breathing place your neck straight over the upper back and slowly stretch your body

83

upwards from the neck. The shoulders feel broad and relaxed. Your breathing is free and relaxed. Look straight ahead of you and try to stand motionless with as little effort as possible.

Now, we’re going to do the Crescent Moon Pose. First, kneel and keep your back straight.

Step forward with your right foot until the foot is a little in front of the knee and your upper leg is parallel with the floor. The left foot (the one at the back) rests on the floor with its toes and your lower leg on the mat. Now, raise both arms, and hook both thumbs together. At the same time you stretch your arms upwards and you pull the thumbs slightly apart. Then you raise your knee at the back so that your weight is now equally divided between the leg in front and the leg at the back. Look forward and focus your attention on one point – this helps you to maintain your balance. Breathe freely.

Now, we’re going to do Side Stretch Pose. Start with the Mountain Pose. Stand straight, nice and tall. As you breathe in, raise your left arm, making a line from your left foot to the fingertips. Place your right hand on your right hip. As you breathe out, bend your upper body to the right. Hold for several breaths. Breathe in, and bring the body back to the original position. Breathe in, and now raise your right arm. Place your left hand on your left hip. Breathe out and slowly bend to the left. Hold for several breaths. Don’t force the bend. Breathe in and return to the original position.

Now, the Chair Pose. Start with the Mountain Pose: tall and relaxed. Now, bring your hands together in the Namaste position against the chest bone. Bend your upper body from the hip until halfway parallel to the floor. Without causing tension in the chin, stretch out your neck, which causes the back to be lengthened. The breathing goes through the belly or towards the chest bone, against which the hands have been placed. Look straight downwards at a spot on the floor. Breathe freely and remain focused on a correct position of the back and the chest.


Answering machine: Hello. You called Globe Tour Operators. If you’re interested in an escorted tour, please press One. If you’re interested in a guided tour, please press Two. If you’re interested in an independent tour, please press Three. If you’re interested in a

84

cruise, please press Four. If you’re not sure about what type of tour to choose yet, please wait for our operator to answer your questions.

Several tones, then there’s connection

Woman: Hello. You’re talking to a Globe Tour operator. My name is Pauline Marshall.

How can I help you?

Man: Hello, Pauline. I’m planning a holiday for my parents as a present for their anniversary, but I’m not sure what type of tour would be best for them. And, of course, I want it to be memorable.

Woman: I see. What a great idea! Excuse me Sir, may I have your name, please?

Man: Oh, sure. Sorry. I’m Greg McDowell.

Woman: Glad to be talking to you, Mr McDowell. I have two questions: what country or region do you have in mind for your parents to travel? And secondly, do you think they would rather have it all pre-planned for them or play it by ear? Of course, they will have all kinds of guide books and maps in both cases.

Man: Well, I think I can answer your second question first. My parents have been to many places and as far as I remember, it always turned out for them that they did what they didn’t plan – like they walk a street, turn round the corner and find such a great treasure that they spend hours exploring. And I remember that once they did complain about a tour that was so very heavily packed with stuff to do that they weren’t able either to relax or see all they had expected.

Woman: Oh? To me, this sounds like your parents would feel more comfortable on an independent tour, where tour guides are not included, but there is usually a host available to answer questions and suggest sightseeing. This type of tour allows the tourists a lot of free time to explore the place. And I think your parents will be happy to set their own pace to what they do on their holiday. Now, we should look into what place would be good for your parents to go to. Any idea?

Man: You know, my dad was a curator at the local gallery, and many of the trips my mum and dad had were to so to say artistically rich destinations like Rome and Paris.

Woman: Wow! Beautiful places! What about your mother? What job did she have? Was she in art too?

85

Man: My mum is an excellent photographer, and she still works part-time. Yes, she liked the places my dad had taken her too, but now I want something very different for them

Woman: I see… How about an Island? In two months it will be in the northern lights season. Or… seeing animals in the wild some place in Africa? … Or, probably New

Zealand? Have your parents ever been to New Zealand?

Man: Hmm… Wow! It sounds perfect for my parents! You know what? Last week I watched a documentary about New Zealand, and I like it so much! I think this is it! My mum and dad should go to New Zealand this time!

Woman: Oh, that was easy! I’m happy you found what you were looking for. We have all the details and options on our website, but if you have any questions you can email me at paulinem@globetour.com

Man: Thank you so much, Pauline. I’ll email you right away so that we can settle everything else.

Woman: Thank you, Mr McDowell. It was my pleasure to talk to you.

UNIT 13


English Abroad. Part 1

Programme host: English has been the dominant global language for a century, but is it the language of the future? If Mandarin Chinese is to challenge English globally, then it first has to conquer its own backyard, South East Asia.

