Chapter 31 Notes
Kingdom Plantae
Ch. 31, 18, 19 & 24
Plants evolved from _______________
 __________ cannot survive on land (_______________________)
 Plants had to ______________________ that would allow them to
___________________ on dry land
 ___________________ is the earliest known land plant (fossil)
 It’s _____________ and similar to today’s ___________________
 Evolutionary tree of plants
 From _____________ ______________ traits
Living on Land
 Several environmental challenges had to be met by early plants in
order to live on land…
A. ________________________________________
 Plants evolved roots to ____________________ the plant
 ____________ are used to _____________ and _______________
B. ____________________________________
 Plants evolved a _____________ – ___________________
Evolution of _____________________ helped protect _________
from __________________.
Evolution of a __________________ that prevents ____________.
C. _________________________________________
 On land, plants could obtain enough ________________________
 Different strategies for obtaining light:
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Chapter 31 Notes
 _________________________________ – plants began to evolve
______________________________.
 Others had to adapt to ___________________________________
BRYOPHYTES Pg. 671
 Bryophytes include __________________________
 _________________, i.e. they don’t have ____________________
 Advancements over algae: ________________________________
 Habitat: they require moist environment for __________________
and _______________________________
Plant life cycle: alternation of generations
 Plants spend part of their life cycle in the ________________, and
part in the __________________ – both stages are ____________
Bryophyte Life Cycle
 Exhibit __________________________: they have a __________
and _________________ generation.
 Gametophyte generation ___________________________
 Has green “leafy stems” and ________________________ called
_______________, for _______________ (not true roots!)
 Have _______________________
 Bryophytes ________________ – do not have _______________.
 This absence of vascular tissue prevents bryophytes from having
____________________________________.
 Also, lack of conducting tissue ____________________________.
Bryophyte Reproduction
 Gametophyte plant produces _____________________________:
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Chapter 31 Notes
 __________________ – produces eggs (______________)
 __________________ – produces motile sperm (_________)
 Outer layers protects and ___________________________
 Motile sperm must _________________ to archegonia.
Bryophyte significance
 Bryophytes are small and inconspicuous, but important part of the
biosphere
 ___________________________________________
 Important to prevent ___________________ along streams
 Commercially – ______________ (Sphagnum) is used as
_____________________________________________________
2. Tracheophytes
 Vascular plants: _________________________________.
 Xylem: ______________________________________.
 Phloem: carries ___________from the ________to the rest of the plant.
 Diploid _________________ generation is dominant in the life cycle.
 2 Groups: Spore dispersing and Seed Plants.
Spore producing plants: FERNS (Pg. 673)
 An important group of plants – 10,000 species exist
 Ferns have developed _______________________________.
 Habitat: Moist tropics, woodlands, stream banks
 Also exhibit Alternation of Generations, but the ___________________
________________________is dominant (larger and more visible).
 The ____________________ Gametophyte is small & short lived.
 Sporophyte has well developed vascular system _________________.
Fern Sporophyte Morphology
 Fern sporophyte has ____________________________.
 Young fronds are called __________________________.
 They also have an underground horizontal stem called the __________.
 _______________________________ arise from the rhizome.
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Chapter 31 Notes
Fronds
 Ferns have leaves called fronds, for ___________________________.
 Under the fronds, spores are produced in ________________ in clusters
called ____________________________________.
Significance of ferns
 Ecologically important: Hold and form soil to prevent _____________.
 As food – fern fiddleheads eaten in Hawaii, Japan, Philippines – very
nutritious and delicious!
 As ornamental plants.
 ______________________ formation from ancient ferns.
Seed Plants (Pg. 675)
1. Seed Ferns –
 Now extinct – predecessors of today’s seed plants
 200 million years ago the earth’s climate grew warmer and drier and
seed plants increased in number and variety.
Success of seed plants due to:
1. ____________________________________________.
2. Do not require water for __________________________.
3. Male gamete (sex cells) carried easily in air as __________________.
4. Seeds provide _______________ for the plant embryo while it develops
What is a seed?
 A ________________________, an embryo complete with:
1. _____________________
2. _____________________
3. _____________________
 Surrounded by food with a protective seed coat.
Dispersal of Seeds
1. _______________. eg. Water Lilly
2. _______________. eg. Dandelion
3. _______________. eg. Cockleburr
4. Through animal ____________ spread with ___________. Eg.
Mountain ash, choke- cherry, strawberry and saskatoon berry
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Chapter 31 Notes
2. Gymnosperms
 Seeds do not have a ____________________ and grow on the surface
of a cone scale.
 Means __________________________.
 Do not have a protective ______________________ around the seed.
 Do not have _______________________.
 3 orders alive today.
A. Cycads
 Subtropical and tropical areas; resemble palm trees.
 Also found at high elevations.
 Common in Florida, California
 Ornamental
B. Ginko
 ___________________________
 Up to 30 m high
 _______________________ male and female trees.
 Produce small cones which “look like ____________________”
 Used as ornamental in cities since they resist pollution.
 Health food supplement Ginko Biloba, claimed to help learning and
memory. Is being studied as a treatment for Alzheimer’s disease.
C. Conifers
 Seeds produced in ____________________________
 Most important group of trees in Canada
 Most are __________________________
 Leaves are ________________. Eg. Spruces, Pines, Redwoods, Cedars.
 Juniper berries are really cones. Used to flavour ________.
 Larch or tamarack is not an “evergreen”, ________________________.
 Many important uses.
3. Angiosperms
 Have __________________________________
 Large seeds protected in an _____________________________.
 Dominant plant life on Earth
 Many uses such as food, etc.
 Includes all the rest of the plants.
 Divided into 2 groups: _________________________________.
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Chapter 31 Notes
Item
Monocot
Dicot
1. Seeds: Cotyledons,
endosperm, and
germination
2. Leaves: Veins and
Shape
3. Flowers: # of Parts
4. Stems: Cross section
5. Vascular Cambium
6. Root: Cross section
7. Examples
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