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LING/PSYCH 371 LANGUAGE AND THE MIND
Final Exam (Cumulative)
A Cheat Sheet is allowed, and as discussed in class and notified in the course web, your cheet sheet
should be: 1. a Letter size paper; 2. used ONE and only one-side of the paper; and 3. Handwritten (not computer-typed). When a violation of the format is found: 1) your cheat sheet will be
collected on the spot; and 2) there will be a penalty of 10 points subtraction from your points.
Note that the cheat sheet will be collected at the end of the exam.
Class ID #: _______________
Name : _______________
1. Native speakers’ knowledge of their language rules which enables them to generate
and understand an infinite number of grammatical sentences
a. Competence
b. Performance
c. Language Instinct
2. The core of the grammar that is universal to all languages
a. Universal Grammar
b. English Grammar
c. Core Grammar
3. Cross-linguistically invariant properties of syntax common to all languages
a. Parameter
b. Principle
c. LAD
4. In the video “Acquiring the Human Language”, a child hears the utterance, “Urinate” as
“You’re Nate”. This example addresses one of the characteristics of speech. What is
this?
a. Invariance Problem
b. Segmentation Problem
c. Normalization Problem
5. Human are poor discriminators of acoustically different sounds within a same category
but excellent discriminators of sounds across phoneme boundaries. What is this
pattern of identification and discrimination of speech stimuli called?
a. Voice Onset Time
b. Non-discreteness of speech sound
c. Categorical perception
6. What does phoneme restoration in phoneme monitoring task suggest?
a. Bottom-up processing
b. Top-down processing
c. Shadowing
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7 – 8. There are various factors that affect word recognition. Identify the following
descriptions regarding the factors.
7. Words that are presented in a sentence are easier to understand than in isolation
a. Frequency effect
b. Phonological neighborhood effect
c. Context effect
d. Familiarity effect
8. “Eye-doctor” is recognized more easily than “ophthalmologist”.
a. Frequency effect
b. Phonological neighborhood effect
c. Context effect
d. Familiarity effect
9. The cohort model is composed of three stages. What is the stage where a candidate
set of lexical items, so-called “cohort”, is activated?
a. Access stage
b. Selection stage
c. Integration stage
10. Levelt proposed that each lexicon is stored in our mind as a lexical entry. This lexical
entry is composed of lemma and lexeme. What information is stored in lexeme?
a. Meaning and syntax
b. Syntax and morphology
c. Morphology and phonology
d. Phonology and Meaning
11. A word is associated with other words. In a word association experiment, a response
to the word “strong” was “coffee”. What explains the best this word association?
a. Meaning association
b. Sound association
c. Frequency of co-occurrence
d. Semantic field
12. In a lexical judgment test, the reaction time to the word “teacher” is facilitated by prior
exposure to “student”. What is this effect called?
a. Similarity effect
b. Exposure effect
c. Form-based priming
d. Semantic priming
13. Which of the following is not true about the Hierarchical Network Model?
a. Words are organized hierarchically according to their hyponym relations.
b. Semantic features of concepts are stored in only one place.
c. This model can explain the typicality effect well.
d. Semantic verification experiments are used to test this model.
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14. Which of the following is not true about the Spreading Activation Model?
a. Concepts are associated by links between nodes.
b. Length of link reflects the distance between concepts.
c. This model can explain the typicality effect well.
d. Semantic verification experiments are used to test this model.
15. Read the following description of a lexical access model, and identify the model.



Words are accessed one at a time.
There is no interaction among different modality (e.g. visual mode, auditory mode etc.)
Frequency effect can be well accounted for.
a.
b.
c.
d.
The Autonomous Serial Search Model
The Logogen Model
The Connectionist Model
The ACT Model of Complex Cognition
16 – 17. Identify the ambiguity type and the ambiguous region of the following sentences:
16. The criminal confesses his sin harmed many people
a. Global – “confesses”
b. Local – “confesses”
c. Global – “his sin”
d. Local – “his sin”
17. The florist sent the flowers was very pleased.
a. Global – “sent”
b. Local – “sent”
c. Global – “the flowers”
d. Local – “the flowers”
18 – 19. Consider the following sentence for an example of ambiguous sentences.
Ernie kissed Marcie and [her sister]
Ambiguous
Region
[started to laugh].