In Malaysia's southernmost city of Johor Bahru, the desire to speak good English has driven some children to make a remarkable two-hour journey to school every day. Nineyear-old Aw Yee Han hops on a yellow mini-van at 04:30. His passport is tucked inside a small pouch hung around his neck. This makes it easier for him to show it to immigration officials when he reaches the Malaysian border. His school is located on the other side, in

Singapore, where unlike in Malaysia, English is the main language. It's not your typical school run, but his mother, Shirley Chua thinks it's worth it.

Malaysian woman : "Science and Maths are all written in English so it's essential for my son to be fluent in the language."

86

85. Unit 13 LESSON 2 Ex.4a, 4b

English Abroad. Part 2

Let's talk about manias. Let's start with Beatle mania: hysterical teenagers, crying, screaming, pandemonium. Sports mania: deafening crowds, all for one idea -- get the ball in the net. Okay, religious mania: there's rapture, there's weeping, there's visions. Manias can be good. Manias can be alarming. Or manias can be deadly.

The world has a new mania. A mania for learning English. Listen as Chinese students practise their English by screaming it.

Teacher: ... change my life!

Students: I will change my life.

T: I don't want to let my parents down.

S: I don't want to let my parents down.

T: I don't ever want to let my country down.

S: I don't ever want to let my country down.

T: Most importantly ... S: Most importantly ...

T: I don't want to let myself down.

S: I don't want to let myself down.

Jay Walker: How many people are trying to learn English worldwide? Two billion of them.

Students: A t-shirt. A dress.

JW: In Latin America, in India, in Southeast Asia, and most of all in China. If you are a

Chinese student you start learning English in the third grade, by law. That's why this year

China will become the world's largest English-speaking country. (Laughter) Why English?

In a single word: Opportunity. Opportunity for a better life, a job, to be able to pay for school, or put better food on the table. Imagine a student taking a giant test for three full days. Her score on this one test literally determines her future. She studies 12 hours a day for three years to prepare. Twenty-five percent of her grade is based on English. It's called the Gaokao, and 80 million Chinese high school students have already taken this grueling test. The intensity to learn English is almost unimaginable, unless you witness it.

87

Teacher: Perfect!

Students: Perfect!

T: Perfect!

S: Perfect!

T: I want to speak perfect English.

T: perfect English.

S: perfect English.

T: I want to change my life!

S: I want to change my life!

JW: So is English mania good or bad? Is English a tsunami, washing away other languages? Not likely. English is the world's second language. Your native language is your life. But with English you can become part of a wider conversation: a global conversation about global problems, like climate change or poverty, or hunger or disease. The world has other universal languages. Mathematics is the language of science. Music is the language of emotions. And now English is becoming the language of problem-solving. Not because America is pushing it, but because the world is pulling it. So English mania is a turning point. Like the harnessing of electricity in our cities or the fall of the Berlin Wall, English represents hope for a better future -- a future where the world has a common language to solve its common problems.

Thank you very much.

86. Unit 13 LESSON 4: Ex. 3b, 4a

Host: In my studio today there are two well-known experts on career development: Mrs

Anita Baldwin and Dr Alan Walker. Welcome to the studio, Anita and Alan. Our aim today is to help people realize the importance of knowing English for their career development.

One of the primary benefits of learning English is that it is often considered the language of global business. Speaking and understanding English can let a person communicate with others more easily and find more job opportunities not only in his or her home country, but around the world as well.

88

Anita: In today's global marketplace, you need to speak English to negotiate deals with international partners and read international contracts. You need to learn this language if you want to do business with a country outside of your own. In many parts of the world, such as the U.S., you cannot get a job unless you speak English at native levels.

Alan: The English language is certainly the most dominant world language. Its knowledge makes you a citizen of not just one country, but the world, and opens up unimaginable opportunities in life.

Host: But if you’re not part of the global business scene, do you still need English?

Anita: Many of the most prominent and well known publications throughout the world are written and printed in English. Even learning about current events often requires an understanding of the language, since so many global publications and news websites use it.

Alan: In a nutshell, English is the oxygen that keeps the professional life very strong and agile. English is indispensable to one’s success. Good communication skills in English are mandatory for successful seminars and presentations. If you are able to express yourself effectively, you are halfway towards success in our career.

Host: I’d like to sum up what has been said so far. If you want a good job in business, technology, or science, get out of that armchair and start learning English now! If you already have a good job, start learning before you lose it!

Anita: However, to become a successful businessman or scientist, you need to get an education.

In addition to job opportunities, there are other opportunities available for those who learn English. Learning English can improve the chances of being accepted into advanced training programs or colleges in English-speaking countries.

Alan: Studying abroad now requires knowledge of the English language. If the level of language is not up to the mark, then getting a high score in international exams would be next to impossible. In other words it can be said that the dream to study in an English country will be shattered to pieces just because of the poor language skills. Knowledge of

English becomes mandatory in any given situation of life.

