PHYSO 2A
SG-1
Cara Burres-Jones, PCC
Unit 1 – Study Guide
Intro, Cell & Mitosis, Histology, Integumentary System
(+ some biochemistry and genetics)
Identify, Define, Describe or Give
the Significance of the Following:
CHAPTER 1:
Anatomy
gross
histology
regional
systemic
embryology
Physiology
comparative
Pathology
Dissection
Cadaver
Palpation
Galen & Vesalius
Hooke & Leeuwenhoek
First microscopes
Schleiden & Schwann
Cell theory
Scientific Method
Fact vs Law vs Theory
Evolution
Natural Selection
Primate adaptations
Bipedal vs Quadripedal
Hominids
Atom
Molecule-->Macromolecules
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism
Emergent property
Characteristics of Life:
Cellularity
Metabolism
Catabolism & Anabolism
Responsiveness
Growth
Reproduction
Homeostasis
“Reference Man”
Equilibrium
Feedback: Negative & Positive
Anatomical terminology&eponyms
EXAMPLES OF LATIN
SINGULAR to PLURAL:
syllabus
syllabi
humerus
humeri
cactus
cacti
radius
radii
lumen
lumina
diagnosis
diagnoses
appendix
appendices
ulna
ulnae
tibia
fibula
plura
femur
auditorium
pericardium
medium
peritoneum
ganglion
phalanx
calyx
tibiae
fibulae
plurae
femora
auditoria
pericardia
media
peritonea
ganglia
phalanges
calyces
ATLAS A:
Anatomical position
Supine vs Prone
Longitudinal sections
Sagittal planes/section
-Mid- & Parasagittal
Frontal (coronal) plane/section
Transverse (cross) plane/section
Oblique section
Cranial-Caudal
Superior-Inferior
Ventral-Dorsal
Anterior-Posterior
Medial-Lateral
Superficial-Deep
Parietal-Visceral
Proximal-Distal
Ipsilateral-Contralateral
Axial Region:
cephalic
frontal
orbital
nasal
oral
buccal (cheek)
lingual (tongue)
mental
otic (ear region)
occipital
cervical
thoracic
pectoral
mammary
sternal
scapular
vertebral
abdominal
the 9 subdivisions*
umbilical
coxal or iliac
pubic
1
lumbar
sacral
gluteal
perineal
Appendicular Region:
acromial
axillary
brachial
antecubital
cubital or olecranal
antebrachial
manus (or manual region)
carpal
metacarpal
(palmar=anterior metacarpal)
phalangeal (or digital)
pollex (=thumb, or digit I)
inguinal
femoral
patellar
popliteal
crural
sural
peroneal or fibular
pes (or pedal region)
tarsal
calcaneal
metatarsal
(plantar=ventral metatarsal)
phalangeal (or digital)
hallux (=great toe)
9 Abdominal Regions*
Umbilical
Epigastric
Hypogastric
Lumbar
Iliac (or Inguinal)
Hypochondriac
Body cavities
dorsal
spinal
cranial
ventral
thoracic
mediastinum
pericardial
pleural
diaphragm
abdominal
pelvic
Serous membrane (serosa)
pericardia, visceral & parietal
plurae, visceral & parietal
peritonea, visceral & parietal
mesentary
PHYSO 2A
Organ Systems:
•List all 11
•Know basic function
•Name at least 3 organs from
•ID organs on models
CHAPTER 2:
(Much of Chapter 2 will be covered
on a take home assignment. The
following you need to know for
your lecture exam:)
pH
acidic vs basic (alkaline)
potential energy vs kinetic energy
monomer vs polymer
hydrolysis vs dehydration synthesis
carbohydrates
mono, di, polysaccharides
glucose vs glycogen (animals)
glucose vs starch vs cellulose (plants)
lipids
fatty acids
saturated vs unsaturated
triglycerides
phospholipids
steroids
eicosanoids
proteins
amino acids
1º, 2º, 3º & 4º structure
enzymes
nucleic acids
nucleotides
ATP
DNA & RNA
CHAPTER 3:
Cell & Cell Theory
Cytoplasm vs Cytosol
Intracellular fluid (ICF)
Extracellular fluid (ECF)
Cell (plasma) membrane
(=plasmalemma)
Phospholipids
Transmembrane proteins
Peripheral proteins
Receptors
Enzymes
Channel proteins
Ligand-gated
Voltage-gated
Mechanically-gated
Carriers and Pumps
Glycoprotein Identity Marker
CAMs
Second-messenger systems
G-Proteins
Microvilli (“brush border”)
Cilia
Flagella
SG-1
Filtration
Diffusion
Concentration gradient
Osmosis
Aquaporins
Osmole
Tonicity
Hypotonic
Hypertonic
Isotonic
Carrier-mediated transport
Uniport
Symport
Antiport
Facilitated transport
Active transport
Sodium-potassium pump
Secondary active transport
Na+-K+ & SGLT
Vesicular transport
Endocytosis
Phagocytosis
Pseudopods
Pinocytosis
Pinocytotic vesicles
Exocytosis
Transcytosis
Nucleus
Mutinucleate
Uninucleate
Nuclear envelope (membrane)
Chromatin
Nucleoli
Endoplasmic reticulum
Rough & Smooth