Disambiguating
Region
18. What does the minimal commitment model predict at the ambiguous region?
a. The reading time is slowed down.
b. The reading time is faster.
c. There is no reading time effect.
d. There is no prediction.
19. What does the serial parsing model predict at the disambiguating region when the
initial choice turns out to be wrong?
a. The reading time is slowed down.
b. The reading time is faster.
c. There is no reading time effect.
d. There is no prediction.
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20. Which of the following is not true about Garden-path model?
a. Serial Model
b. Modular Model
c. Interactive Model
d. Two-stage Model
21. Consider the following sentence:
Someone shot the servant of the actress who was on the balcony.
This sentence is ambiguous in that the relative clause “who was on the balcony” can
be attached to “the actress” or “the servant”. The Garden-path model predicts that the
lower attachment (i.e. the relative clause is attached to “the actress”) should be
preferred because of this strategy: attach incoming lexical items, when grammatically
permissible, into the phrase being processed. What is this strategy called?
a. Late closure
b. Early closure
c. None of the above
22 – 23. Identify the following speech errors.
22. Intended: She worded it weirdly.
Produced: She weided it wordly.
a. shift
b. exchange
c. anticipation
d. perserveration
23. Intended: That child is looking to be spanked/paddled.
Produced: That child is looking to be spaddled.
a. addition
b. deletion
c. substitution
d. blend
24. Which of the following is not true about the patterns of speech errors?
a. Consonants are always exchanged with other consonants.
b. Content words are exchanged with other content words.
c. The speech errors have nothing to do with the phonological rules of the language.
d. Elements that interact with one another tend to come from similar linguistic
environment.
25 – 26. Consider the speech production model proposed by Levelt and Bock.
25. Where in the model does the speaker select lexicons?
a. Message level
b. Function level
c. Positional level
d. Phonological encoding
26. Where in the model does the speaker assign grammatical relations (e.g. subject,
object, etc) of the intended message?
a. Message level
b. Function level
c. Positional level
d. Phonological encoding
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27. Children can produce sentences that they have never heard of before. Therefore,
(
) cannot account for the language acquisition. Fill in the blank.
a. Imitation
b. Analogy
c. Universal Grammar
28. The two sentences “I painted the red barn red.” and “I saw the red barn.” share an identical
syntactic structure. Since “I painted the barn red.” is possible, “I saw the barn red.” seems
like a plausible. However, children never make the latter sentence. This example shows
that (
) cannot account for the language acquisition. Fill in the blank.
a. Imitation
b. Analogy
c. Universal Grammar
29. Which of the following does not belong to the rest of the items?
a. Rationalist view of language acquisition
b. Language as nature rather than nurture
c. The newborn is a blank slate
d. Language capacity is present from birth
30. An EEG experiment (in the first video) shows a 9 month-old infant responds to
different phonemes of Chinese, but a 14 month-old infant does not respond to the
different sounds. It is because the latter infant is tuned to the sounds specific to her
native language. What is this called?
a. Universal Grammar
b. Native language magnet mode
c. Principle
d. Parameter
31. Some researchers interpreted the above phenomenon as “perceptual loss.” On the
other hand, some researchers made attempt to explain the above finding as a change
of categorization strategies. In other words, instead of making a new category given a
new stimulus, babies try to sort out the new information (stimulus) to already existing
categories in their knowledge base. Which of the following is the correct change of
categorization strategies?
a. Assimilation to Accommodation
b. Accommodation to Assimilation
32. Which of the following is not true?
a. Infants who are in one-word stage do not have syntactic knowledge.
b. Children use their syntactic information when they learn new words
c. Children’s linguistic knowledge is richer than their production.
d. Children’s errors are systematic and compatible with UG.
33. Which of the following is not a supportive argument for nativism of language
acquisition?
a. Poverty of Stimulus (Logical Puzzle)
b. Convergence of grammar
c. Speed of language acquisition
d. Random errors
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34. One of the research methods to investigate preverbal infants’ phonological
development is hooking up an infant to an artificial nipple to receive formula and
measuring the infant’s response to changes in acoustic stimuli. What is this research
method called?
a. High-amplitude sucking paradigm
b. Task elicitation
c. Preferential-looking paradigm
d. Utterance elicitation
35. Children initially produce correct form of irregular verb form of past tense, “went”, and
then they produce the incorrect form, “goed”. Eventually, they will produce the correct
form “went again.” What is this morphological learning called?