89

87. Unit 13 LESSON 6 : Ex.3b)

India is a polyglot country. There are about 400 native Indian tongues, of these, about 350 are rapidly losing speakers – young people switch to other local languages or

English. The same is true for thousands of other languages all over the world. Only just

600 of the world's languages are "safe" from extinction as they are still being learned by children.

The global fund of languages has never before gone into such an extensive decline.

This process seems to have originated in the 15th century, as the age of European expansion began. At least 15,000 languages were spoken at the beginning of that century.

Since then, some 4,000 to 9,000 tongues have disappeared as a result of wars, genocide, legal bans, and assimilation.

Of course, as a first language, the world's most common tongue is not European but

Asian: Mandarin Chinese is now spoken by more than 900 million people. But English is rapidly becoming the primary international medium of science, commerce, and popular culture. It is used in some form by about 2 billion people every day.

Much of the world's linguistic diversity is concentrated in just a few regions. Some of these linguistic "hot spots" appear to be on the verge of cultural collapse. About 80 percent of the world's languages are spoken only in their country of origin, which makes them extremely vulnerable.

Governments have eliminated many native languages by killing almost all their speakers, or have banned minority languages in favour of linguistic conformity. Many countries require children to be educated in the dominant language, which results in the loss of the children’s mother tongue. Promoting a single language is often seen as a way to foster national identity, especially in ethnically diverse countries. But a common language hardly guarantees political unity.

Linguistic decline is a matter of concern for the whole of humanity. By giving up our linguistic diversity, we are also losing our understanding of biological diversity.

Native inhabitants of regions with high biodiversity have developed rich vocabularies to

90

describe the natural world around them. Many of these treasure houses of local knowledge are being replaced by more simplified forms of speech.

Many experts believe that the best way to conserve linguistic wealth is to foster multilingualism. Certainly, different peoples need to understand each other, which is why some languages have always served as linguae francae. But among minority language speakers, multilinguilism has always been the norm – my grandparents in Bombay are a good example. Even today, it's estimated that two thirds of all children are still growing up in multilingual environments. Encouraging the use of minority languages might help revive the linguistic heritage of many countries. Millennia of human experience are accumulated in the planet's many languages, and this linguistic diversity may be as essential to our cultural health as biological diversity is to our physical health. Each language is its own world. By allowing so many of these worlds to disappear, we may be losing a lot more than just words.

88. Unit 13 LESSON 8. Listening

The lingua franca of the world is English, or, more exactly, a collection of "Englishes" –

American English, Australian English and others. A great number of people know English as a foreign language. They typically use a more simplified variant, for example, without most of the idioms of English. Of course, they make mistakes, and sometimes the

"English" used by these people is almost impossible to understand. In addition, people who use English as their native language do not know how to spell difficult words, since they basically know English as a spoken language. Thus, the universal language is simplified and misspelled "English".

When a language has the position of a universal language, this position tends to be strengthened by itself. Since everyone knows and uses English, people are almost forced to learn it and use it. Though English is widely used, it is extremely unsuitable as a universal language. There are several reasons for this. Any national language, which is originally the language of a particular tribe or nation, has obvious defects when used for international communication:

91

 A national language carries with it the history of the nation. For instance, words and phrases have got, apart from their dictionary meanings, connotations, colours and associations. This is an important cultural phenomenon which helps in keeping the nation a nation, but in international communication it is a burden.

 When written national languages originated, they were usually formed on the basis of the dialect of the capital or other important area, with the aim of creating a language which fosters national identity. Thus, the very origin of a national language is in a sense nationalistic, not ‘internationalistic’.

 Due to their long history, national languages have historical features which make them illogical and irrational, such as irregular forms. Moreover, being originally spoken languages, they lack essential tools for expressing things in a concrete manner; and the need for such expression is huge and growing, especially in the areas of law and contracts, technology and science.

These remarks apply to English, too, and especially to English.

The spelling rules of English and different shades of meaning of the same word lead to difficulties in communication. Being a language of international communication, English creates problems for its native speakers, too. Usually, speaking their mother tongue, they use a lot of idioms and rare words; they tend to speak too fast or use their own dialect. If they continue to do so in international contexts (trying to express themselves and be understood) they will hardly succeed.

Moreover, English borrows words from other languages. It means that words for related concepts are typically not related to each other in any regular manner. This process makes a language more international in one sense, but, essentially, less suitable for international communication, since it gets much more difficult to learn the vocabulary.

What is the solution to the problem? Should another language replace English as a lingua franca – Mandarin Chinese or Esperanto? What do you think?

92

93

Qualities of a good nurse

Related documents

Products

Support

Qualities of a good nurse

Related documents

Add this document to collection(s)

Add this document to saved

Suggest us how to improve StudyLib