Ribosomes
Golgi Complex
Secretory vesicles
Lysosome
Peroxixomes
Mitochondria
Cristae
Centrioles
Cytoskeleton
Microtubules
Centrioles & Spindle
Cilia & Flagella
Intermediate filaments
Microfilaments
CHAPTER 4:
DNA
Chromatin
Chromosomes
Gene
Nucleotides
Nitrogenous bases
Cytosine
Thymine
Adenine
Guanine
Uracil
2
Cara Burres-Jones, PCC
RNA
m-RNA
t-RNA
r-RNA
Protein synthesis (translation)
Base triplet
Codon
Anti-codon
Transcription
Translation
Polyribosomes
Replication
Mutation
Cell Cycle
G1, S, G2, M (itosis)
Interphase vs Mitosis
Replication
Mitosis
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
Heredity
Homologous
Autosomes vs Sex chromosomes
Somatic cells vs Germ cells
Diploid vs Haploid
Homozygous vs Heterozygous
Genotype vs Phenotype
Dominant vs Recessive
Codominant, Incomplete
dominance
Sex-linked traits
CHAPTER 5:
Histology
Tissue
Organ
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue
Embryonic germ layers
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
Simple vs. Stratified
Pseudostratified
Transitional
Apical surface
Basal surface
Basement membrane
basal lamina
reticular lamina
“Free space”
Lumen
Avascular
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
PHYSO 2A
Goblet cell
Microvilli
Cilia
Simple squamous
Simple cuboidal
Simple columnar
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
Stratified squamous
Keratinized
Non-keratinized
Stratified cuboidal
Stratified columnar
Transitional
Mesenchyme
Connective Tissue Proper
Loose C.T.
Areolar (“loose irregular”)
Adipose
Reticular
Dense C.T.
Dense irregular
Dense regular
Elastic
Other Connective Tissues
Cartilage
Bone
Blood
Matrix
ground substance
protein fibers
collagen
elastin
reticular collagen fibers
Glucosaminoglycans (GAGs)
Chondroitin sulfate
Hyaluronic acid
Heparin
Proteoglycans
Fibroblast
Macrophage
Mast cell
Adipocyte
Chondrocyte
Osteocyte
Lacuna
Erythrocyte
Leukocyte
Platelet
Neurons
Neuroglial cells
Smooth Muscle
Skeletal Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Tight junction
Anchoring junction (desmosome)
Gap junction
Endocrine gland
Exocrine gland
Multicellular gland
SG-1
Simple vs Compound
Tubular
Alveolar
Tubuloalveolar
Merocrine
Apocrine
Holocrine
Unicellular gland
Goblet cell
Mucus & Mucin vs. Mucous
Endothelium
Mesothelium
Serous membrane
Mucous membrane
Lamina propria
Cutaneous membrane
Stem cells
Pluripotent vs Unipotent
Regeneration
Fibrosis
Granulation tissue
Remodeling
Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Necrosis
Infarction
Apoptosis
CHAPTER 6:
Integument
Skin
Cutaneous membrane
Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis (superficial fascia or
subcutaneous layer)
Exfoliation
Dander (dandruff)
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum germinativum (basale)
Keratinocyte
Keratin
Melanocyte
Melanin, Eumelanin, Pheomelanin
Albinism
Jaundice
Friction ridges (‘finger prints’)
Flexion lines
Tactile (Merkel) disc
Dendritic (Langerhans) cells
Dermal papilla (pl.=papillae)
Epidermal ridges
Papillary layer
Reticular layer
Meissner’s corpuscle
Pacinian corpuscle
Root hair plexus (hair receptor)
3
Cara Burres-Jones, PCC
Pilus
Terminal hair
Vellus hair
Lanugo
Pilosebaceous apparatus
-Hair follicle
-Hair (w/bulb, root & shaft)
-Sebaceous gland
Sebum
-Arrector pili muscle
Hair medulla, cortex & cuticle
Alopecia (baldness)
(male) Pattern baldness
Nail root
Nail matrix
Nail plate (body & free edge)
Nail bed
Eponychium = cuticle
Hyponychium
Lunule (or lunula)
Dermatology
Sudoriferous (sweat) gland
Eccrine sweat gland
Apocrine sweat gland
Myoepithelial cells
Insensible vs Sensible perspiration
Ceruminous gland
Cerumen
Mammary glands
Holocrine gland (‘whole cell’)
Apocrine gland (orig. ‘apex of
cell’, now just name of gland)
Merocrine gland (‘liquid’ only)
Skin cancer
Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Melanoma
Rule of Nines
1st, 2nd & 3rd degree burns
Debridement
Acid mantle
OTHER:
Biology & Modern Synthesis:
-Evolution
-Structure & function of DNA
-Evo-devo
Modular design
Regulatory DNA & Hox genes
**Importance Hierarchy**
Atlas A & Chapter 5
Chapter 3 & Chapter 6
Chapter 1, Chapter 4 & Chapter 2