a. U-shaped learning
b. Under-extension
c. Analogy
36. In an inter-modal preferential looking task, when a child hears an utterance “The
rabbit and the turtle are gorping” (where “gorping” is a new word), she matches this
utterance to a screen that shows a rabbit and a turtle are shaking hands rather than to
a screen showing that the rabbit is kicking the turtle. It is because she uses their
syntactic knowledge to learn the meanings of a new word. What is this called?
a. Semantic Bootstrapping
b. Syntactic Bootstrapping
c. Pragmatic Bootstrapping
d. Phonological Bootstrapping
37. Which of the following is not true about word acquisition?
a. The reason that children learn new words without much difficulty is that there is
one-to-one mapping between an utterance and the meaning.
b. Whole-Object Hypothesis is an assumption that a novel label is likely to refer to
the whole object and not to its parts or substance.
c. Mutual exclusivity assumption is that each object has one and only one label.
d. Mutual exclusivity assumption overrides the whole object assumption.
38. Which is the following id indicated by the reports of attic children who had been
deprived of language in childhood and were unable to acquire language normally?
a. Cognition hypothesis
b. Specific language impairment
c. Critical Period Hypothesis
d. None of the above
39. The view that the brain is not a homogeneous mass but parts of it are specialized for
specific tasks
a. lateralization
b. contralateralization
c. localization
d. None of the above
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40. What is the name of a band of fibers that allows communication between the left and
right hemisphere? A split-brain patient is one who has had these fibers severed by
surgery to relieve seizures.
a. Corpus callosum
b. Longitudinal fissure
c. Motor cortex
d. None of the above
41. In a dichotic listening experiment, it turns out that the sound sequence that is heard
through the right ear seems to be remembered better than that from the left ear.
This finding can be evidence for:
a. Lateralization and contralateralization
b. Localization and contralateralization
c. Localization only
d. None of the above
42. Which of the following is not specialized in the left hemisphere of the brain?
a. Letters and words
b. Speech sound
c. Syntax and Semantics
d. Prosody and Intonation
43 – 44. Given the example conversation, identify the type of the aphasia.
43. Interviewer: Were you in the Coast Guard?
Patient: no, er, yes, yes… ship… Massachu….chusetts…Coast Guard…years(raises
hands twice with fingers indicating “19”).
Interviewer: Oh, you were in the Coast Guard 19 years?
Patient: Oh…. boy … right… right…
Interviewer: Why are you in the hospital?
Patient: (points to paralyzed arm) Arm no good. (points to mount) Speech… can’t
say… talk, you see.
a. Broca’s aphasia
b. Wernicke’s aphasia
c. Conduction aphasia
44. Interviewer: So you were at Dunkirk?
Patient: Yes.
Interviewer: What do you remember of that?
Patient: Not very far because they kicked us out
Interviewer: Did you have to get a boat from the beach?
Patient: Yes. But then we had to come back because they were…. They were sending
thins down, you know. So we came back. We cam back. And We came up
from … right up… then we got out… once… er er a gun… er no. What do they
call them the very little… the small men… the small…
a. Broca’s aphasia
b. Wernicke’s aphasia
c. Conduction aphasia
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45. What is the name of aphasia when the patient cannot repeat what they hear, while
they are able to understand speech of others.
a. Anomia
b. Conduction Aphasia
c. Alexia
46. The reason that patients who cannot repeat what they hear is because this is
damaged in the brain, which is a bundle of nerve fibers. What is this?
a. Broca’s area
b. Wernicke’s area
c. Arcuate Faciculus
d. Angular Gyrus
47. What is the name of aphasia when the patient cannot retrieve/access words?
a. Anomia
b. Broca’s Aphasia
c. Conduction Aphasia
d. Alexia
48. What is the name of aphasia when the patient cannot read and comprehend written
words?
a. Anomia
b. Broca’s Aphasia
c. Conduction Aphasia
d. Alexia
49. When presented a semantically anomalous sentence, like “He spread the warm bread
with socks”, which of the following effects does the patient’s brainwave show?
a. P600 effect
b. N400 effect
c. P300 effect
50. When presented a syntactically anomalous sentence, like “The cats won’t eating the
food that Mary leaves them”, which of the following effects does the patient’s
brainwave show?
a. P600 effect
b. N400 effect
c. P300 effect